APUSH Exam 6
Massive Retaliation
"More bang for your buck!" A military doctrine/nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.
Silent Spring
1962 book by Rachel Carson that the An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies. Said that chemicals were hurting peoplemovement
Containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. Truman's dedication to this concept is shown in the Truman Doctrine and his desire to help Greece and Turkey resist the communists.
Black Panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Berlin Wall
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.
Marshall Plan
A massive transfer of aid money (over $12 billion) to help rebuild postwar Western Europe. It was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from using poverty and misery to come to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall. Helping european economies and it worked since it boosted their money far more than before the war.
Cuban Revolution
A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.->US. continuing to lose to communists, set an example for other countries. Fiedel castro uban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927). Bay of pigs a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.
SDS
A popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, especially racism and the Vietnam War.
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
Immigration Act of 1965
Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere
Rock & Roll
African Americans influenced the development of rock and roll through older African American based forms of music, such as the blues. The audience, however, was mostly white teenagers of the "Beat" generation.
Military-Industrial Complex
An informal alliance between a nation's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen as a vested interest for both sides which influences public policy. Eisenhower earned against the establishment of a "military-industrial complex
Brikmanship
Brinkmanship was used first by the US Secretary John Foster Dulles during the Cold War regarding his policy against the Soviet Union. Dulles defined the policy of brinkmanship as "the ability to get to the verge without getting into the war". His critics blamed him for damaging relations with communist states and contributing to the Cold War.
National Organization of Women
Friedan was one of the founders of the National Organization of Women (NOW). equal pay act This was an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which prohibited wage discrimination, based on sex, in public or private employment. NOW called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
Little Rock Nine
Governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas resisted desegregation of Little Rock HS. Used the National Guard to keep the 9 students from entering the school. The Court ruled the Guard to leave, and students were harassed. Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow students to enter (he didn't agree with the decision).
March on Washington
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream'' speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
Homefront
It required unprecedented efforts to coordinate strategy and tactics with other members of the Grand Alliance and then to plunge into battle against the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. At the same time, it demanded a monumental production effort to provide the materials necessary to fight. As the United States produced the weapons of war and became, in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's phrase, the "arsenal of democracy," the country experienced a fundamental reorientation of economic and social patterns at home that provided the template for the postwar years. Fighting germany and axis powers while becoming a weapon nation that would shape their economy and society
Interstate Highway Act
Largest Public Works project to date, created 42,000 miles of highway. Could be used for evacuation in case of nuclear war. Spurred suburbanization - Levittown. Created countless jobs and sped the suburbanization of America as 42,000 miles of highways were built. Met demand created by the new automobile age and provided a plan for large-scale troop movements in the Cold War environment as well as "emergency runways" for the growing aviation industry.
Korematsu v United States
Lawsuit brought by Fred T. Korematsu, a Nisei (an American-born person whose parents were born in Japan) to the Supreme Court. Korematsu had been arrested by the FBI for failing to report for relocation and was convicted in federal court in September 1942. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a divided decision, upheld Korematsu's conviction in late 1944. The majority opinion, written by Justice Hugo Black,upheld the government's right to relocate citizens in the face of wartime emergency. This verdict declared the "constitutionality" of the Japanese relocation camps.1988, the United States government apologized for its actions and gave $20,000 to each of the camp survivors.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Major civil rights legislation that outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities, in employment, and in voter registration. Would withhold federal funding to states who continued segregation.
NATO & Warsaw Pact
Nato was an alliance between 12 nations which declared that an armed attack against one member nation would be considered an act against all. They would also maintain a standing military force in Europe to defend against a possible Soviet invasion. It spurred the Soviets and their fellow communist governments to form an alliance under the Warsaw Pact. Warsaw was A treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR's nato, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. It was in response to the NATO alliance.
Great Society
Overarching plan by President Lyndon Johnson to assist the underprivileged in American society; it included the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Affairs and the Head Start and Medicare programs. Some Great Society programs were later reduced because of the cost of the Vietnam War.
Silent Majority
Segment of the population who Nixon believed still supported the Vietnam war; when his policies for the gradual withdrawal from the conflict were rejected by anti-war protesters, he appealed to this group for support, launching a counteroffensive that proved deeply divisive. Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions. As a political tool, the concept attempted to make a subtle distinction between believers in "traditional" values and the vocal minority of civil rights agitators, student protesters, counter-culturalists, and other seeming disruptors of the social fabric.
Beatniks
The "Beat" movement was a movement of rebellion against traditional American values. They celebrated teenage rebellion, while mainstream America supported being the same as everyone else and not getting into trouble. Beatniks did not respect authority, showed their emotions, didn't make efforts to fit in, and focused on sex; these values were the exact opposite of what mainstream America in the 1950s focused on.
Kent State Massacre
The Kent State shootings, also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent State massacre,[2][3][4] occurred at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. Four students were killed and nine others were wounded, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.[5]
NSC-68
The National Security Council report that outlined a shift in American position. It argued that the U.S. couldn't rely on other nations to take the initiative in resisting communism. The U.S. must take leadership over the noncommunist world and move to stop communist expansion anywhere it occurred to matter the risks. It also called for a major expansion of American military power.
Election of 1968
The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments (Nixon wanted southern votes and used traditional populist appeals to represent the "quiet voice" of the forgotten Americans)
U-2 Incident
The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
Berlin Airlift
Truman's move to prevent the removal of US troops from Berlin, while also helping the troops to survive. He ordered US planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin, and also sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England.
Martin Luther King Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
the Rosenbergs
Were also accused of being spies for the Soviets that delivered messages concerning nuclear war craft yet was mainly accused by their families brother eventually they were executed but the brother came out and said that his accusations were false two Soviet spies sent to steal information and technology from the U.S. They helped the Soviets develop the atomic bomb and arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
Dixiecrats
Were conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats.
Woodstock
Woodstock was a fusion of rock music; hard drugs, free love, and an anti war protest drawing 400,000 people in the summer of 1969. The concert was the high point of the counterculture movement. At the other end of the spectrum was Altamont, a concert near San Francisco attended by over 300,000 people. Altamont had rock music, hard drugs, and free love, but violence as well. Four people died and many people were beaten by members of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang who had been hired by the Rolling Stones as security guards.
GI Bill
a bill meant to provide benefits to those who have served in the military. Did not include black men to watch her on the ground to the right of an education and no jobs Servicemen's Readjustment Bill. It provided economic and educational assistance to veterans. It gave money to them to study in colleges/universities, gave them medical treatment, provided loans to buy a house or farms or to start a new business.
Women's Rights
a movement that argued women should have the same rights as men
Counterculture
a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm.
Atomic Bombing of Japan
american engaged in atomic bombs following the H-bomb and nuclear warfare, Hiroshima and nagasaki. A nuclear weapon that unleashes a large amount of energy through nuclear fission; Two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) which forced Japan to surrender and ended WWII. The Manhattan Project was the name of the top secret program that developed the atomic bomb
HUAC
an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. This congressional Committee investigated Commmunist influence inside and outside the US government after WWII. looked for soviet spies.
Truman Doctrine
as the Cold War with the Soviet Union (USSR) escalated, the Truman Doctrine was designed to contain the spread of communism and check Soviet advances throughout the world. Truman pledged that the United States would help any nation resist communism in order to prevent its spread. If the Soviets or comunist attack, the allied members would all attack. President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. This mainly helped Greece and Turkey.
Nation of Islam
assinated Malcolm X Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers. A black supremacist group founded in 1930 by Elijah Muhammad, who believed that Allah would create a Black Nation of people unified against the white man. This group convinced itself that there was no purpose to work with the white man, and it is important to build the black people up and become economically self-sufficient, but exemplifying the importance of not interacting with white people whenever possible and becoming a believer in black nationalism.
Suburbs
beginning to grow with the help of william levitt towns, minorities were not allowed to have home mortgages while also not being able to buy houses at all. Suburbs were she could also buy automobiles as many houses now had garages to which would also change the landscape of America with freeways and roads, able to buy homes The Sunbelt seemed much more attractive to people who had lived in cities their whole lives; there were more opportunities in the west due to the less-used farming land and weather, and it was a new experience for people who were tired of living the same way for so long. People were also able to travel there much easier due to the advancements in technology, particularly with the car. Levittown appealed to the Americans still in search of the American dream of owning their own home, particularly those in a lower income bracket who couldn't afford a pricey home. The baby boom caused people to need to move to the suburbs for more space, shifting a majority of the population out of cities. Many women were upset that they were being put back into the housewife role and felt that feminism was being pushed back; however, other women enjoyed being the "stereotypical woman".
Black Power
claims civil rights and unity for black individuals A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community. Black is beautiful
The Feminine Mystique
critiqued the societal ideal where women were encouraged to confine themselves to being wives and mothers and compared women's lives in the suburbs to living in "comfortable concentration camps." Her book attacked the idea that a woman's only satisfaction came through homemaking. The book was very influential and viewed as defining central issues that the women's movement would grapple with throughout the 1970s
Montgomery Bus Boycott
declared that no segregation is allowed on any public transportation December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus. Black Churches played a huge role in the organization of boycott Women's Political Council initiated boycott through telephone tree MLK (26 years old) emerged as major leader African Americans car-pooled or walked to work/school for over a year. Bus company lost 65% of income. Supreme Court decision finally concluded boycott
McCarthyism
from McCarthy who said that he had a list of 200+ names of people within the Secretary of State who were communist. Had no proof and said it was in the judges hand since the president had ordered his administration to find people who were deemed a threat to their association and suspicions of communism. Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia.
Baby Boom
increased population after WWII Post-war baby boom reverted women to the role of housewife and mother. Returning soldiers and the GI Bill also meant that men got job preference and higher education, putting women further behind in equality. Majority of clerical and service work jobs were filled by women.
Free Speech Movement
led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.
Latino Civil Rights
protested against the unfair labor pay and working conditions, revolved around labor, growing mexican population, surpassed africans, cesar chavez
Brown v Board of Education
said that education must not separate races, didn't spark the civil rights movement, closed [public schools, give white kids options to not go to integrated schools Argued by Thurgood Marshall Earl Warren Chief Justice of Supreme Court (Moderate Republican) "We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of "Separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial discrimination with "All deliberate speed." The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision reversed the previous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). marked the end of legalized segregation. Required all schools to desegregate with "all deliberate speed," but the interpretation of this left a lot of room for foot dragging, and the battle to integrate schools drug on. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, lead attorney for the NAACP, argued the case for the Browns.
Malcolm X
said that everyone was equal and blacks had to rely on themselves. Malcolm X was an advocate of black power and was the figurehead of the Nation of Islam for some time. He was greatly influential in getting people to believe in black power and self-defense, as opposed to King's peace.
Rosa Parks
secretary of the president, helped in the scottsboro boys case (accused of assaulting white women), refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus, led to the bus boycott White and black people shared buses in Montgomery, but the front of the bus was reserved for whites. Rosa Parks, finding no seats in the back of the bus, took a seat in the front. She refused to give up her seat to a white person on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her arrest sparked a yearlong black boycott of the city buses and served notice throughout the South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to the absurdities and indignities of segregation.
Television
television became the new newspaper as it would influence presidential campaigns and consumerism., advertising, cars boomed economy Television was central to the culture of the postwar era because many families owned a TV after the war and programs appealed to traditional American values. TV's had a limited number of channels, so most Americans watched the same shows and advertisements, leading to them buying similar products. This added to the sense of community or sameness in America, but only to the upper and middle class that were able to afford the TV; this alienated those unable to buy televisions.
Cuban Missile Crisis
the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had secretly deployed in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted,
Japanese Internment
the moving of asian americans into concentration camps in fear that the japanese would invade the west coast after pearl harbor, some believed it was a political/ military necessity yet it was actually racism, racist america fueled japanese ambitions The camps deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property. In the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu, were eventually give compensation
Korean War
war between anticommuist south korea and communist north korea, north tried to invade and reunite it with the south, this would spread communism so UN interfered with the US for south yet china backed north, arthur wanted to push again yet truman said no, they backed away while arthur was fired for trying to bass the president
Alger Hiss
was accused of being a spy for the Soviets, he denied it yet Nixon exposed him and boosted his campaign, he was a spy This man was investigated by the HUAC on charges of disloyalty. He was a former high-ranking member of the State Department. Whittaker Chambers (a former communist) told the committee that this man had passed classified information through him to the Society Union. When he sued Chambers for slander, Chambers produced microfilms of the documents. However, he could not be tried for espionage due to the statute of limitations (protection from prosecution of crimes after 7 years). However Richard Nixon and the rest of HUAC helped to convict him on grounds of perjury (lying under oath).
Sputnik
was known for being the first satellite launched into space and made by the Soviets. This idea that the Soviets were more advanced to help John F Kennedy's to win the presidential election. fear of attacks of atomic bombs
Navajo Code Talkers
were natives who used to communicate for the US as they used their native language to pass messages along. The Navajo Indians were modest sheep herders and farmers. During World War II, they were recruited into the Marines. From 1942 - 1945 they took part in every assault the US Marines conducted in the Pacific. They transmitted secret communications on the battlefields. In 20 seconds, they could encode, transmit, and decode messages that would normally take a machine 30 minutes. They were known for their bravery, skill, speed, and accuracy. The Japanese were never able to break their code. Through the use of their unbreakable code, the Navajo code talkers played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and hastening the war's end
Woman and the War
women had new jobs during the war yet when it was over they were fired as men would soon refill in positions, wn served as nurses and clerks Women entered exclusively male jobs and redefined the woman's sphere
Gender Roles
women were granted equal rights yet were still considered to be restricted to some degree as most still worked in domestic jobs. Homosexuals were looked down upon like multiracial couples.