APUSH Chapter 9 IDS/questions

Erie Canal

A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie. The Erie Canal brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region, and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest.

Benevolent Empire

A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle-class men and women in the 1820s and 1830s.

Industrial Revolution

A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron

Sabbatarian values

A movement to preserve the Sabbath as a holy day. These reformers believed that declining observance by Christians of the Sabbath (Sunday) was the greatest threat to religion in the United States.

self-made man

A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits.

American Temperance Society

A society invigorated by evangelical Protestants in 1832 that set out to curb the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Waltham-Lowell System

A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

division of labor

A system of manufacture that divides production into a series of distinct and repetitive tasks performed by machines or workers.

mechanics

A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century?

American businesses soon dominated in many European markets.

machine tools

American craftsmen pioneered the development of machine tools — machines that made parts for other machines.

Which American principle played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Industrial Revolution?

American ingenuity

mineral-based economy

An economy based on coal and metal that began to emerge in the 1830s, as manufacturers increasingly ran machinery fashioned from metal with coal-burning stationary steam engines rather than with water power.

artisan republicanism

An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers, men and women who owned their own shops (or farms). It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens. an ideology of production based on liberty and equality.

nativist movements

Antiforeign sentiment in the United States that fueled anti-immigrant and immigration-restriction policies against the Irish and Germans in the 1840s and the 1850s and against other ethnic immigrants in subsequent decades.

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans?

As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status.

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry int he first half of the nineteenth century?

By passing protective tariffs

Between 1820 and 1840, the economic conditions for casual day laborers in American cities changed in which of the following ways?

Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions.

What killed thousands of poor immigrants in St. Louis and New York City in the summer of 1849?

Cholera

Which of these did elite Americans embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of American

Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing

Which of the following describes German immigrants who settled in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s?

Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states.

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the development of American manufacturing by the 1820s?

He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing.

Emma Willard was the first American to advocate for which of the following reforms?

Higher education for women

Nativist fears were directed mostly at which of the following groups in early and min-nineteenth-century America?

Irish Immigrants

Who replaced the Lowell Mill workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved?

Irish Immigrants

Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America?

It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.

The construction of the Erie Canal, the first great engineering project in American history, was successful for which of the following reasons?

It increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost.

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan, which was later known as the Lowell system?

Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories.

Which inventor is properly matched with the item he invented?

John Deere-- the steel plow

The most critical contribution American mechanics made tot he Industrial Revolution was the development of which of the following?

Machine tools

In the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to which of the following?

More natural resources

Which of the following statements describes workers/ approach to alcohol consumption in the 1820s?

Most workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces.

For which of the following reasons did New York's state government fund the building of the Erie Canal in 1817?

New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes.

unions

Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages, hours, benefits, and control of the workplace.

Who was the English immigrant who secretly brought the design of the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton to America in 1789?

Samuel Slater

By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery?

Steam engines

Through which of the following sources did the U.S. Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s?

Tariffs on imported goods

Through which of the following movements did evangelical reformers succeed in effecting substantial legal and cultural transformations in early nineteenth-century America?

Temperance

The transportation that occurred as American factories and farms turned out more goods, and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers, was known as which of the following?

The Market Revolution

Which of the following Puritan ideas became a middle-class conviction with a secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s?

The Protestant work ethic

labor theory of value

The belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand) but by the amount of work required to make it, and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.

How did the appearance of canals and steamboats in the United States affect the flow of goods and information during the 1830s?

The canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time.

The construction of the Erie Canal had which of the following negative consequences?

The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region.

moral free agency

The doctrine of free will that was the central message of Presbyterian minister Charles Grandison Finney. It was particularly attractive to members of the new middle class, who had accepted personal responsibility for their lives

Market Revolution

The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. The Market Revolution reflected the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads.

Charles Grandison Finney found success as a young revivalist preacher in the 1820s by emphasizing which of the following issues in his sermons?

The importance of personal conversion

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s?

The steel plow

Which of the following was the message of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, published in full in 1818?

The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans?

Their role in transportation networks

Which of the following was one of the ways that wageworkers strove to resist their bosses' efforts to control their nonwork lives in the early to mid-nineteenth century?

They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work.

Which of these describes the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s?

They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families.

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806?

To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of the textile industry int eh United States?

Using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology.

In the early 1800s, British textile manufacturers had which of the following advantages over their American competitors?

a large pool of cheap labor

Which concept promoted by the Second Great Awakening reinforced its push for societal reform?

free moral agency

In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision

overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

The Second Great Awakening deeply influenced American culture and society by

promoting the ideas of human reason and free will.

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United States in the nineteenth century?

railroads

Which of the following was an outcome of the division of labor in early American shoe factories?

shoe production increased

Around the 1830s, what new form of manufacturing emerged in America?

the fabrication of metal products

middle class

the farmers, the mechanics, the manufacturers, the traders, who carry on professionally the ordinary operations of buying, selling, and exchanging merchandise

The concept that the price of a product should reflect the work required to make it is known as

the labor theory of value.

Which of the following was an outcome of the rural outwork system of manufacturing in the 1820s and 1830s?

workers wages decreased