APUSH chp. 23 sg
George Gershwin
-US composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies
"noble experiment"
-a movement to ban alcohol
Carl Sandburg
-wrote Chicago
James Weldon Johnson
-African American author -civil rights activist in the Harlem Renaissance -best noted for his leadership int the NAACP
war debt cycle
-America lent Germany money -Germany used that money to pay its reparation debt to France and Great Britain -France and Great Britain used that money to pay its debt to America -Germany needed another loan to pay back America -Finland was the only country to repay its war debts in full
Andrew Mellon
-American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, and art collector -US ambassador to the UK and secretary of the treasury during the Harding Administration
Margaret Sanger
-American birth control activist and sex educator -popularized the term "birth control" -opened the first birth control clinic in America (Planned Parenthood)
Al Capone
-American gangster -attained fame during the Prohibition era -7 year reign as crime boss ended at age 33 -was widely assumed to be responsible for ordering the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre in an attempt to kill the head of North Side Gang
Countee Cullen
-American poet, author, and scholar -a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance
Gertrude Stein
-American writer -her Paris apartment became a gathering place for the alienated men, who were called the "Lost Generation" (disenchanted American intellectuals who fled to Europe)
Sigmund Freud
-Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis -created the idea of psychoanalysis (clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst)
18th amendment
-Congress was led to pass it as a way to conserve grain and maintain a sober workforce during the war -Prohibition Amendment -the Volstead Act enforced it -led to an increase in criminal activity -was repealed by the 21st amendment
Explain this quote, "The business of America is business"
-Coolidge meant the best thing the government could do in regard to business, that would benefit the country the most, was to leave business alone to operate and make a profit (Minimal regulation) -the business industry boomed after WWI and there was a lot of wealth going around
*What contributed to the depression in the farm industry after the war? What did farmers do to try to combat this depression? What was the government's response?*
-Farmers who had borrowed money to expand during the war were left with heavy debts -New technologies such as chemical fertilizers and gasoline tractors helped to increase production but did not solve their problems -Growing surpluses produced falling prices for their crops -The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was created -If farmers produced less, the prices of their crops and livestock would increase -Soldiers coming back from the war
"Ohio Gang"
-Harding's group -grew rich selling government appointments, judicial pardons, and police protection to bootleggers -many of them could be found at night gambling and drinking, despite the Prohibition
Discuss the Eighteenth Amendment and its impact on American society in the 1920s.
-In the 1920s there was a movement to ban alcohol known as the "noble experiment. -Wartime concerns to conserve grain and maintain a sober workforce prompted Congress to pass the 18th Amendment, which was the Prohibition Amendment. The Volstead Act was passed to enforce the 18th Amendment. The 18th Amendment led to an increase in criminal activity. Economic problems and criminal activity within the country led to the repeal of the 18th Amendment. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment
Marcus Garvey
-Jamaican -led the way in advocating black nationalism and black pride -promoted "Negro Nationalism" -founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) -advocated separation and independence from whites
Describe the Harlem Renaissance. What was its significance?
-Many African Americans migrated from the south to the north -the largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of NYC -It was known as the Harlem Renaissance because of its artistic achievements during this period -The Renaissance placed an emphasis on racial pride and self respect -The United Negro Improvement Association was brought to the U.S. from Jamaica by Marcus Garvey, it helped to inspire a later generation to embrace the cause of black pride and nationalism
Scopes Trial
-Monkey Trials -John Scopes was convicted of teaching evolution in the classroom (it was illegal at the time) -William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor -Clarence Darrow defended Scopes -Bryan won the case, but lost public opinion -opened the door for abandoning creation in the classroom for evolution
Describe associationalism and discuss how it differed from laissez-faire capitalism. To what extent were either of these approaches operative during the 1920s?
-President Hoover believed that the U.S. economy should be built on the principle of association -association is the idea in which groups form trade associations -Historian Ellis Hawley coined the term associationalism -associationalism described human welfare and liberty as being both best served when as many of the affairs of a society as possible are managed by voluntary and democratically self-governing associations -It differed from laissez-faire capitalism in that the government had some sort of plan, rather than just sitting back and letting the people self govern completely
Charles Evans Hughes
-Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election, lost to Woodrow Wilson -cabinet member appointed by Harding
Briefly describe the Scopes trial. What was its significance?
-The Scopes Trials were also known as the monkey trials -John Scopes was convicted of teaching evolutionism in the classroom, which was against the law during his time -William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor, and Clarence Darrow was Scopes' defense attorney -Bryan won the case but lost the public opinion -The trial opened the door for no longer teaching creation in the classroom, and instead teaching evolution
Discuss the rise of advertising and mass marketing. How did these innovations influence the development of the consumer society of the 1920s?
-The manufacturing output between 1919-1929 increased by 64% -With the increase in products came an increase in advertising -Electricity enabled millions of Americans to purchase the new consumer appliances -Stores increased sales of the new appliances and automobiles by allowing customers to buy on credit
The administration of which of the following presidents who served between 1865 and 1900 most closely resembles the corruption of the Harding administration?
-Ulysses S. Grant
UNIA
-Universal Negro Improvement Association -founded by Marcus Garvey -advocated separation and independence from whites
quota laws of 1921, 1924
-WWI had interrupted the flow of immigration -after WWI, immigration exploded (over a million in a year) -Congress passed the two quota acts to limit how many people immigrated -Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from any restriction
Teapot Dome scandal
-a bribery incident that took place from 1921-1921 during Harding's presidency -secreatary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall, had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in WY and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding -Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies and became the first cabinet member to go to prison
Ezra Pound
-an expatriate American poet and critic who was a major figure in the early modernist movement
Art Deco
-an influential visual arts design style -first appeared in France just before WWI -began flourishing internationally in the 1920s
Which of the following most directly supports the argument found in the above excerpt?
-appointment of Harry M. Daugherty as Attorney General
Harry Daugherty
-attorney general under president Harding -had taken bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects
Reparations
-before WWI, the US was a debtor nation (importing more than exporting) -after WWI, the US became a creditor nation -Germany had to pay reparations for WWI, but its economy was too weak -the Dawes Plan allowed for Germany to take a loan from America
Herbert Hoover
-cabinet member for Harding -ran against Alfred E. Smith in the election of 1928 -self-made millionaire -Secretary of Commerce -served 3 different presidents -believed the economy should be built upon the principle of association (groups forming trade associations)
the automobile
-changed American society -replaced the railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth -workers did not have to live near factories -impacted every aspect of life -Henry Ford and the assembly line
Charles Lindburg
-completed the first solo flight across the Atlantic -one of the greatest heroes of the 20s
Kellogg-Briand Pact
-crowning effort to maintain peace -called for nations to renounce the use of offensive war -nations that signed agreed to arbitration rather than war
Clarence Darrow
-defended John Scopes in the Scopes Trial -technically lost the case to William J. Bryan (the prosecutor)
Lost Generation
-disenchanted American intellectuals who fled to Europe -a lot went to Gertrude Stein's Paris apartment -F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, T.S. Eliot
Frederik Lewis Allen
-editor of Harper's magazine -notable American historian of the first half of the 20th century -wrote about recent times and popular history
Four-Power Treaty
-emerged from the Washington Naval Conference -nations with the five largest navies agreed to limit their warships
Five-Power Naval Treaty
-emerged from the Washington Naval Conference -the US, France, Great Britain, and Japan agreed to respect each others territory in the Pacific
Nine-Power China Treaty
-emerged from the Washington Naval Conference -all nine nations agreed to the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China
Back to Africa movement
-encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa (to their ancestors) so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America
Volstead Act
-enforced the 18th amendment (Prohibition)
Bureau of the Budget
-established by the Budget and Accounting Act -reviewed funding requests from government departments and assisted the president in formulating the budget
Which of the following groups faced the most difficult economic conditions during the 1920s?
-farmers and many rural areas
Claude McKay
-first important writer of the Harlem Renaissance -wrote Harlem Shadows
Billy Sunday
-former baseball star who became one of the greatest evangelists of the first two decades of the 20th century -a leading radio evangelist
Babe Ruth
-greatest baseball player of all time -more and more fans began to watch sports due to disposable income
principle of association
-groups forming trade associations -Hoover believed the economy should be built on this principle
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
-increased duties on foreign manufactured goods by 25%
1920 census
-indicated that for the first time, more Americans lived in urban areas than rural -reinforced the perception that both economic and cultural vitality of the nation had shifted from the countryside to metropolis
Dawes Plan
-introduced by Charles Dawes -plan was to lend Germany money to pay back the reparations
Charles Dawes
-introduced the Dawes Plan, which was a plan to lend Germany money and spread the payments out (so they could pay back reparations)
Henry Ford
-introduced the assembly line -car inventor/manufacturer -US manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production
John L. Lewis
-led the United Mine Workers in a union strike -they suffered setbacks in their attempt to strike
Which of the following developments in the 1920s would most directly support the author's sentiments in the excerpt?
-liberalized divorce laws
Ku Klux Klan
-made a resurgence -most extreme expression of nativism in the 1920s
Great Migration
-many African Americans migrated from the South to the North -led to the Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance
-many African Americans migrated from the South to the North (Great Migration) -the center was Harlem in New York City -writers: Claude McKay, Langston Hughes (black pride and rejection of importance of white opinion) -music: Edward "Duke" Ellington (started at Cotton Club,) Bessie Smith ("Empress of the Blues")
disposable income
-money left after taxes and living expenses -led to many new products being created and purchased
"bordello on wheels"
-moralists blamed the automobile for the break down of morals -movies, dances, music, and fashion would later be added to that list
Washington Naval Conference
-nine nations agreed to sign treaties to relieve tensions after WWI -created the Four, Five, and Nine-Power Treaties
Duke Ellington
-part of the Harlem Renaissance -a famous bandleader -got his start at the Cotton Club
Langston Hughes
-part of the Harlem Renaissance -became the leading voice of the African American experience in America -symbolized black cultural pride and a reject of the importance of white opinion
Bessie Smith
-part of the Harlem Renaissance -symbolized soul -"Empress of the Blues"
Which of the following most influenced thinking about sexual behavior during the 1920s?
-popularization of Sigmund Freud
"Negro Nationalism"
-promoted by Marcus Garvey -advocated separation and independence from whites
William Jennings Bryan
-prosecuted John Scopes in the Scopes Trial -won the case, but lost the public opinion
Alfred E. Smith
-ran against Herbert Hoover in the election of 1928 -governor of New York -Roman Catholic -opponent of Prohibition
disarmament
-reduction of armed forces and weapons
Sacco-Vanzetti Case
-reflected the prejudices and fears of the era -Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants who robbed and murdered two white people -Liberal said they were innocent and only accused because they were immigrants -the two were executed -they were accused of killing the guard and pay master -they were found guilty, but Judge Webster Thayer did not hand down their sentence -there was a call for a new trial, especially after a convicted bank robber (Celestino Madeiros) admitted to having participated in the events -despite the new information, Judge Thayer handed down the death sentence
Grant Wood
-regionalist painter that was a native of Iowa and painted rural scenes
21st Amendment
-repealed the 18th amendment (Prohibition)
Warren Harding
-republican -elected president in 1920 -chosen by party bosses as candidate because they believed they could easily control him -he appointed some talented individuals to cabinet (Charles Evans Hughes and Herbert Hoover) -his "Ohio Gang" grew rich selling gov appointments, judicial pardons, and police protection to bootleggers (many could be found at night gambling and drinking despite the Prohibition) -he himself was not involved and grew depressed when he became aware of the scandalous behavior of some of his cabinet members (Teapot Dome Scandal)
speakeasies
-secret bars where alcohol could be purchased during the Prohibition
Albert Bacon Fall
-secretary of the interior under Harding -involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal -leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in WY and two other locations in CA to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding -was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies -became the first cabinet member to go to prison
fundamentalism
-taught every word in the Bible must be accepted as literally true -key fundamental doctrine was creationism -blamed the liberal views of modernists for causing a decline in morals -this was a reaction to the growth of liberal Protestantism -Billy Sunday was a leading radio evangelist
associationalism
-termed by Ellis Hawley -human welfare and liberty are both best served when as many of the affairs of a society as possible are managed by voluntary and democratically self-governing associations
Which of the following cites an event that most clearly challenges the interpretation expressed in the above excerpt?
-the Washington Conference of 1921
what changed American society
-the automobile
Many historians criticize the economy that developed during the 1920s. Which of the following statements best supports that point of view?
-the boom was based on speculation and borrowed money
modernism
-the changing role of women, the Social Gospel, and scientific knowledge cause many to redefine their faith -modernists interpreted certain passages from the Bible so that they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith
peoples capitalism
-the idea by capitalists that now everyone could participate in the economy
open shop
-the idea of keeping jobs open to nonunion workers -was accepted by most companies, which slowed down the union movement
Consumerism
-the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers -consuming a lot of products, help came from credit
Which of the following trends of the 1920s is most clearly portrayed in this advertisement?
-the use of extended payment plans to purchase consumer goods
Johnson-Reed Act
-virtually eliminated immigration of eastern Europeans and Asians
welfare capitalism
-voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions -encouraged workers to be loyal to capitalism
flappers
-women who broke from the traditional roles during the 20s -an image and attitude for women -some today say that flappers created a modern American woman -cut their hair, smoked cigarettes, went to speakeasies, and rode bicycles
Calvin Coolidge
-won election of 1924 -"Silent Cal" (man of few words) -he lowered taxes and decreased government regulation of business -believed in limited government -summarized his presidency and the era with "the business of America is business"
Ernest Hemingway
-wrote A Farewell to Arms -part of the "Lost Generation
Eugene O'Neil
-wrote Long Day's Journey into Night
Sinclair Lewis
-wrote Main Street
F. Scott Fitzgerald
-wrote The Great Gatsby -part of the "Lost Generation"
T.S. Eliot
-wrote The Waste Land -criticized the loss of spirituality in modern life -part of the "Lost Generation"
