Apush History 2 Unit 6 (1865 - 1898) Key Terms

United States Steel

Created by J.P. Morgan from Carnegie's holdings; became the first billion dollar Corporation

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Joesph Glidden

1873- invented barbwire- which farmers used to hold herds.

Munn v. Illinois

1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders such as railroads

Eastman's Kodak camera

1888, an essential tool for business, first widespread camera

Homestead Strike (1892)

1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Ocala Platform

A (farmers) platform that would have a significant impact in later years: They supported 1) direct election of US senators, 2) lower tariff rates, 3) a graduated income tax, and 4) a new banking system regulated by the federal govt.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Bankruptcy

A legal process to get out of debt when you can no longer make all your required payments

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Granger Laws

A set of laws was designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering freight rates and railroad rebates.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Sierra Club

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

George Westinghouse

An American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railroad and the air brake

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves

Dumbell Tenements

Cheap housing units created when cities became packed with people during the industrial revolution. They were termed dumbbell tenements due to the design of the building, which looked like a dumbbell with many housing units sharing a corridor.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Gustavus Swift

Developer of an efficient system of mechanical refrigeration, an innovation that earned him a fortune and provided a major stimulus to the growth of the cattle industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Yosemite

First scenic reserve created by federal action

R. H. Macy

Founder of 1st department store in NYC in 1902

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continued existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end of the first chapter in American history.

rebates and pools

In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)

Otis Elevator

Invented the first safe and reliably working elevator. This invention helped to revolutionize the way that the city could grow.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Transatlantic Cable

Is an undersea cable running under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications. The first was laid across the floor of the Atlantic.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

100th meridian

Line north to south from the Dakotas through west Texas. Lands west of this line were generally poor and marginal. Settlers rashly tried to farm here in the 1870's and met ruin.

Menlo Park

New Jersey village west of New York City where Thomas Edison established the world's first industrial research laboratory in 1876. He lived there until his wife's death in 1884.

Railroad Strike of 1877

One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed.

National Grange Movement

Organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley as social and educational organization for farmers and their families.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

streetcar suburbs

The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

American Federation of Labor

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

Laissez-faire

The idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

interlocking directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

Forest Management Act of 1897

This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)

mail-order companies

Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog.

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Ghost Dance Movement

a Native American movement that called for a return to traditional ways of life and challenged white dominance in society

Middlemen

a person who buys goods from producers and sells them to retailers or consumers.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Brooklyn Bridge

a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City

Haymarket Bombing

bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions

dry farming

farming method used in dry regions in which land is plowed and planted deeply to hold water in the soil

watering stock

inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public

Tenement Apartments

overcrowded apartments where the immigrants crammed into

Iron Law of Wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Vertical Integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

cattle drive

the herding and moving of cattle over long distances

Dawes Act of 1887

tried to civilize Indians by breaking up tribes but instead it harmed their native culture

craft union

union made up of skilled workers in a specific trade or industry