APUSH Chapter 6
loyalists
1/5 of the population in America; remained loyal to Britain, firmly rejecting independence
Battles of King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Courthouse
1780-1781 victories by the Americans that were the turning points in regaining South Carolina
Battle of Yorktown
Battle in October of 1781 where Lord Cornwallis had to surrender all 7,200 men
the fall of Charleston
Benjamin Lincoln was forced to surrender all 5000 of his men to the British
Battle of Saratoga
Burgoyne's final showdown with the American army, led by Horatio Gates; forced Burgoyne to surrender; drew France into the war because they wanted to avenge their defeat in the Seven Years' War
the siege of Boston
Concord retaliated and chased the British back to Boston in a running battle and camped outside of the city for almost a year along with militias from around the country
General Thomas Gage
General of the British troop that attempted to seize weapons from the armory at Concord
Artemas Ward
General of the Massachusetts militia who ordered that latrines be dug, the water supply be protected, supplies be purchased, military discipline enforced, regular drills held, and defensive fortifications contructed
John Dickinson
Joseph Galloway's rival
Battle of Oriskany
Loyalists and the Indians fought against Patriots in the absence of British soldiers; this battle began the Iroquois Civil War
Battles of Trenton and Princeton
Washington attacked while the Germans were still celebrating Christmas; they captured more than nine hundred Hessians and killed thirty; they traveled a little further and attacked again, where they gained control of the field
Sir Henry Clinton
a British army officer and politician; served as a General during the Revolutionary War; replaced Howe and oversaw the regrouping of British forces
Thomas Jefferson
a Virginia lawyer who had been educated at William and Mary; fully committed himself to public service after his wife Martha's death; wrote out the Declaration of Independence
Joseph Galloway and his Plan of Union
a conservative from Pennsylvania who proposed a formal plan of union that would have required Parliament and a new American legislature to consent jointly to all laws pertaining to the colonies
Thomas Jeremiah
a free black harbor pilot who was brutally executed in 1775 in Charleston after being convicted for attempting to foment a slave revolt
Lord Dunmore's War
a large scale confrontation between Virginia militia and some Shawnee warriors; no clear winner, but allowed thousands of settlers to come across the mountains
Richard Henry Lee
a patriotic zealot from Virginia
Newburgh Conspiracy
a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress, arising from their frustration with Congress's long-standing inability to meet its financial obligations to the military
Jersey hulk
a prison ship where survivors had to fight for scraps of disgusting food, covered in blood and filth, and had to remove bodies of their dead comrades
Marquis de Lafayette
a young nobleman who volunteered for service with George Washington in 1777 and fought with American forces until the war ended
Battle of Bunker Hill
actually happened on Breed's Hill; occurred June 17, 1775; British forces took a huge hit but they managed to dislocate the American militiamen
Olive Branch Petition*
adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1775 in a fortified attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain; affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.
Declaration of Independence
adopted by the Continental Congress on July 2, 1776; wording was changed, then it was adopted again on July 4; laid out the grievances of the colonies against Britain
Barzillai Lew
an African American soldier who served with distinction during the American Revolution; a fifer
Benedict Arnold
an officer who fought heroically for the patriot cause early in the war and then defected to the British; name was made into a metaphor for villainy
Nathanael Greene
appointed to run the southern campaign after the loss in Camden; adopted a conciliatory moved toward the people who had switched sides
the Continental Association
called for the nonimportation of British goods (effective December 1, 1774), nonconsumption of British products (effective March 1, 1775) and nonexportation of American good to Britain and the British West Indies (effective September 1o, 1775)
Committees of observation and inspection
committees officially charged with overseeing implementation of the boycott, but eventually became de facto governments who examined merchants' records, promoting American manufacturers, and simple ways of life
Baron von Steuben
created a training program for Washington's army; served as Washington's chief of staff during the final years of the war
John Adams and the Declaration of Rights and Grievances
declared that Americans would obey Parliament but only voluntarily, and that they would resist all taxes in disguise, like the Townshend duties
Valley Forge
during the winter of 1777-1778, the army wives came (led by Martha Washington) with food, clothing, and household furnishings; they entertained the menfolk as a way to keep morale up
the First Continental Congress
every colony but GA was in attendance; wanted to define American grievances and develop and plan for resistance; they also wanted to articulate a constitutional relationship with Britain
George Washington
former General and leader of militiamen; failed in the Seven Years' War, but recovered in Braddock's defeat in 1755; was tall, and had a commanding presence
"These are the times that try men's souls"
from The Crisis, written by Thomas Paine
Thomas Sumter and Francis Marion
generals who were famous for their fierce fighting styles against the British; one fought back after the British burned down his house, and the other is known as the father of modern guerilla warfare for his irregular fighting methods
Howe's Philadelphia campaign
he took Philadelphia in an odd manner; delayed for months before beginning, then took six weeks to transport his troops by sea instead of over land; won both battles, but it didn't help, as the American forces were getting more confident
George Rogers Clarks
in 1778 and early 1779, led a frontier militia force to capture British posts in modern Illinois (Kaskaskia) and Indiana (Vincennes)
the Battle of Camden
in August 1780, Lord Cornwallis defeated Horatio Gates' newly reorganized southern army; he was aided by many slaves
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
in November 1775, Virginia's royal governor offered to free any slaves and indentured servants who would leave their patriot masters to join the British forces; hoped to augment the British army and disrupt the economy; about 1000 slaves rallied to accept his offer
Chief Dragging Canoe
in summer 1776, led a group of Cherokees to take advantage of the "family quarrel" in order to gain land; attacked settlements in West Virginia and the Carolinas; forced to flee to the West when the militia destroyed many Cherokee towns in retaliation
Richard Henry Lee
introduced the resolution "that these United Colonies are, and of right out to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
Horatio Gates
leader of the American army that fought with Burgoyne's army in the Battle of Saratoga
Lord Cornwallis
lost in the Battle of Yorktown; after being pushed around the country, tried to join forces with Benedict Arnold, and ended up being trapped; surrendered on October 19, 1781
General John Burgoyne and his New York campaign
made sluggish process and clashed often with militiamen without even encountering American troops, who were able to prepare for his arrival; surrendered all 6000 men on October 17, 1777
Franco-American Alliance
neither France nor America could negotiate peace with the enemy (Britain) without consulting each other
Second Continental Congress
originally intended to consider the ministry's response to the Continental Association; convened
Joseph and Mary Brant
prominent Mohawk leaders who led the Indian forces in the Battle of Oriskany; later relocated their people to Canada
Treaty of Paris
signed on September 3, 1783; granted unconditional independence to a nation named "the United States of America"
Battles of Lexington and Concord
the British soldiers were coming to confiscate military supplies stockpiled at Concord, but Bostonians had already warned Concord; when the British arrived at Lexington, militia men were mustered on the common, and withdrew because they could not fight; the British attacked and killed a few men, so Concord retaliated and chased the British back to Boston in a running battle and camped outside of the city for almost a year along with militias from around the country
Sir William Howe
the new British commander who was the general during the Revolutionary War
William Dawes, Paul Revere, and Dr. Samuel Prescott
three messengers dispatched by Bostonians to rouse the countryside and warn them of the approaching British soldiers who were coming to confiscate military supplies stockpiled at Concord
Provincial conventions
took the task of running the government, sometimes entirely replacing the legislatures and at other times holding concurrent sessions while the regular government was falling apart
the capture of Fort Ticonderoga
while the militia were camped outside Boston, other patriots captured this British fort on Lake Champlain, acquiring a much-needed cannon; they tried to bring Canada into the war on the American side by mounting a northern campaign, but they were stopped when they contracted smallpox
Common Sense
written by radical Thomas Paine; called stridently for independence; rejected the notion that only a balance of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy could preserve freedom; advocated the establishment of a republic, a government by the people with no king and no nobility; accused Britain of exploiting the colonies unmercifully
