apush midterm terms to know

Articles of Confederation

"Articles of Confusion" weak central government- avoid corruption, all 13 states needed to approve Congress appointed committee to draft written constitution- adopted 1777, not ratified until 1781 arguments over land- some states given large amounts of land beyond Appalachians, some states not given any (states with land could sell to pay off pensions but states without had to tax themselves), Maryland refused to ratify because they were not given land, held off until New York and Virginia gave up western claims compromise- no state would own the land, the country would used for "common benefit"

Samuel de Champlain

"Father of New France" leading figure- upstate NY/Quebec 1608 by St Lawrence River Valley soldier, explorer, energy/leadership friendly with Huron Indian tribes

Henry Clay's Speech

"Great Compromiser" offered compromise, seconded by young Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois urged both sides to make concessions and to compromise, more feasible Fugitive Slave Law

Ku Klux Klan

"Invisible Empire of the South" started Tennessee 1866 thrived on fear- horses and men masked, no one knew used religious "justification" burnt crosses, threatened blacks that "didn't know their place", lynched/murdered blacks, Louisiana church 1868- 200 victims any fool with sheet over head could run around as Klan spook effective- blacks "backed off" Force Acts of 1870 and 1871- troops stop much chaos but KKK already prominant

The Virginia Plan

"Large State Plan" representation should be based on population give larger states advantages

Rhode Island

"Rogue's Island" "Little Rhody" no oaths, attendence at worship not required, no taxes to support church, Quakers even shltered despite contrasting beliefs RI more liberal than any colony, more advanced simple manhood suffrage from start- later only landowners, freedom of opportunity other settlements scatttered RI, by rebels/exiles who could not bear stifling Bay COlony, all RI people had little in common but being unwanted anywhere else, Boston saw them as "sewer" with "Lord's debris" individualistic and independent, "home of the otherwise minded", squatter colony 1636 and secured charter from Parliament 1644

The New Jersey

"Small State Plan" representation should be equal for all states fear that under Virginia plan the stronger states would lord over the rest

Lincoln's Total War Strategy

"blockade, divide, and conquer" move toward draft to free slaves, quick strike failure- now total war a. naval blockade in South, b. free the slaves, undermine South economically, c. divide South along Mississippi, d. divide and crush South through Georgia/Carolinas, e. capture Richmond, f. engage enemy wherever possible/grind into submission

Tennessee and West Virginia

"brother vs brother" split seen Tennessee officially joined South but thousands of volunteers fought with North ("Volunteer State") mountain Virginians no need for slavery- at start of war only one Virginia existed and sided with South, broke off halfway through war to North

Bible Commonwealth**

"calling to do God's work"- Christian based economy/government, laws made based on church, etc colonists believed they had covenant with God, holy society, model for mankind doctrine of covenant- purpose of government is to enforce God's laws nonbelievers and believers both had to pay taxes for government supported church public interrogations of those claiming to experience conversion simple pleasures- ate, drank, sang, made love, strict laws to make sure pleasures stayed simple- crime to kiss in public, CT "Blue Law State"- "suputuary laws" printed on blue paper life serious, threat of hell- sinners suffered, popular poem by Michael Wigglesworth- "Day of Doom" 1662 described sinner's fate shared beliefs caused social harmony with some trouble- Quakers fined, beaten, banished, extreme case hanged, see Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism, Roger Williams

Gen Ulysses S Grant once again

"meat grinder"- willing to send men into battle, even though they would be killed, motto "when in doubt, fight" willing to sacrifice twice as many casualties as enemy because he knew the South could not sustain battle as long as him- basically suicide missions, hurt public opinion of North but ultimately won war Grant outlasted Lee at series of battles- Wilderness Campaign, Spotsylvania Courthouse, Cold Harbor, Petersburg- known for being bloody, "Bloody Angle" and "Hell's Half Acre", 50,000 casualties but Lee still lost

Patriots

"rebels", "Whigs" supported revolution, fought against British, younger generation, large in New England "minority war"- small amount truly dedicated, could have had more men if they were more zealous, took risk and burden for whole country more successful at appealing to people- took task of "political education" in places where British military was not- convinced neutrals that British were unreliable, harrassed small British detachments

Coureurs de Bois

"runners of the woods" French fur trappers over woods and waterways to find beaver drinkers, free spenders/livers/lovers French names- Baton Rouge, Des Moines, Tere Haute "voyageurs"- got Indians into fur business, Indians affected by disease and alcohol, slaughtering beavers was against their religion travelled across continent- extinguished beaver population

Noche Triste**

"sad night", June 30, 1520 Aztecs attacked, drove Spanish from Tenochtitlan in bloody retreat

Battles of Lexington and Concord

"shot heard round the world", beginning of war April 1775- British commander sent troops to seize gunpowder and bag rebels "minute men" met troops on green, refused to disperse, shots fired killed 8 wounded more- "Lexington Massacre" redcoats pushed to Concord, forced to retreat by Americans, 300 British casualties (abaout 70 killed) Americans used Indian style/guerilla warfare

Pueblo**

"village" in Spanish, Rio Grande Valley, powerfully molded by maize -intricate irrigation systems to water corn -in multi storied terraced buildings, Spanish made contact in sixteenth century

Lord North

"yes man", manipulative prime minister of George III persuaded Parliament to repeal Townshend revenue duties- tea tax kept

Gen A Burnside

("sideburns") in charge of Northern Army following Antietam, rash frontal attack defeated soundly Fredericksburg, VA when Union troops tried to swarm up Confederate hill

Dutch East India Company**

(1500s Netherlands rebell against Spain- independence with English help, Rembrandt- golden age for Dutch, commercial and naval power- 3 Anglo-Dutch Wars fought after challenged supremacy-- Dutch sturdy) Dutch also imperial power huge profitable empure over 300 years, 10,000 men, 190 ships, basically state within state Dutch West India Company- less profitable, enterprises in Caribbean, more raiding than trading, outposts in Africa and sugar industry in Brazil

Stono River**

(1712- slave revolt New York City- a dozen white lives, 21 black executions (some burned alive)) -over 59 blacks among river in South Carolina revolted 1739 tried to march to Spanish Florida but stopped by local militia

Northern Pacific Railroad

(4 new railroads- none monetarily backed but all but Great Northern were granted land) Lake Superior--> Puget Sound Atchinson, Topeka, Santa Fe through South west car 1884

Stamp Act of 1765**

(Britain already paying 2x as much) stamp tax, support of new military force to protect colonists (questioned why they needed protection- scheme to assert power?) stamped paper/stamps required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items, commercial/legal documents (playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, marriage licenses, etc)

Tobacco**

(James I had scant enthusiasm about Virginia due to hatred of tobacco) -1612- raising anf curing perfected, eliminated bitter taste- European demand high, tobacco rush across Virginia- planted in streets and cemetaries, wanted more land to plant on- pushed west -saved Virginia economically with some cons-"tyrant", too much planted too often ruined soil, reduced Virginia to single flucuating crop, plantation system and demand for labor (slaves used only in later years) -1619- 20 something Africans arrived- seed of slave system, 1650- 300 blacks, end of century- 14% of population (see indentured servents) demand for virgin land --> growers plunged farther up river --> more Indian attacks millions of pounds exported --> depressed prices --> more grown and exported

Bartolomeu Dias

(Portugal pushed farther south) rounded southernmost tip in 1488

Border States

(Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee joined Confederates- Richmond new capital) Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware between North and South critical for both sides- increase Southern numbers and industry called Border- physically on North.South border and were slave states that had no seceded but might at any moment, would have lost them Lincoln wanted to keep with Union: took cautious steps, questionable/sometimes against Constitution- declared martial law in Maryland, seize railroads, not allow Maryland to secede and leave DC as an island in South made it clear his goal was uniting, the nation NOT abolition- Border States might then secede, and would also upset Butternut Region

Sir Walter Raleigh**

(first English attempt at colonixation- coast of Newfoundland promoted by Sir Humphrey Gilbert who died at sea 1583) -inspired by half brother Gilbert to try again in warmer place- expedition landed 1585 (see "Roanoke")

Quakers**

(officially "religious Society of Friends") group of dissenters, rose in England 1600s, "quaked" under religious emotion refused to pay tax to church, simple meetinghouses, no paid clergy, believed all children in sight of God, no oaths- led to trouble with government (oath required to prove non Catholic) hated strife/warfare, refused military service, passive resistance, considered stubborn/unreasonable actually simple/democratic- stood for religious and civil freedom

Makers of America: From African to African American

(see How African Culture Influenced the Colonies) first slaves mostly males, small isolated farms, social contact unheard of stepped up delivery, large plantations formed new generation of African slaves, by 1740- large groups lived together, American born outnumbered African born importation slowed -life miserable- work from sunup to sundown, females spun, weaved, sewed, after entire days of work, fear of sexual exploitation by masters

Plymouth

(see earlier cards) -first winter 1620-1- 44/102 survived, but when Mayflower sailed back to England no separationists left -autumn 1621- bountiful harvests, first Thanksgiving Day, later found economy in fur, fish, and lumber, beaver and Bible- sustenance of body and soul, proved English capability small and quiet, unimportant economically/numerically but important morally/spiritually- 1691 population 7 thousand and merged with huge Massachusetts Bay Colony neighbor

Jim Crow Laws

(some passed before P vs F) "separate but equal" not in North- only South separation of races became institutionalized legalized segregation, state enacted codes under "equal protection" clause of 14th Amendment violations had penalties- lynchings of blacks common, whites "enforced" the codes themseleves

Thomas Hooker**

(valley of Connecticut RIver (highly fertile) attracted Dutch and English settlers, Hartford founded 1635) Hooker- reverend, led group of Boston Puritans, swarmed Hartford area with ailing wife on horseback 1636

Horace Mann

- "Father of Public Education" - wanted free compulsatory education that was hands on and dealt with the 3 Rs

Samuel Slater

- "Father of the Factory System" - memorized British factory plans and brought them to the US - built factory for spinning thread in Pawtucket, RI in 1791

Albert Gallatin

- "Watchdog of Treasury" - Jefferson's Sec. of Treasury - national debt was bane, reduced it while balancing budget

German 48ers

- 1 mil. Germans came to the USA at the same time as the Irish bc of crop failure and failed democratic revolutions of 1848 - settled on the frontier, brought German culture to USA - were Lutheran, antislavery, drank beer, kept to themselves

Hamiltonians

- 1 of 2 political parties - evolved into Federalists

Judiciary Act of 1801

- 1 of the very last laws passed by Federalists - established 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices - Republicans hated it bc it packed lifelong posts w/ Federalists - repealed in 1802

Society for Propogating the Gospel Among Indians

- 1787 -type of Indian-White relationship - attempt to assimilate Indians into white society

Treaty of Greenville

- 1790-91 - Indians attacked Americans on frontier - General "Mad Anthony" routed Miami Indians - Indians wanted peace - August 1795 - treaty - confederacy gave up old NW, Indians got $20,000

Excise tax

- 1791- passed by Congress to add internal revenue - tax on domestic items (esp. whiskey) - $0.07 per gallon forced distillers to reduce load

Cotton gin

- 1793 - invented by Eli Whitney - revolutionized southern economy - led to skyrocketed demands and profits for cotton fiber - southerners scrambled to plant more cotton

Eli Whitney

- 1793 - invented cotton gin to separate cotton fiber from seed - machine was 50x more efficient than hands and increased cotton production and factories

Whiskey Rebellion

- 1794 - SW Penn. - challenged national government bc excise tax was a burden on economic necessity and exchange - people tarred and feathered collectors, created liberty poles, etc. - Washington crushed rebellion which showed strength of federal government

Napoleon Bonaparte

- 1800 - seized dictatorial power in France - Wanted to free hands of American issues bc he was fighting all of EU - wanted to establish New World empire

Napoleon Bonaparte

- 1800- secret pact - Spain ceded Louisiana to France, withdrew Pinckney Treaty - decided to sell Louisiana bc there was no need since he couldn't get Santo Domingo - hoped Louisiana would make USA strong enough to beat GBR one day

Robert R. Livingston

- 1803 - American minister in France - Instructions to buy New Orleans or anything East for $10 mil - Actually bought all of Lousiana for $15 mil

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

- 1804 - sent by Jefferson to explore Louisiana, meet Indians, and take notes of what they saw - explored all the way to Pacific in 2.5 yrs - demonstrated possibility of trail to Pacific

Zebulon Pike

- 1805-06 - trekked to headwaters of Mississippi - 1807 - explored south Louisiana

Orders in Council

- 1806 - London closed ports under France to foreign shipping unless they stopped in Britain first for inspection - Napoleon struck back - he would seize all merchant ships that entered British ports - America couldn't trade w/ either now

internal improvements

- 1817 - Clay asked for federal $ to make internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.) - President Madison vetoed this bill for $1.5 mil to states because it was unconstitutional

Rush-Bagot Agreement

- 1817 - agreement between USA and Britain to limit naval armament on Great Lakes - 1870s - better relations brought fortifications down - USA and Canada share largest unfortified boundary in world

Stephen Austin

- 1823 - led Old 300 families into Texas - conditions for living in TX - must become Mexican citizens, must become Catholic, and no slavery allowed

Robert Owen

- 1825 - started New Harmony, IN as a utopia experiment - attracted intellectual types but failed due to infighting and confusion

Santa Anna

- 1830 - Mexico freed slaves, TX protests and were jailed - 1835 - Anna had enough and got together army and taught Texans a lesson

Joseph Smith

- 1830 - claimed to have found a golden tablet in NY w/ Book of Mormon inscribed - came up w/ Mormon/Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints - started to move Mormons to UT - killed in a skirmish

Lone Star Republic (Mexican-American War)

- 1836 - TX declared independence and called itself the Lone Star Republic - Santa Anna wouldn't take declaration w/o a fight

Potato Famine

- 1840s - potato crop failed and 2 million Irish died - Black Forties - Irish came to USA for a better life to escape the potato famine (USA didn't like them bc they were Catholic)

Brook Farm

- 1841 - started in MA as a utopia experiment - attracted Transcendentalist intellectuals - lasted for 5 yrs but then major building burned down and it was lost due to debt

James K. Polk

- 1844 - beat Clay for president and ran on a clear pro-expansion platform - a vote for him was a vote for expansion - victory was mandate by Americans to expand the USA

Oneida Community

- 1848 - started in NY as utopia experiment - communal, embraced free love, birth control, planning children - saved by capitalism - sold baskets for $, then flatware and cutlery that a company Oneida still sells today

Cyrus Fields

- 1858 - laid telegraph wire across Atlantic Ocean to Ireland- only lasted 3 weeks but was a start to instant communication w/ Europe

Free Blacks

- 1860 - 250,000 free blacks in the south - freed by emancipation movement, by owner, or by buying themselves - many owned property, some owned slaves - 2nd or 3rd class citizens - more limited than white - disliked by North bc they took jobs from the Irish and threatened the economy

Tariff of 16

- 1st USA tariff for protection, not revenue - 1816 - 20-25% of value of dutiable imports - not high enough for full safeguard but beginning of it - protective trend began which led to want for more protection

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

- 1st female doctor

- Panic of 1837

- 2nd panic of 1800s in 20 yr string - caused by overspeculation of land, Jackson's bank policies and resulting chaos, Jackson's specie circularm failure of crops, failure of British banks, etc. - Whigs had plan - increase credit, tariffs, and money for internal improvements - Response was Divorce Bill

Whig Party

- 2nd party to Dems, v diverse - disliked Jackson (main tie that bound them) - like Clay's American system and internal improvements

Favorite sons

- 3/4 candidates in 1824 were favorite sons for their section of the country - Clay was only non sectional candidate, national figure instead

Anti-Masonic Party

- 3rd party in 1832 election - more democratic, more options - masons/freemasons were secret society - secrets, mystery and skeptics were around them - mix of various groups - those who disliked masons and those who disliked Jackson

Washington's Cabinet members

- 4 back then (15 now) - gave opinions to Washington on executive matters - Alexander Hamilton - Sec. of Treasury - Thomas Jefferson - Sec. of State - Henry Knox - Sec. of War - Edmund Randolph - Attorney General

Demographics of the US in 1790

- 4 million people (doubled every 25 yrs) - 90% lived in rural areas - 90% lived east of the Appalachians - 42,000 in Philadelphia, 33,000 in NYC, 18,000 in Boston, 16,000 in Charleston, 13,000 in Baltimore

James Madison

- 4th president - strong constitutionalist, legislator, and diplomat but weak chief executive - took gamble on Macon's Bill - declared war on GBR which was inevitable because of Indian attacks and Spanish alliance

"Know-Nothings"

- AKA "Order of the Star Spangled Banner" - secret society that responded to questions w/ "I know nothing" - didn't like melting pot culture/Irish Catholics - fed off of fear and false, sensational stories

Millerites

- AKA Adventists - new religious sect from 2nd Great Awakening - predicted Christ's return on 10/22/1844 but it didn't happen to they lost credibility

Santa Anna

- AKA Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - 11 time president - Exiled in Cuba - told Polk he would double cross his country if he could return to MEX - tricked Polk - actually rallied Mexican troops

Cumberland Road

- AKA national road - went from MD-IL - main road from east to west

Iron horse

- AKA railroads - only thing to trump Erie Canal - 1st tracks were in 1828, 3/4 of tracks were in the North - dangerous - embers started fires, collisions were common, boilers blew up, brakes were poor, tracks rusts, width of tracks weren't standardized

"Peculiar Institution"

- AKA slavery - made up foundation of southern economy and society

- pet banks

- AKA wildcat banks - gave loans to anyone - Jackson tried to kill Bank of US by putting its money in wildcat banks - Biddle responded to this by calling in loans to pet banks from Bank of US

XYZ Affair

- Adams sent envoys to stay out of war in France - Envoys met w/ agents X, Y, and Z who demanded loan of 32 mil florins and $250,000 to talk to Talleyrand - Americans said no

Mexican-American War

- After purchase attempt failed, Polk sent 4000 troops to Rio Grande Border (MEX thought Nueces River was border) - MEX crosses Rio Grande and had a skirmish w/ US troops-MEX was aggressor so Congress could declare war - 3 phases - get CA, fighting in TX, conquest of Mexico City - USA won

Alien and Sedition Acts

- Alien - oppressive, aimed at aliens (immigrants), increased resident requirements, president could deport/arrest any immigrant - sedition - did not allow people to write/say bad things about politicians in the papers - aimed at muzzling Jeffersonians - took away basic rights

Rachel Jackson

- Andrew's wife - attacked by Adams' supporters - called an adulteress bc divorce from 1st marriage wasn't finalized - died 1 month after election

George Canning

- British foreign secretary - offered American minister in London a deal - proposed USA and GBR make a statement not to grab Latin land and warn other European nations to stay out of Latin America - influenced by John Quincy Adams

Bladensburg

- British landed in Chesapeake in 1814 and advanced on DC - set public buildings on fire (White House, Capitol, etc.)

John Marshall

- Chief Justice for 34 yrs - Federalist - wanted strong federal government - established power of judicial branch

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1829)

- College Charter Case - college was awarded charter by King George III but New Hampshire revoked it, would charter stand? - charter was a contract and state governments couldn't encroach on contracts - supports federal government

Assumption

- Congress took in state debts ($21.5 million) so that wealthy state creditors are tied into government - states with big debts were happy and states with small debts weren't -> Washington DC was settled on Potomac as a compromise in 1790

Cottonocracy vs. snobocracy

- Cottonocracy - south was ruled by 1733 families who owned slaves, cotton was main plant in south - Snobocracy - name for ruling wealthy slaveowners by whites who didn't own slaves and resented them

Election of 1840

- Dem Martin Van Buren vs Whig William Henry Harrison - dealt w personalities - 1st modern election - 75% voter turnout, hard cider given out, campaign slogans and songs were made, etc. - Harrison won 234-60 votes - protest against poor economy

Martin Van Buren

- Dem candidate chose by Jackson to be successor in 1836 Election - won 170-124 even though Whigs tried to split votes for no majority - called little magician - issues - faced rebellion in Canada, admitting slave TX, and economy was crumbling

McCuloch vs. Maryland (1819)

- Elastic Clause Case - MD tried to Tax bank of US - Marshall used Hamilton's "implied powers" and declared the Bank Constitutional - elastic clause officially recognized and used - Constitution was left up to interpretation - supported federal government

Corrupt Bargain

- Election of 1824 - last of old style politics - led to univeral white manhood suffrage - 4 candidates - Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, and John Quincy Adams - all Reps, all favorite sons - votes too spread out so no one got majority - top 2 were Jackson and Adams -> election went to House -> Adams wanted to make Clay Sec. of State -> Clay favored him and he won and Jackson supporters were mad

Interchangeable parts

- Eli Whitney's greatest legacy - machine-made components of anything could just be switched out if it broke - turned into mass and production and helped make guns too

Henry David Thoreau

- Emerson's friends and neighbor - lived self-reliance while Emerson just talked about it - tired of modern society - spent 2 yrs living in the words completely off the land - wrote "Walden: Or Life in the Woods" - Wrote "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" which emphasized peacefully not following unjust laws and inspired Gandhi and MLK Jr.

Alexis de Tocqueville

- French observer of USA in 1850 - wrote Democracy in America - Saw that 75% of Americans go to church - saw that rape in the US was punishable by death while it was overlooked in France

Emily Dickinson

- From MA - wrote love poems

Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson

- GBR general - 1805 - smashed French and Spanish fleets off Spanish coast - ensured Britain's naval supremacy

Fort McHenry

- GBR hammered Ft. McHenry w/ cannons but couldn't capture city of Baltimore - Where Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner

William Henry Harrison

- Governor of Indiana in 1811 - crushed Shawnees at Tippecanoe and became national hero

Lyman Beecher

- Headed Lane Theological Seminary - father of novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, reformer Catharine Beecher, and preacher-abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher

Wendell Phillips

- Helped start American Abolitionist Society to further cause - "Abolition's golden trumpet" - ate no sugar cane and wore no cotton bc it was grown/picked by slaves

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

- Jackson fought - Crushed southwestern Indians in Alabama

Indian Territory

- Jackson thought Indians and whites couldn't live together so he had to move Indians west to rescue and preserve their culture - appointed Oklahoma as Indian territory

Election of 1828

- Jackson vs Adams - Jackson attacked Adams and Adams attacked Jackson - Jackson won easily bc he had support from south and west

Election of 1844

- James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay - Polk won - Polk was called "Young Hickory" bc similar beliefs and close birthplace - TX was a large issue - Polk's victory mean mandate for Manifest Destiny (people voted for expansion)

Era of Good Feelings

- James Monroe elected in 1816 - Federalist party vanished - 1 party made nation united instead of split - upsweep of nationalism after war - sectional problems were forming (disagreements over slavery, south paying $ so that tariff benefits north, south didn't get benefits from internal improvements)

Cpt. John C. Fremont

- Kearny joined him in CA and he took CA - proclaimed "Bear Flag Republic"

William Gilmore Simms

- Known as "Cooper of the South" - wrote of southern life during the American Revolution

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

- Land Scam Contract Case - GA was bribed to give away millions of acres of land on Yazoo River -> contract signed -> angry state passed state law to revoke contract, would it stand? - Supreme Court said a contract was a contract and shouldn't be broken by state laws - supported federal government

Spot resolution

- Lincoln wanted to know which nation actually owned the disputed land and where exactly the skirmish happened to find out aggressor

Cohens vs. Virginia (1871)

- Lottery Case - Cohens family sold lottery tickets in VA - illegal in state, legal in USA, which one applied? - showed that the Supreme Court could make state decisions - supported federal goverment

Aroostook War

- Maine-Canada Border disputed turned violent - Lumberjacks from each side fought over who got the land and could chop down its lumber

Arguments and outcome of Marbury v. Madison (1803)

- Marbury sued Madison for not delivering his commission - Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court could not judge this because its basis was unconstitutional - showed that the Supreme Court had power to decide what was constitutional and what wasn't

Dewitt Clinton

- NY governor who headed Erie Canal project

Financial Status of the US in 1790

- Needed to repay debts to France, Spain, and the Netherlands - Revenue was small and public debt was large - Much worthless paper $, not much metal $ - financial problem was #1 problem in USA

49th Parallel

- OR border issue settled - GBR wanted it at 42 degrees, USA wanted it at 54 degrees 40' - final agreement was to roughly split land at 49th parallel

Battle of the Thames

- October 1813 - British troops beaten by Harrison's troops - battle where Tecumseh was killed

Barbary Pirates

- Pirates of the N. African Barbary States who blackmailed and plundered merchant ships - Federalists had bought defense from them

Robert J. Walker

- Polk's Secretary of Treasury - lowered tariff from 32% to 25% w/ help from southerners in Congress (North warned of economic despair but it didn't happen)

Battle of Tippecanoe

- Prophet's troops were crushed - made Harrison national hero bc it was a big win

Moses Brown

- Quaker capitalist in RI - provided financial backing for Slater

Edmond Genet

- Representative of France in Charleston - had privateers take advantage of USA-France alliance, thought Americans didn't want neutrality - had armies invade Florida, Lousiana, and Canada - threatened to appeal to voters over Washington - replaced by less impulsive person

Battle of the Alamo

- Santa Anna's 6000 soldiers destroyed 200 Texans - "remember the Alamo!" heard across TX

Tecumseh and the Prophet

- Shawnee leaders - made confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi - showed Indian unity and cultural renewal

Pinckney's Treaty

- Spain wanted deal w/ USA before they allied w/ GBR - 1795 - USA was granted free navigation of the Mississippi and disputed land north of Florida

Henry Clay

- Speaker of the House - war hawk

American Colonization Soceity

- Started w/ goal of moving blacks back to Africa - succeeded bc it established Liberia but failed bc most blacks were Americans and there was not enough $ to finance trip

Erie Canal

- States made their own improvements after Madison vetoed bill - NY finished it in 1825

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)/Robert Fulton

- Steamboat Case - Fulton built steamboat and hired Gibbons to pilot it down Hudson - NY had given them monopoly - Ogden infringed on monopoly by running own boat and was prosecuted and convicted - NY was wrong to give monopoly bc only Congress could regulate interstate trade - supports federal government

Roger Tancy

- Supreme Court Justice who sided w/ businesses in cases - said that "rights of a community" are greater than corporate contract - encouraged entrepreneurs to get start-up businesses growing

Sam Houston

- TX president - led troops to battle of San Jacinto

Brigham Young

- Took over and led Mormons along Mormon Trail to UT when Smith was killed - Mormons were in trouble bc polygamy (delayed UT's statehood to 1896), drilling militia, and voting in blocks

Aaron Burr conspiracies

- Tried to get New England to secede from Union (Hamilton found out and stopped him -> he killed Hamilton in a duel) - Plotted to separated West from USA but Jefferson found out and it failed - Tried for treason but never committed anything so he was acquitted and went to Europe

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

- Tsar had already started to retreat - formally did w/ treaty - Established Russia's southernmost limits at 54 50' - present southern tip of Alaska's panhandle

Oliver Hazard Perry

- US naval officer who built fleet of green-timbered ships on Erie - captured British fleet - brought new life to American cause - drove British out of Detroit

Florida Purchase Treaty

- USA and Spain - USA paid $5 mil and got FL -Spain gave up a claim to OR, USA gave up a claim to TX - Southern limit of Oregon set at 42 degrees latitude

John Adams

- Washington's VP - Federalist, experienced - Barely won, not many people liked him - Thomas Jefferson was his VP - Hamilton made plots against him - had to decide if he would keep neutrality policy

Lane Theological Seminary

- Weld attended it, Lyman Beecher headed it - Lane rebels fought slavery w/ words

"Burned Over District"

- Western NY was called this bc of the hellfire of its revival preaching

William Henry Harrison

- Whig candidate in 1840 election - came from wealthy beginnings - painted as born in a log cabin type (log cabin became symbol) - called Tippecanoe bc won at Battle of Tippecanoe (slogan was Tippecanoe and Tyler Too)

William Henry Harrison

- Whig president in 1840 - Clay and Webster planned to control him - died after 1 month in office so Tyler from "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" had to be president

Tyler's response to the tariff issue

- Whigs passed tariff bill - Tyler vetoed it bc he didn't like how sale of western lands could be spread among states - Congress took out offensive part and lowered it - Tyler signed new verson

Tyler's response to the banking issue

- Whigs wanted to end independent treasury - Tyler signed it - Clay wanted Bank of the US - Tyler vetoed it and a similar bill - Democrats were happy and Whigs were mad -> Tyler was kicked out of Whig party - present w/o a party

John Quincy Adams

- Won 1824 Election - refused to remove public officials to make room for new ones - pushed national programs to build roads and canals, a national university, a national observatory - public and South unhappy bc waste of $, tried to slow western land speculation -> westerners and southerners turned against him

James Fenimore Cooper

- achieved international recognition in the 1820s for writing the Leatherstocking Tales - one of the first writers to use American scenes and themes

Five Civilized Tribes

- adopted some white ways - included Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole

Washington's Farewell Address

- advised against permanent alliances, only temporary ones in emergencies - warned of political parties - may not still be relevant for large nation

Strict constitutionist approach

- approach taken by those who opposed $ for internal improvements - said that this wasn't in constitution and should be left to states

"Cotton Belt"

- arc swooping from VA to TX - slavery followed it - heart was in the deep south - SC to LA (where slavery was most present)

Samuel Chase

- arrogant, bad-mouthing judge whom Jefferson hated - 1804 - Jefferson tried to impeach him but he was not guilty of any high crimes/misdemeanors - showed separation of powers and that judge breaking would not work

George Catlin

- artist who painted western scenes and Native Americans - 1st advocate of national parks - suggestion eventually became 1st nat. park Yellowstone in 1872

Captain Thomas MacDonough

- assembled fleet on Lake Champlain after British threatened to attack NY - about to be defeated but turned his ships and won - saved NY and New England from being separated from nation

Monroe Doctrine of 1823

- asserted European non-colonization and non-intervention - told Europe they couldn't colonize Americas and should stay out of American affairs - mostly directed at Russia - in return, USA would stay out of Greece's fight for independence - USA was speaking boldly - Europe and Latin America were unhappy about it - grew in stature as time went by

Washington Irving

- attained international recognition in the 1820s - wrote Rumplestiltskin and the Knickerbocker Tales - one of the first writers to use American scenes and themes

Sir Walter Scott

- author of Ivanhoe - very popular in south - south liked medieval world bc they were rebuilding a medieval society w/ dashing young men, gentle belles, and classes - myth built on backs of slaves

Goldiad

- battle won by Santa Anna - fueled Texans' passion

The French Revolution's Impact of the US

- began in 1789- Americans liked sense of liberty in France, turned dark in 1792 - Americans did not like guillotine - hard decision whether or not to help ally - wanted to bc they were allies, also wanted to avoid war bc USA was still growing

Second Great Awakening

- began in 1800s, full speed in 1830s - Christian revival movement that responded to new religions challenging Christianity - appealed to commoners, national movement - missionaries converted Natives - preachers were Cartwright and Finney - Methodists and Baptists were big winners - started many reform movements - public education, temperance, women's suffrage, prison reform, better treatment for mentally ill, abolition, etc.

Industrial Revolution

- began in GBR and spread to Europe and the US - factories/machines replaced homemade products - USA was industrial powerhouse but GBR produced cheaper goods faster

Bureau of Indian Affairs

- began to oversee matters regarding all Indians

Tariff of Abominations

- big issue in 1820s and 30s - Congress raised tariff in 1824 bc manufacturers wanted it higher - Jackson and followers hated it - thought it was tool by rich and tried to kill it by making it higher which backfired bc that was passed

David Walker

- black abolitionist - wrote "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" to urge military action to end slavery

Sojourner Truth

- black female abolitionist - tireless spokeswoman for abolition and women's rights

Martin Delaney

- black leader who checked out Niger Coast in Africa in 1859 - srsly considered black colonization of Africa

Dorothea Dix

- brought harsh treatment of mentally ill to light - got improved treatment for mentally insane - showed that mental illnesses were not a choice

Abraham Lincoln

- brought spot resolution to light - reluctant to vote for war bc he wanted to know the spot on the disputed land where the skirmish occurred

Robert Fulton

- built 1st steamboat in 1807 (the Clermont) - changed transportation structure bc rivers were now two way

Gen. Winfield Scott

- called "Old Rough and Ready" - sent to Mexico City to deliver coup d'grace - Retraced Hernando Cortez's path from Vera Cruz to Mexico City and conquered the city

Commodore Sloat

- came by boat w/ US Navy to secure CA for good - engaged Mexican army in Battle of Monterey and issued proclamation claiming CA for USA

Pony Express

- carried mail from MO to CA - 2000 mi in 10 days - lasted 2 yrs before being replaced by transcontinental telegraph wire which was instant communication

Panic of 1837

- caused by overspeculation - Americans owed GBR $ but they couldn't/wouldn't pay off their debts so GBR was mad

Election of 1824

- corrupt bargain - turning point - inspired common man to vote

Judiciary Act of 1789

- created effective federal courts - organized Supreme Court - chief justice, 5 associates, federal district and circuit courts, office of attorney general - John Jay was made 1st chief justice

Andrew Jackson

- crushed SW Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend - then chosen to command hodgepodge force to defend New Orleans in 1814 - Britain blundered - made frontal attack in 1815 -> lost 2000+ in 30 mins, 70 Americans died which was a victory for Jackson - became a national hero as everyone praised defenders of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson

- decided to seize moment when Latin revolutions spread through South America - entered FL, captured revolutionary leaders, punished Indians - took over, hanged leaders and two Spanish posts taken into panhandle, Spanish governor escaped - Congress allowed him to do all of this

Francis Scott Key

- detained American watching battle at Ft. McHenry - inspired by battle to write Star Spangled Banner - put to the tune of an English tavern song and quickly became popular

Nicholas Trist

- diplomat sent by Polk w/ Scott's army to secure peace deal as soon as Polk's demands were met - very erratic, recalled by Polk, refused to return to USA, worked deal anyway

Maine-Canada Border

- disputed between USA and GBR over border - GBR wanted road from Halifax to Quebec and USA wanted the land

Booker T. Washington

- distinguished black leader and former slave - saw people stand up to whites and get hung so her urged a policy of accomodation - notes that whites, in keeping blacks down in the ditch, had to get in the ditch themselves

Unitarian

- drew followers away from Christianity - believed god existed in one person not the holy trinity, rejected divinity of Christ, believed people were good at heart, believed people were saved thru good works - attracted intellectuals like Ralph Waldo Emerson

Oregon Trail

- early 1840s - Oregon fever struck Americans - Americans followed trail out west

Panic of 1819

- economic panic after era of good feelings - caused by overspeculation of land and credit - results - bankruptcy, unemployment, deflation, etc. - started chain of panics every 20 yrs in 1800s - west was hit hardest -> national bank turned to western banks -> farmers lost farms - foreshadowed Jacksonian democracy, # of debtors in prison rose

Margaret Fuller

- edited a transcendentalist journal

Manifest Destiny

- emotional upsurge - big issue in 1844 election - citizens in 1840s and 50s thought God had "manifestly" destined American to spread democratic institution all over North America and maybe South America - expansionist Democrats were strongly swayed by it

Lowell, Massachusetts

- employed young women to work in textile factories - women worked, bunked in dorms, took classes, and were guarded

Catharine Beecher

- encouraged women to take work opportunities in teaching

Treaty of Ghent

- ended War of 1812 (2 weeks before Battle of New Orleans) - Tsar Alexander I needed Britain to help fight France so peacemakers met in Ghent, Belgium in 1814 - John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went - Britain demanded neutral Indian state, Great Lakes, and part of Maine (USA said no) 12/14/1814 - treat signed - armistice/draw - back to exactly how things were before war - nothing lost or gains (issue of impressment was unmentioned)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

- ended war - America got land - the Mexican Cession - USA would pay $15 mil for land and assume $3.5 mil in debts owed from MEX to USA - USA forced MEX to sell Mexican Cession land

Limited liability corporation

- ensured that if company went bad, investor would only lose what he invested, not everything he owned - caused more people to invest in business and businesses grew

John Slidell

- envoy sent to Mexico City by Polk to make an offer to buy CA for $25 million - MEX was still upset w/ USA over TX so they turned him away

Toussaint L'Overture

- ex-slave/military genius - lead other ex-slaves to resist French trying to take Santo Domingo - Betrayed by France and lived life out in dungeon

Washington Irving

- exemplified new American writing style - set books in the US - wrote "Knickerbocker's History of NY" and "The Sketch Book" which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

William Cullen Bryant

- exemplified new US writing in poetry w/ "Thanatopsis" - Europe couldn't believe such quality poetry could be written in the US

Wage slaves

- exploited workers in factories - conditions were unsafe, unhealthy, long hours, low wages, and child labor was common - conditions didn't improve until 20s and 30s

Nathaniel Hawthorne

- explored idea of original sin w/ "The House of Seven Gables" and "The Scarlet Letter" - in "The Scarlet Letter" the character has to wear an A bc she committed adultery

Mesabi iron ore range

- extremely valuable land in MN - helped supply USA w/ iron ore to make steel during industrial revolution

Change in family dynamic

- families shrank in size - more child-center - changed from a workplace (farm) to a place of rest - women were expected to stay home still

William H. Prescott

- famous historian who wrote histories detailing the conquest of Mexico and Peru

Funding at par

- federal government pays off debts at face value plus interest ($75 million) - helps USA get respect - passed in 1790 as part of Hamilton's plan

Embargo Act of 1807

- forbade American exports to any nation in order to make the warring nations suffer and respect USA - economy suffered greatly - people starved, lost money, smuggled, etc. - 1809 - act was repealed and trade was opened to everyone but GBR and France

Ralph Waldo Emerson

- former Unitarian pastor turned writer/lyceum speaker - most famous writing was "Self Reliance" which stressed individualism - urged USA to get away fro Europe in art, thinking, etc. - had credentials, success, and big name

Senator Daniel Webster

- fought in Dartmouth College vs Woodward Case -expounding father of Constitution- expounded nationalist and Federalist philosophy before Supreme Court, challenged states' rights and nullification, teamed w/ Marshall to win cases for federal government

University of North Carolina

- founded in 1795 - 1st state-supported university

American Temperance Society

- founded in 1826 in Boston - encouraged temperance - established local charters - wanted to reduce alcohol consumption bc men were wasting $, not working hard, and treating their families bad - mostly led by women

Denmark Vesey

- free black who led slave rebellion in Charleston, SC in 1822 - unsuccessful but made whites fear more rebellions esp. bc of 1:1 white to black ratio

Education during "Jacksonian Democracy"

- free public education was not popular bc why pay for others' kids to learns? - opinion soon changed bc the youth would soon be voting and needed to get educated and it was easier to pay for school now than prison later - teachers were uneducated themselves - African Americans were ignored - state-supported universities were launched, more opportunities for woman, and more informal education for adults

John Jay

- from NY, helped write Federalist Papers, one of the most seasoned diplomats in USA - 1st chief justice of USA

Oligarchy

- government by a few elite (type of government in antebellum South) - 1733 families who owned 100+ slaves ruled south in a cottonocracy

Erie Canal ("Big Ditch")

- grandfather of canals - headed by NY governor Dewitt Clinton and only used state $ - started in 1817 and finished in 1825- linked western rivers with the Atlantic - dropped shipping costs by 20x, stole trade from the Mississippi, helped western cities grow

Frederick Douglass

- greatest abolitionist - former slave who escaped to MA and became cause's leading spokesperson - autobiography "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" was and still is a classic - more practical and political appeal than Garrison - Supported Liberty, then Free-Soil, then Republican Parties

Louisa May Alcott

- grew up in Transcendentalist Concord, MA - Wrote Little Women

John Tyler

- had to be president after Harrison died - strong independent streaks, didn't share Whig beliefs (only chosen as VP to get votes from South for Harrison) - difficult to figure out - old school gentlemen w/ high principles, liked Jeffersonian/Jacksonian ideals but not Jackson's way of leading therefore he was a Whig - Called a Democrat in Whig clothing

Hard money vs. soft money

- hard - actual metal $ minted by Bank of US - rich liked it bc it meant stable economy - soft - paper $ - farmers liked it - led to inflation, devalue of dollar but easier to pay off loans

Lancaster Turnpike

- hard-surfaced highway from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA - part of transportation boom in early 1800s to connect east and west

George Bancroft

- helped found Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD - created textbook for military history - History of US earned him title of "Father of American History"

Martin Van Buren (1840)

- helped improve working conditions in factories - set 10 hr work day for federal employees

Mountain Whites

- hillbillies - isolated, extremely poor, scratched living out of mountains - did not support slavery bc they didn't need slaves in the mountains and hated wealthy slave owners - volunteered to fight for the North in the Civil War

"judicial review"

- idea that Supreme Court alone had last word on constitutionality - first promoted by John Marshall

- Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention of 1848

- in NY - greatest 1st step taken towards women's rights - wrote "Declaration of Sentiments" (all men and women created equal) - demanded women's suffrage - neither happened but women's rights movement was born

Mexican Cession

- included CA and future states NV, AZ, NM, CO, and UT

Theodore Dwight Weld

- inspired by Finney's preaching - became leading anti-slavery spokesperson - wrote propaganda pamphlet - "American Slavery as It Is"

Ralph Waldo Emerson

- intellectual - Unitarian

Edgar Allan Poe

- invented "psychological thriller" - wrote "The Raven," "The Fall of the House of Usher," etc.

Cyrus McCormick

- invented mower-reaper which helped harvest grains into wheat - also helped west grow and change dynamic of farming

John Deere

- invented the steel plow which cut into hard soil which allowed the west to grow - helped change farming from necessary for eating to selling crops for profit

Samuel Morse

- invented the telegraph and Morse code- first means of instant communication

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

- issued by Washington to say that the US was staying neutral in the war between Britain and France - much debate about this - Washington issued it without talking to Congress

"midnight judges"

- judicial positions created at the last minute by Adams - benches swept from beneath them once act was repealed

Jay's Treaty

- last effort to avoid war - John Jay sent to London - GBR would evacuate trading posts, pay damages of seizures of American ships (nothing about stopping these seizures), and USA would pay debts from Revolutionary War - very unpopular treaty but war was avoided

Hartford Convention

- last spikes in Federalists' coffin, timing of proposal was terrible bc Jackson had won in New Orleans - federal discontent - reps from CT, MA, RI, VT, and NH went from 12/15/1814-1/5/1815 in secret to discuss grievances and seek redress for wrongs - not radical - little talk of secession - wanted financial assistance from DC, 2/3 vote in Congress before embargo, new state, war declaration, abolishment of 3/5 clause, and 1 term for president/not from the same state twice in a row

Peter Cartwright

- leading preacher of 2nd Great Awakening - Methodist circuit rider traveling from town to town preaching

Charles Grandison Finney

- leading preacher of 2nd Great Awakening - most gifted speaker/preacher - could move masses

Frederick Douglass

- leading spokesperson for blacks and against slavery - beaten several times in the north

Federalist views

- led by Hamilton - mostly wealthy people - pro-GBR - strong federal government

Democratic-Republican views

- led by Jefferson - mostly poor/common people - pro-France - weak federal government - wanted people to vote openly

American Peace Socierty

- led by William Ladd - way for pacifists to speak up - message lost in Civil War but soon popped up in League of Nations and UN

Captain Robert Gray

- led exploration along the coast of OR - helped USA establish a strong claim in OR

Tripolitan War

- led to creation of Marine Corps - Jefferson responded to declaration of war by Tripoli on USA by sending navy to shores - 1805- treaty gave $60,000

Tallmadge Amendment

- limited slavery in MO - no more slaves to be brought into MO and gradual emancipation to children of slaves - ruined plans to become a slave state -south saw it as a threat to the sectional balance -> voted down and defeated it in the Senate

Clipper ships

- long, sleek, fast American ships to bring cargo to foreign nations (like China) - ruled seas for a while bc of speed - soon outdated by British teakettles (steamships) which carried more cargo and were unaffected by wind

War of 1812

- lost attack on Canada - 1 of America's worst fought wars because disunity, untrained army, old generals, etc.

Polk's Four Point mission

- lower tariffs - restore independent treasury - clear up OR border issue - get CA

Specie circular

- made by Jackson and said that debts could only be paid in species (gold or silver) not paper money - debtors had no specie -> went bankrupt -> banks went bankrupt

Treaty of 1818

- made w/ GBR over Canada border - border line at 49 degrees from Lake of Woods, MN to the Rockies - prosperous fishing waters of Newfoundland would be shared - Oregon would be jointly occupied

Gen. Stephen W. Kearny

- marched 1700 troops from Ft. Leavensworth to modern NM/MEX border, then to San Diego - marked present border of USA

Trail of Tears

- military made GA Cherokee walk to OK - 4000/15,000 died during walk

Southern women

- mistress of plantation managed household - gave orders to cooks, maids, seamstresses, etc. - handled personal matters between staff - had more authority than northern women but still no role in politics/business - sometimes kind, sometimes cruel to subjects

Scientific achievements

- more focused on practical matters - Jefferson made a better plow - Nathaniel Bowditch wrote on navigation - Matthew Maury studied ocean winds and currents - Benjamin Silliman was a Yale chemist for 50 + yrs - Louis Agassiz was a Harvard biologist who stressed original research over memorizing - Asa Gray was a Harvard botanist - John Audubon painted birds in detail and is the namesake of the "Audubon Society" which studied birds - medicine was primitive - cures were bleeding and purging, or something to do with alcohol

Temperance movement

- movement to get people to abstain from alcohol - Germans' tendency to drink a lot helped strengthen this

Free-Soil

- movement to not abolish slavery, but to instead prevent its spread

Aaron Burr

- narrowly turned NY to Jefferson in 1800 election which helped him beat Adams - received same # of votes for president as Jefferson -> vote went to House

Sec. of State John Quincy Adams

- nationalist, cold and scholarly, son of former president John Adams - rose above Federalist sectionalism of New England to become great Sec. of State - vigorously ran and applied US foreign policy

Black Hawk War

- natives tried to fight back against military pushing them West - Sauk and Fox tribes of IL and WI were crushed in war

Slavocracy

- north didn't want another slave state - accused south of trying to establish slavocracy - TX was conspiracy just to gain a slave state - TX had to wait for statehood as a result

Issues with annexing Texas

- north thought it was southern slavocracy - if the US annexed TX, there may be war w/ MEX - TX was becoming friends w/ GBR and GBR wanted ally in TX to undercut American power - benefits - tons of land and economic possibilities

Daniel Webster

- north's main spokesperson (from MA) - liked high tariff bc protected manufacturers

Division of labor

- notion that each section of the US specialized in its own area - North was manufacturing - South was cotton for export - West was grain and livestock

Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy

- offended Catholic women - printing press was destroyed 4x - murdered by a mob

Deism

- one of the new religions that challenged Christianity - based on science/logic not faith - sprung from Enlightenment - Scientific Revolution sparked it - believed that faith was silly, Christ was not divine, supreme being made universe and man had to figure it out - famous deists were Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine

Jeffersonians

- other 1 of 2 political parties - evolved into Democratic-Republicans

William Henry Harrison

- overtook British retreating from Detroit and Fort Maiden - general of army that beat British at the Battle of the Thames

John Trumbull

- painted scenes of Revolutionary War - paintings were European style

Jefferson's Reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts

- pardoned martyrs and remitted fines of those serving sentences under these acts - reduced citizen requirements (Naturalization Law)

Macon's Bill No. 2

- passed by Congress - said that the USA would repeal its embargo against whichever nation repealed theirs and place an embargo on whichever one didn't - France repealed first - showed that USA needed to trade

Force Bill (Bloody Bill)

- passed by Congress along w/ Clay's compromise - authorized president to use force if necessary to collect tariff

Tariff of 1832

- passed by Congress and helped ease tensions - removed worst parts of tariff of 1824

Tariff of 1816

- passed by Congress to boost the price of foreign goods so that American goods were cheaper and people bought more of them

Indian Removal Act

- passed by Congress to make the relocation of Western Natives law - military drove eastern tribes west (some fought back)

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

- passed by Madison and would expire in 1810 - watered down embargo aimed at GBR and France

"Revolution of 1800"

- peaceful exchange of power - Republicans in White House (common people have more say) - election would bring spirit of Revolution back

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

- peaceful settlement of dispute between Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton - drew line at Aroostook River and roughly split difference of land - USA got Mesabi iron ore range in MN

Nativists

- people born in the US and opposed to immigrants - large influx of immigrants caused them to fight back - complained that immigrants were poor, uneducated, Catholic, undemocratic, etc.

Isaac Singer

- perfected sewing machine from Elias Howe

Henry Clay's "American System"

- plan by Clay which highlighted nationalism and developed profitable home market - 3 parts - strong banking system for credit, protective tariff to boost revenue and industry, and strong transportation network of roads and canals for easier and quicker trade between parts of USA

Alexander Hamilton

- plan for country - pay off all debts in full, pass a tariff, put an excise tax on whiskey, establish a National Bank - Wanted to correct economic hardships, get good credit for the country, and get the rich to invest in the country

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

- poet who wrote "Evangeline," "Tales of Hiawatha," and "The Courtship of Miles Standish"

Walt Whitman

- poet who wrote "Leaves of Grass" - encouraged people to live life to the fullest and holler a "Barbaric yawp"

New Democracy

- politician who rose up from poor beginnings, esp. from war, was more respected and likely to win than rich politician - common man voted for average politician - new universal white manhood suffrage - common man politicians called "coonskin Congressmen"

March of Millions

- population grew rapidly by the mid 1800s - doubled every 25 yrs - 33 states, USA was 4th most populous nation in the world - cities grew fast but had poor sanitation, dirty water, bad policing etc. - increase was esp. due to high birth rate and immigration of Irish and Germans

Nicholas Biddle

- president of Bank of US - compared to hydra - policies of coining hard money and cracking down on wildcat banks by calling in loans

US Constitution

- principles were checks and balances and separation of power - made up of preamble, 7 articles, amendments - antifederalists criticized it bc it didn't give individual rights (created Bill of Rights) - amendments needed 2/3 vote

Wilmot Proviso

- proposed by David Wilmot - suggested Mexican Cession lands be closed to slavery - House passed it 2x but south hated it so it failed the Senate - importance - opened old wounds of slavery and question of slavery in new lands would start Civil War in 1861, 13 yrs later

Henry Clay

- proposed compromise to settle issues where SC wanted to secede and Jackson wanted to hang SC leaders - wanted to prevent Jackson from earning victory - tariff would decrease by 8% over 10 yrs

William Lloyd Garrison

- published radical abolition newspaper "The Liberator" on New Years Day in 1831 - shouted against slavery for 30 yrs, "I WILL BE HEARD" - critics said he just fanned flames of slavery, offered no solution

Bank of the United States

- purpose was to store government $, lend to businesses, print and stabilize currency - proposed by Hamilton as model of Bank of England - question on whether it was constitutional - not in Constitution but elastic clause said Congress can pass necessary and proper laws (strict vs loose interpretation of Constitution) - reluctantly created by Washington - bought out in 2 hrs, charter for 20 yrs, capital of $10 million

Grimke Sisters

- pushed for abolition of slavery

Lucretia Mott/Susan B. Anthony/ Elizabeth Cady Stanton

- pushed for women's suffrage

Battle of New Orleans

- put entire Mississippi Valley in danger - 1/8/1815 - overconfident 80,000 British troops vs. 7000 ragtag Americans - Britain blundered - made frontal attack in 1815 -> lost 2000+ in 30 mins, 70 Americans died which was a victory for Jackson - restored honor, revived nationalism and self confidence, whole nation praised Jackson and defenders of New Orleans

Samuel Swartwout

- put in charge of customs duties at port of NY bc spoils system - 9 yrs later he ran to GBR bc he was $1 mil short

Cherokee and Sequoyah

- readily adopted beneficial white ways - Cherokee- settled and become farmers in GA, largely accepted Christianity, Supreme Court ruled in favor of them 3 times when GA tried to revoke right to rule themselves - Sequoyah - devised Cherokee alphabet to write, set up gov w/ legislative, executive, and judicial branches

Chief Justice John Marshall

- reinforced nationalism - bolstered power of federal government at expense of states - leaned to side of strong central government - Federalist

Divorce Bill

- said government should divorce itself from banking - independent treasury set up - put $ in vaults so government spending wasn't dependent on banking world - controversial - passed then repealed by Whigs then reenacted 6 yrs later - 1st step toward today's Federal Reserve System

Kentucky and Virgina Resolutions

- said states were part of a compact and could say of the federal government has overstepped their power - Kentucky were written by Jefferson and Virginia were written by Madison - formation of state rights

Gen. Zachary Taylor

- scored victories in TX, notably at Buena Vista where Santa Anna was defeated again

War of 1812

- seemingly inevitable - Madison declared war to restore confidence in republican experiment - South and West supported war, New England didn't so they helped GBR - US was fighting both Old and New England - war found for freedom of the seas, possibility of land, resolving land issues, making a major statement, and second war for American independence

Stephen Decatur

- served in navy in Barbary Wars - led men and had concern for them - won many battles

Stephen Foster

- showed happy whites and blacks growing up and living together - wrote songs about how happy the blacks were like "Old Folks at Home" and "My Old Kentucky Home"

Nat Turner

- somewhat of a prophet - led unsuccessful revolt in VA - scared whites and made them tighten security and black codes

John C. Calhoun

- south's main spokesperson (from SC) - hated tariff bc it drove up costs of things

Liberia

- started by American Colonization Society on west African coast for slaves to go

Spoils System

- started by Jackson to reward political party workers w/ government jobs (replaced 1/5) - many criticized this bc new officials weren't qualified - Jackson said "to the victor belong the spoils" bc federal jobs aren't for life and change is good

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

- statement of democratic principles - wanted to practice moderation between parties - everyone is Republican and Federalist, friendship w/ all - majority wins but minority is still equal

Transcendentalism

- stressed self-reliance, self-discipline, nature, duality - intellectual movement that challenged ways of thinking - said knowledge rises above sense to reach inner light and touch Oversoul - Emerson was a famous transcendentalist

Jacksonians

- supporters of Andrew Jackson - attacked Adams - said he was dishonest huckster and got servant girl for Russian tsar

Abraham Lincoln

- took up free-soil position - avoided radical abolitionism

Artistic achievements

- traditionally imitated European art and literature and there was a Greek revival bc of Greek's independence - only some artists (Stuart, Peale, Trumbull) were successful - African American music was popular (Stephan Foster's songs) - national literature blossomed

Convention of 1800

- treaty in Paris to end France-American alliance - USA would pay damage claims to French shippers - Ended USA's only peacetime alliance for over a century

Battle of San Jacinto

- turning point of war - Anna was caught in a bend in a river w/o lookouts and taking a siesta - beaten in 20 mins - Anna forced to sign doc saying TX was independent, then released -> tried to say it was null and void but TX was independent

Catharine Beecher

- urged woman to take teaching jobs

Transportation revolution

- wanted to link west to the rest of the USA - Erie Canal was the greatest triumph - roads, canals, and steamboats linked the USA

George Washington

- war hero, tall, respected, thoughtful - unanimously elected president in 1789 - established cabinet to help administration - didn't want to be politician, wanted to rule by strength of character

Maine Law of 1851

- war on alcohol to punish those who drank and tighten laws - Neal S. Dow sponsored this law which prohibited alcohol's sale and manufacture - other states follow but legal fights ensued

Land Act of 1820

- west had hard time making voice heard so they allied with other sections for cheap acreage - act authorized buyer to purchase 80 new acres for min. $1.25 per acre - also demanded and eventually got cheap transportation and money

Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory)

- won 1828 Election 178-83 votes - personified New Deomcracy - western, tough scarred, self-taught, rags to riches, etc. - passionate in everything - let everyone party at White House for inauguration - rich saw this as mobocracy

Missouri Compromise

- worked for 26 yrs until land from MEX led to slavery question - admitted free Maine and slave Missouri to keep the balance in the Senate 12-12 - slavery prohibited in rest of Louisiana Purchase south of 36 30' line

Herman Melville

- writer whose literature reflected western expansion and people there - whale-hunting "Captain Ahab" reflected western views and personalities

James Fenimore Cooper

- writer whose literature reflected westward expansion and westerners - woodsy hero "Natty Bumpo" reflected independent, individualistic, stubborn, amobitious western personality

"Declaration of Sentiments"

- written at Seneca Falls convention - argues that all men and women were created equal

Uncle Tom's Cabin

- written by Harriet Beecher Stowe - about slaves being sold down the river and separated from families - played to the readers' emotions to swell abolition movement - large impact on starting the Civil War

Age of Reason

- written by Thomas Paine - outlined deism and attacked the Bible

South Carolina Exposition

- written secretly by Calhoun - took VA and KY Resolutions to next level - said states could nullify tariff - direct challenge to federal government - would they allow states to pick and choose the laws they follow?

Noah Webster

- wrote "Blueback Speller" and dictionary - lessons were about grammar and morals

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

- wrote "The Last Leaf" to honor the last white Indian of the Boston Tea Party

James Fenimore Cooper

- wrote 1st blockbuster of American fiction - wrote "Leatherstocking Tales" - Story of Natty Bump was about frontier and adventure in NY - wrote "The Last of the Mohicans"

William H. McGuffey

- wrote McGuffy's reader which nearly all schoolchildren read - contained English and patriotic/moral lessons

Francis Parkman

- wrote history of Britain and France's struggle for North America

"war hawks"

- young officials from the South and West - wanted war with GBR

Predestination**

-"elect" destined for heaven, other for hell -those destined for hell could not change, elect still couldn't live wicked lives, no one certain of status -conversion- intense, identifiable personal experience, god revealed destiny to elect, after had to lead "sanctified" lives among "visible saints"

Bacon's Rebellion**

-1,000 Virginians out of control 1676 led by Nathanial Bacon- many were frontiersmen forced into back country in search of suitable land, resented Berkeley's friendly Indian policy -Berkeley refused to retaliate Indian attacks --> rebels murdered both hostile and friendly Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, torch to capital --> chaos, mobs of freemen and servents rampage/stole, civil war in Virginia -Bacon died suddenly of disease, Berkeley crushed uprising cruelly- hanged > 20 men -passion/fear --> former servents unhappy, pitted backcountry frontiersmen against wealthy plantation owners, rebellion surpressed but tensions remained- looked for less troublesome laborers --> African slaves

Makers of America: The English

-1500s population surge, economic depression, religious repression- first major English migration -some migrants artisans or younger sons, 3/4 indentured servents- from "middling" classes flee slump in cloth trade or forced off land by enclousure, then voyaged to America as labor for tobacco -40% died before finishing terms of indenture, survivors given only "freedom dues"- clothing, axe/hoe, corn- eventually worked into Chesapeake society -1660s population spurt ended, London fire 1666 sparked building jobs- English servent supply decreased- turned to black slaves -1629-1642- 20,000 Puritans swarmed Mass. contrast to Chesapeake servents- traveled in families, some whole communities -most farming communities, some did what they did in England- Marblehead, Mass- fishing, Rowley, Mass-textile -politics also matched ENglish roots- Ipswich settled by East Angelican Puritans rulers served long term with iron fist, Newbury bitter and office holders pressed to win reelection (from Western England- little tradition of local government) -masters in London restricted local independence but spirit of independence/freedom reasserted during Revolution

Hernan Cortes**

-1519- set sail from Cuba with horses, several hundred men, and 11 ships bound for Mexico -rescued Spanish castaway off Yucatan Peninsula who had been enslaved by Mayan speaking Indians several years, picked up Indian slave Maoinche (later Dona Marina) who spoke both Mayan and Nohuatl (Aztec) and later Spanish- now had both superior weapons and means of understanding natives -near Veracruz made final landfall- learned of unrest in Aztec Empireand tales of gold and wealth stored in Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan- burned ships and means of retreat to force his troops to stay- gathered Indian allies and marched Tenochtitlan

King Henry VIII**

-1530s- broke with Roman Catholic Church, launched English Protestant Reformation -religious conflict- Catholics battled Protestants for decades- balance of power seesawed

Virginia Company of London**

-1606 joint stock companyreceived charter from King James I of England for a settlement (promise of gold and passage to Indies), intended to last a few years then stock holders would liquidate for profit, pressure on colonists to strike rich, no one suspected successful or long term colony -charter of the Virginia Company- guaranteed overseas settlers same rights as all Englishmen, ensured colonists remained under traditional English institutions but ironically later caused them to demand equal treatment and started independence movement

Anglican Church vs Congregational Church**

-Anglican: Church of England- official in Georgia, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and part of New York, prop of kingly authority- attempted to spread to other colonies, less fierce/more wordly, shorter sermons, less scorching hell, amusements less frowned upon, no bishop- traveled to England to be ordained -Congregational: against England, supported revolution and rebellion (anglicans couldn't go against king), more serious/strict

Colonial Jobs

-Christian ministry- most honorable job, less influence than easrly days but still power/prestige -physicians- poorly trained, not highly esteemed, first medical school 1765, served as apprentices first, bleeding common but deadly remedy (epidemics- common: smallpox and diphtheria) -law- not favorable profession, societies required honest manual labor, parties presented own ease, lawyers considered drunks, noisy, troublemakers, rogues

Education in the Colonies**

-English regarded education for aristocratic few, for leadership not citizenship, for males- ideas slowly broke by colonies -Puritan New England more interested in education, need for Bible reading, primary goal to make good Christians but later more secular, education flourished in NE (densly populated, included English university graduates) primary and secondary schools that varied in instruction and time open, farm labor drained energy -south and middle colonies: fairly adequate elementary schools, south had widespread population- effective schools not logical, wealthy families had private tutors -schools/colleges grim and gloomy, emphasis on religion and classic languages (Latin, Greek), based on doctrine/dogma, free thinking/reason discourged, discipline severe (switch from birch tree) -college education more important (needed educated boys for clergy), sent boys abroad to institutions, nine local colleges for convenience and economy, low enrollment and poor instruction

Arrival of First People in America

-Great Ice Age --> congealed oceans into massive glaciers, lowering sea level, exposed land bride (*Bering Isthmus*) connecting North America and Euro-Asia at Alaska and Siberia, nomadic Asian hunters probably following game slowly crossed over and populated -melting--> sea level rose and covered isthmus- stopped migration, opened ice-free valleys groups traveled south and east and reached South America- millions of people inhabited and split into tribes with separate languages, religions, cultures, etc

Colonist's Relationship with Physical Environment**

-Jamestown "green horns" not used to fending for themselves, wasted time looking for non existent gold instead of hunting/fishing

Pennsylvania

-Pennsylvania officially launched 1681, squatters already on banks, Philadelphia ("Brotherly Love" in Greek) carefully planned- wide, attractive streets -bought land frin Indians, extremely fair treatment- amiable, approached unarmed, some tribes migrated there for tolerance, however no-Quaker Europeans (Scots Irish) less tolerant and undermined friendly policies -liberal- elected assembly, no state church, freedom of worship (but forced by London to keep Catholics and Jews from voting or holding office), uncommon death penalty -humane- no militarydefense, no restrictions on immigration, naturalization easy, dislike of slavery -mix of ethnic groups, economic opportunity, civil liberty, religious freedom -Quakers business people- exported grain/foodstuffsby 1700 surpassed only by MA and VA in population -Penn never appreciated- governors fought with people over political saw, arrested for treason, died in debtors prison

Plantations**

-Portuguese went down West African coast 15th century, set up trading posts for gold and *slaves*- adopted cruel Arab and African practices to have slaves to work sugar plantations -plantations of Portuguese and later Spanish sugar islands (Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome, Principe) -origins of modern plantation system- large scale commercial agriculture amd exploitation of slave labor

Cortes Response to Noche Triste/Fall of Aztecs

-Spanish laid siege to city and it capitulated August 13, 1512 -conquest and smallpox epidemic took toll- Aztecs gave way to Spanish rule, temples destroyed for Christian cathedrals- native population destroyed -Cortes also brought crops, animals, language, law, customs, religion, etc

Colonists' Relationship with Native Americans (Carolinas- see earlier cards for Virginia)

-Tuscarora Indians fell upon Newbern 1711- Carolinians crushed them in battle, sold hundreds into slavery, left survivors to wander north to Iroquois (became Sixth Nation of Confederacy) -1715- South Carolinians defeated and dispersed Yamasee Indians- virtually all coastal Indian tribes devastated by 1720, but in interior hills/valley of Appalachians strong tribes such as Cherokee, Creek, and Iroquois remained for half a century

Paxton Boys**

-armed march in Philadelphia in 1764- protesting Quaker's frinedly Indian policy -Regulator Movement in North Carolina, small but nasty protest of Eastern control over colonial affairs -many joined American revolutionists

Characteristics of New England Colonies**

-better weather/healthier --> clean water/cool temperatures slowed disease, added ten years to life span, on average 70 years -family life --> mugrated as families,grew from natural reproduction, remarkably fertile, women wed by early 20s, ceaseless childbearing- up to ten pregnancies and eight surviving children, frequency of chil death exaggerated but fear of death on birthing bed common, child raising full time job- entire life -family stability --> nurturing environment, children taught obedience, guidance from grandparents as well, low pre-marital pregnancy rates -treatment of women --> (Chesapeake- fragility of families = economic security of women, retain separate title to property, inherit husband's), in New England Puritans afraid separate property rights would hurt unity of marriage, but had property rights for widows and protection of married women, women some rights as individuals but could not vote and considered morally weaker, men did not have absolute power- abusive spouses restrained, midwifery female monopoly -marriage --> defend integrity, divorce extremely rare- for abandonment or adultery- separated couples often ordered to reunite -tightly knit --> small villages and farms, anchored by geography, hemmed in by Indians, French, and Dutch -Puritan--> unity of purpose, concern of moral health -expansion of settlement --> (Chesapeake- random, by individual planters), New England more orderly- new towns legally chartered, distribution of land by town proprietors, recieved grant of land by colonial legislatuve then moved themselves and family and laid out town -towns --> meetinghouse- place of worship/town hall, village green- militia could drill, parcels of land to each family- woodlot for fuel, tracts for growing crops and pasturing animals -education --> fifty families required for elementary education, majority of asults could read and write, 1636 Harvard College founded (1693- Virginia's first college) -democracy --> ran own masses and democracy in church government led to democracy in political government- town meetings adult males met and voted, elected officials, appointed school masters, discussed mundance matters (road repairs, etc)

Enumerated Products

-certain products (ex tobacco) only shipped to Britain- British monopoly though prices were sometimes better somewhere else

Charles II/Restoration Colonies**/Carolinas

-civil war in England 1640s, King Charles beheaded 1649, Oliver Cromwell ruled for nearly a decade, 1660- Charles II restored to throne- restored colonization after 1640s interruption - empire building resumed, greater intensity and royal involvement, king granted 8 court favorites (Lord Proprietors) wilderness across continent- Carolina created 1670 -founders of Carolina helped to grow foodstuffs and export non English products (wine, silk, olive oil), prospered through vlose economic ties to sugar islands -many original Carolina settlers emigrated from Barbados, brought slave system- established slave trade in Carolina, with aid of Savannah Indians searched for captives, Lord Propreitos protested Indian slaves but no avail- Indians slaves soon major exoprt- sent to Indies or New England -1707 Savannah Indians ended Carolina alliance, migrated to Maryland and Pennsylvania (new colony founded by Quakers/William Penn)- promised better European/Indian relations by Carolinians decided on series of bloody rais before they could leave- wiped out Indian rtibes of coastal Carolina by 1710 -rice principal export crop in Carolina, exotic in England, no seeds sent on supply ships from England, but grown in Africa and Carolinians paid for African slaves- had skill/experienced and immuned to malaria, by 1710 majority of Carolinians -Charles Town busiest seaport in South- sons of English families without inheritance arrived in Charleston with aristocratic flavor- diverse community with religious tolerance (many French Protestant refugees) -in Florida Catholic Spaniards disgusted with Protestants- Carolinas aflame, Indians and Spanish fought English in Anglo-Spanish Wars by 1700s Carolinas too strong to wipe out

The Early Settler's Days and Ways

-controlled by seasons/sun --> majority were farmers- planted in spring, tended in summer, harvested in fall, prepared in winter-rose at dawn and went to bed at dusk, sometimes chores at night -women --> wove, cooked, cleaned, cared for children , men --> cleared, fenced, and cropped land, cut wood, butchered livestock, children--> helped and picked up schooling -humble but comfortable life --> land relatively cheap but less in South -"Duke don't emigrate" and poor can't afford to- colonists usually middle class except indentured servents -no extreme class distinctions/sameness of life but some tried to recreate Old World structure but inhibited by democracy- rebellions of lower class such as Bacon's and Leisler's (NYC 1689-91), some laws to keep poor in place (no gold or silver, no horse racing) but mostly equality and democracy for white people

Effects of Navigation Laws

-currency shortage- colonists usually bought more than sold from Britain, money previously earned in West Indies drained out to Britain- resort to exchange (nails, oitch, butter, feathers), colonies issued paper money- parliament prohibited paper currency and bankruptcy laws, crown right to nullify American legislation- colonists angry -until 1763 Navigation Laws were not well enforced, colonists disregarded -positives for Americans- London payed colonial producers, tobacco planters monopoly in market, protection of powerful navy -negatives for Americans- caused low economic initiative, dependence on Britain, felt it was debasing/felt used/unrecognized

Chief Powhatan**

-dominated natives in James River area, Powhatan's Confederacy- few dozen small and loosely affiliated tribes over which he had supremacy, English colonists wrongly assumed all natives were Powhatans -initially considered English allies in domination over other natives, treated peacefully, mock execution was to impress Smith with his power and desire for peace (relations later became tense- see Lord de la Warr and Anglo-Powhatan Wars)

Structure of Colonial Society

-equality and opportunity (exception of slaves) -most white Americans (some free blacks) small farmers- modest holdings, own hands and horses-skilled artisans, shopkeepers, tradespeople, unskilled laborers- ease of rise up socil ladder alarming, even former indentured servents could rise -signs of stratification raised worries about "Europeanization" of America- war contributed, armed conflicts of 1690s and 1700s benefitted merchants, made profits as military suppliers, now elites, imported clothing and English china/silverware -war also created class of widows and orphans- dependent on charity, Philadelphia and New York almshouses in 1730s, poor small number compared to England -New England countryside- descendents of original settlers had limited prospects, unclaimed soil decreased/families increased --> landholdings subdivided, younger sons/daughters forced to hire out as wage laborers or seek virgin land beyond Alleghenies -1750- Boston large number of poor homeless, wore red "P"s on clothing -ranks of lower class swelled by indentured servents, ultimately achieved prestige/prosperity- 2 signed Declaration of Independence -least fortunate = black slaves, fears of black rebellion- some colonies (South Carolina 1760) saw dangers of too many resentful slaves and attempted to halt importation, British vetoed, many colonists thought veto morally wrong although it benefitted New England slave traders, Thomas Jefferson attacked vetoes in draft of Declaration but was forced to withdraw

Black Legend**

-false legend that Spanish did nothing but torture, butcher, steal gold, and infect Indians with smallpox -did kill, enslave, and affect, but also created huge empire from California and Florida --> Tierro del Fuego, gave culture, laws, religion, language to natives- foundations for new nations -Spanish empire largest and richest, married and incorporated culture into their own- opposite of Anglo Saxon

Characteristics of Native Americans

-for the most part- small, scattered, impermanent settlements -more settled societies- women tended crops, men hunted, fishes, gathered fuel, and cleared fields- authority of women, matrilineal cultures where power/possessions passed down female side -unlike Europeans- did not manipulate or alter land dramatically, worshipped physical world, gave nature spirits, gentle except for mass forest fires of clear land -small in number few million, unaware of ineivitable conquering of America, felt full force of Europe

"No Taxation Without Representation"

-irony- some seaports/tide towns denied full representation to back country -agreed on right of Parliament to legislate on entire empire matters, but denied right to tax Americans without any American advocate present, only ow elected colonial legislatures should tax

Characteristics of the Chesapeake Colony**

-life nasty/hort due to disease- malaria, dysentery, typhoid- ten years off life expectancy -grew slowly through immigration- most single men late teens/early 20s, women scarce and outnumbered- not single for long -families few/fragile- hard to find women. spouses died, children died, no one knew grandparents, pregnancies among unmarried women, most already pregnant when married -struggled on- developed immunity to disease, more women --> more families, end of century whites growing on own by birthrate, Virginia and Maryland first and third in population (Massachusetts second)

Shaping of Earth/Continents

-millions of years ago- super continent land drifted to form oceans and continents -mountain ranges (Appalachians, Rockies, etc) due to shifting and folding of crust

Indentured Servents**

-more tobacco=more labor- families grew too slowly, Indians died too fast, black slaves too expensive- England had surplus of unemployed farmers -worked for several years in exchange for transatlantic passafe and "freedom dues" (corn, clothes, sometimes land) -100,000 by 1700, more than 3/4 of all English immigrants -"white slaves"- hard but hopeful lives, fter term could be free and acquire own land, as time went on masters became resistant to including land in "freedom dues", servents grew harsh and those who misbehaved had more service years added to term -even after freedom- so poor they had to work for low pay for previous masters

English Colonization**

-patterns: 1500 efforts to compete with Spanish feeble- first half of 1500s Spain's ally and had little interest in own overseas colonies- rivalry with Spain later grew (see Elizabeth), first settlement in Virginia, settlements pathetic compared to Spain -reasons: encouraged by ambitious Elizabeth to swarm ship lanes to promote Protestantism and plunder Spanish, see "Spanish fall/English rise" for what made colonization overseas possible, see "joint stock" for opportunity/workers/motives/means (same as Spanish- god, gold, glory, passage to Indies/cheaper route)

Conquest by the Cradle

-population growth- from immigration and amazing fertility, doubling nmbers every 25 years, youthful- average age 1775 was 16 -political consequences-shift in balance of power between colonists and Britain -most of population east of Alleghanies but some in Tennesse and Kentucky, most populated- Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Maryland, four cities- Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Charleston

North Carolina

-ragtag group of poverty stricken outcasts and religious dissenters drifted from Virginia to Carolina, did not like domination of big plantations belonging to Church of England in Virginia- North Carolinians called "quintessence of Virginia's discontent", had no right to soil, small farms with little need for slaves -poor but sturdy, "irreligious", "hospitable to pirates", resistant to authority, humle between aristocratic/conceited Virginia and South Carolina -Carolinas officially separated 1712 after friction between governors (both royal colonies) -NC and RI- most democratic, independent, and least aristocratic original colonies -did not import large numbers of African slaves at first but had bloody interactions with Indians

Spanish Colonization**

-reasons: god, gold, glory, "fountain of youth", fabled golden cities (adobe pueblos) -patterns: came through West Indies (Caribbean Sea) and spread out to mainlands of North and South America- Carribbean Sea (West Indies) base for invasion of mainland Americas- mainland supplies stored, men/horses rested, loosley organized and vulnurable Indians used to test techniques (see encomienda) to eventually defeat advanced Indian civilizations of Mexico and Peru -see Leon, Coronado, Pizarro

Jamestown**

-sail late 1606, landed near Chesapeake Bay- Indians attackedm pushed up bay to chose location on James River, easy to defend but mosquito infested and unhealthy, May 24, 1607- called Jamestown -early years nightmare- 40 perished on initial voyage, 1609 expedition ship wrecked off Bermuda losing leaders/supples, settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation, plenty o game and dish but unused to fending for themselves

William Bradford**

-self taught scholar, read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch- elected governor 30 times fear independent/non-Puritan settlers would corrupt godly colony, fishing villages/other settlements north of Plymouth- interested in fish

Hernando de Soto**

-six hundred men, gold seeking expedition 1539-1542, from Florida westward, crossed Mississippi River -mistreated Indians with iron collars and dogs, died of fever and wounds, troops disposed of his remains secretly at night in case the Indians abused his corpse as revenge

The New England Way of Life

-soil rocky/many stones, hard to make living from earth, back breaking work --> industry and frugality, sharp Yankee traders made mark- wooden nutmeg, CT "Nutmeg State" -less ethnically diverse- immigrants not attracted to soil or strict religion -climate- extremely hot summers, extremely cold winters, led to diverse agriculture and industry, no staple products like tobacco, black slavery not profitable on small farms, no broad/fertile expanses -Native Americans left imprint on land and recognized th right to use it but were unfamiliar to individual ownership- colonists condemned them for not using earth to full potential therefore justified taking land from them -"improved" land by clearing for pasturing and tillage, building roads and fences, and permanent settlements, introduction of livestock (pigs, horses, sheep, cattle) led to continuous clearing of forests and erosion/flooding -harbors--> timber from forests used in shipbuilding/commerce, codfish off coast of Newfoundland extremely profitable- "sacred cod" statue on display in Boston Statehouse -Calvinism, soil, climate --> energy purposefulness, sterness, stubborness, self reliance, resourcefulness, God's choosen people -impact on rest of nation --> scattered across country (Ohio, Oregon, Hawaii, etc)- spread orderly communities, traits like "Yankee ingenuity" and "New England conscience" adopted by entire nation

Affects of English Arrival of Indians

-some gentle: horses caused migration onto Great Plains, forest dwellers now in wide open areas and some thrived there (ex. Sioux) -most harsh: disease- entire populations and cultures wiped out, elders removed- must create new tribes without wisdom- ex. Catawba nation of Southern Piedmont region from remains of other tribes -trade- barter and exchange networkds=temptation of European commerce, firearms were an advantage and could provide skins and pelts Europeans wanted --> Indian competition and violence among each other due to lure and demands of European goods -swept up in economy but difficult to control place in it, ex. band of Virginia Indians resentful at prices offered by settlers for deer skins, tried to paddle directly to Europe to sell there, hit storm, English ship sold survivors as slaves -Atlantic seaboard --> most affected, inland --> advantage of time, space, and numbers, ex. Algonquians of Great Lakes- regional power, absorbed various bands, British and French who wanted business with inlands had to conform to Indian ways, middleground=both peoples accomodated one another

Iroquois/Iroquois Confederacy**

-tribe: northeastern woodlands, legendary leader Hiawatha, sixteenth century, closest North American equivalent to empires of Mexico/Peru -confederacy- political/organization skills to sustain military alliance against neighbors (both Natives and Europeans) for over a century Chapter 2 (Makers of America) -before Europe arrived- great military power in Mowhawk Valley present day New York, confederacy bound Mowhawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, founded 1500 by Deganawidah and Hiawatha -proud, patient, vied with other Indians for territory and later with Europeans for control of fur trade -white man's disease, alcohol, and muskets weakened them -longhouse (building block of society)- wooden structure, 25 ft width, 8-200 ft length, each had 3-5 fireplaces, nuclear families, all in house related exclusively by matrineal line (married men left childhood hearth for wife's), oldest women honored matriarch -nations celebrated together and shared common policies but remained independent of one another, Mowhawks (keepers of Eastern Fire) middlemen with European traders, Senecas (Western) fur suppliers -five tribes ended warfare among themselves then vanquished rivals (ex. Hurons, Eries, Petuns) some tribes (Tuscaroras) sought absorption but Europeans threatened supremacy -became involved in complicated diplomatic matters: allied alternately with English and French against each other, American Revolution0 tribes could not reach consensus and decided independently- most sided with British, after lost left in tatters, many moved to Canada, and other relegated to reservations in NY -reservations unbearable- morale sank (fighting and alcoholism), Handsome Lake- prophet, 1799 figures appeared in a vision and warned moral decline must stop to survive, reported and inspired many Iroquois to stop alcohol, affirm family values, and revive old customs

The Great Game of Politics

-various forms of government- 8 colonies royal governors appointed by King, Maryland/Pennsylvania?delaware under proprietors who chose governor, Connecticut/Rhode Island elected governors (self governing charters) -two house legislative body: upper house- council, appointed or elected, lower house- elected by people, legislature people enjoyed direct representation (if fit qualifications), privilege of self taxation through representation -governors generally able men, some incompetent or corrupt and in need of jobs (worst Lord Cornbury- New York and New Jersey 1702, drunk fool), even the best governors had trouble with legislatures -London guilty of poor administration- should have arranged to pay from independent sources, bickering over control by colonial legislature led to some spirit of revolt -local level: county government in south, town meetings in New England, modification of two in middle colonies, open discussion/voting in town meetings= Americans cherished privileges and duties -America not true democracy socially, economically, or politically, but more so than England/Europe- ideas of tolerance, education, economic opportunity freedom of speech/press/assembly, representation

Heritage of Reconstruction

1. change social/racial system 2. empowerment of blacks 3. federal intervention in daily life reconstruction worse than war- beaten down, shamed, world upside down bred generations of animosity, referred to war as "War of Northern Aggression" Southern blacks good intentions but as bad, possibly worse, than before war- White Southerners fought back, sneaky, successful at "keeping down" freed blacks no true change until 1950-60s Civil Rights Movement- 100 years later

Demographic of Convention

1. demigods- Washington (chairman), Franklin (oldest delegate, talkative), Hamilton, Madison 2. revolutionaries overseas, absent from meeting- Jefferson, J Adams, Paine 3. patriots who were absent, independent minded, did not want to strengthen government- Hancock, Henry, S Adams many lawyers, aristocratic, no poor representatives conservative, well-to-do, lawyers/merchants/shippers, 19/55 slaveowners, young but experienced, nationalists

Seven Year's War Debt

140 million euros, half of which was incurred defending colonies redefined relationship with colonies through taxes

Treaty of Tordesillas**

1494, Spanish claimed Columbus's discovery divided "heathen lands" with Portugal- most went to Spain but Portugal got compensating territory in Africa, Asia, and present day Brazil Spanish sominant exploring/colonizing power in 1500s

Church of England

1530s Henry VIII broke with Roman Catholic Church, made head of Church of England and stimulated religious reformers called Puritans- purify Christianity Puritans increasingly unhappy- goal to decatholicize church most devout Puritans believed Church should be for only "visible saints" but Church enrolled all subjects- "saints" had to share pews with damned

Spanish Fall/English Rise

1588- Philip II of Spain sent "Invincible Armada" of ships to invade England, Spanish fleet went through English Channel, sea dogs fought back swiftly and defeated cumbersome Spanish- storm called "Protestant Wind" scattered Spanish fleet Spain fall: loss of Armada, independence of Spanish Netherlands (Holland), Caribbean lost from grasp, cocky/overreached itself English rise: naval dominance after defeat of Spanish, strong, unified national state with populat monarch, some religious unity, nationalism, spirit= restlessness, adventure, curiosity, golden age of literature (Shakespeare) England and Spain treaty 1604, ready for English Empire

Edict of Nantes

1598 1500s France held back from New World because of religious wars, foreign wars, and home issues (Catholics vs Huguenots (Protestants)) Edict set new era- limited tolerance for Protestants, religious wars, stopped and France became mightier and more feared

Battle of Acoma**

1599, between Spanish and Pueblos, Spanish severed one foot of each survivor, proclaimed area of province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded capital Santa Fe- in New Mexico found furs, gold, and people to convert to Christianity

House of Burgesses**

1619, representative self government, authorized by London Company, assembly set major example, first mini parliament to flourish in America King James hostile/distrusting of Virginia and House, 1624- revoked Charter, Virginia became direct royal colony under him

New Haven**

1638- prosperous, flourishing, founded by Puritans , wanted even closer church-government alliance than in Mass., no charter but dreamed to create busy seaport disfavor with CHarles II after sheltering judges who condemned Charles I to death, 1662- corwn gave charter to CT that merged New Haven with the other more democratic CT settlements

Fundamental Order**

1639- settlers of Connecticut River Colony drafted document in open meeting, modern constitution, established democratic regime, later borrowed for colonial charter and state constitution

New England Confederation**

1643- four colonies banned together- Bay Colony/Plymouth and New Haven/CT valley settlements (RI and ME blackballed- undesirable) purpose to defend against foes (Indians, French, Dutch, etc), intercolonial problems as well (runaway servents/criminals) each colony two votes no matter size (upset Bay), milestone of colonial unity- delegates acted together, colonists could delegate votes to choosen representatives

Act of Toleration**

1649 by local representative assembly toleration to all Christians, death penalty for those who deny Jesus (Jews, athiests), less tolerance than before

Barbados Slave Codes**

1661, English authorities devised codes to control slaves: defined slave's legal status and master's rights Barbados code denied slaves fundamental rights and gave masters complete control, right to vicious punishments even for small acts plantation system crowded out all other forms of agriculture, depended on mainland for food/supples- small English farmers squeezed out by lords, group from Barbados arived in California 1670,with slaves and model for code, California adopted own version 1696- Caribbean staging area for slave system

Half-Way Covenant**

1662 new formula for church membership, modified "covenant"- agreement for children of existing members of church to be admitted to baptism but not full communion, gave partial membership rights to once exclusively Puritan congregation weakened distinction between "elect" and othersm decreased spiritual purity of original colonym Ouritan churchs open to all whether converted or not, religious purity sometimes sacrificed for more religious participation- then on women in majority in church

Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt**

1680, missionaries' suppression of native religions caused Indian uprising, destroyed Catholic churches and killed preists and Spaniards, Indians rebuilt a Kiva (ceremonial religious chamber) on ruins of Spanish plaza at Santa Fe- nearly half a century for Spanish to reclaim

Dominion of New England**

1686- created by royal authority from London, all of New England and later New York and New Jersey support defence in case of war with Indians and promote administration of Navigation Laws

King William's War and Queen Anne's War

1689-1697, 1702-1713 British colonists vs coureurs de bois w Indian allies- pro French Indians ransacked colonies America not worth large troops- guerilla warfare- torches/tomahawks Spain allied with France- probed Carolinas British failed against Quebec/Montreal but victory of Port Royal in Acasia peace treaty at Utrecht- 1713- Britain awarded Acadia and Newfoundland/Hudson Bay, won limited trading rights with Spain

Salem Witch Trials**

1692-1693 adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women- "witch hunt" led to 20 legal lynchings- 19 hanged, 1 pressed to death larger scale persecutions common in Europe and several already happened in colonies (often aimed at property owning women)- but Salwm grew from superstition/prejudice and social/religious instability accused mostly from families in market economy and most accusers from subsistence farming families- reflected the growing social division in Massachusetts and fear of Yankee commercialism taking over Puritan heritage ended when governor's wife accused- supported by reasonable clergy members, prohibited more trials/pardoned those convicted, 20 years later- legislature anulled previous convictions and made reparations to heirs metaphor for American urge to find scapegoats

John Peter Zenger Case**

1734-5 newspaper printer in New York attacked corrupt royal governor, charged with seditious libel- not guilty achievement for freedom of the press and democracy, allowed open public discussion, true statements could not be libel- free to print criticisms but full freedom of press unknown

Albany Congress

1754- to unite or not? colonies previously lacked unity- war demanded action British summoned, only 7/13 delegates showed to keep Iroquois loyal to British- chiefs given gifts longer range purpose- greater unity, defense against French Ben Franklin-organized, leading spirit of congress, scheme for colonial home rule adopted by delegates but individual colonies and London spurred- British thought there was too much independence, colonies thought there wasn't enough, plan ultimately failed- colonies unwilling to give up power for others

Battle of Quebec

1759- set British victory, all but over armies faced off in morning on Plains of Abraham and outskirts of Quebec, British under Wolfe, French under Montcalm- both died but French defeated/city surrendered after Montreal fell 1760 French were in Canada for the last time

Treaty of Paris

1763 French thrown out of North America- left behind fertile French population French allowed to retain several sugar islands in West Indies, and 2 islets of Gulf of Saint Lawrence for fishing to compensate Spanish losses France ceded to Spain trans- Mississippi Louisianna and outlet of New Orleans (allies) Spain gave Florida to Britain in return for Cuba, Britain got Canada-->Mississippi River

Chief Pontiac

1763 led tribes along with French allies to drive British out of Ohio beseiged Detroit, overran British posts British retaliated- ruthless, blankets with smallpox, distributed to Indians- crushed Pontiac perished 1769 by rival chief, British need to stabilize Indian relations

First Continental Congress

1774, colonial unity *against British*, Philadelphia redress colonial grievances, 12/13 colonies (Georgia missing), 55 distinguished men, brought colonies together September 5- October 26- not legislative but consultive John Adams- revolutionaty course, helped defeat proposal for American home rule uner Britain several papers- Declaration of Rights and Grievances, appeals to colonists, king, and peoples of Britain complete boycott of British goods, non importation, non exportation, non consumption- not yet for independence but repeal of legislature to meet again in May if not satisfied- Parliament rejected Congress

State Constitutions

1776- Congress called onto colonies to create their own new constitutions to officially become a state, sovereignity based on authority of the people (popular sovereignity) annual elections of legislature by landowners weak executive and judicial branch in order to keep the power with the people bill of rights written documents- formal, would not change easily new capitals emerged- moved westward or England following migration (Manchester, Albany, Raleigh, etc)

London Scheme to Capture Hudson River Valley

1777 plan to cut off New England from rest of colonies, main invading force under General Burgoyne down Lake Champlain from Canada, Howe's troops advance up Hudson to meet near Albany, smaller force under Colonel Barry St Leger come from West through Lake Ontario and Mohawk Valley

Constitutional Convention

1787, May 25- September 17, Philadelphia, *compete secrecy* congress reluctant but states elected delegates anyway- purpose to revise articles 12/13- Rhode Island wanted no part delegates appointed by legislatures who had been elected- wealthy men 55 from 12 states end- 42/55 remained to sign, 3 refused to sign, remainder celebrated (others left in protest or would not sign)

Bill of Rights

1791 - 1st 10 amendments to Constitution - protected American principles (freedom of speech, religion, etc.) - written by James Madison - preserved strong government and protected individual liberties

Enclosure**

17th cenetury England under social and economic change, population growing in country side- "enclosing" croplands for sheep grazing, forced small farmers into unreliable tenancy or off land completely woolen Eastern and Western England (Puritanism) most immigrants to America- depression hit woolen districts late 1500s, unemployed farmers took to roads and ended up beggars or paupers in cities, contemporaries thought there was "surplus population"

Harriet Beecher Stowe- Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852, religious, Great Awakening stirred Northern morality against slavery, catalyst to war, what it meant to be a good Christian, social/religious controversy from 2nd GA about splitting up of a slave family and the mistreatment of Uncle Tom by cruel master millions of copies, became stage play North considered it shining light on slave situation, South considered it shining light on slave situation, South considered it unfair and pure fiction (Stowe had never been down South- how could she know?) in reality she had been to Kentucky and lived in Ohio helped prevent Britain from joining war on South's side- Southern plan all along, British workers sympathized with Tom- kept government from it

Lecompton Constitution

1856- Kansas large enough to apply for statehood, constitution (written by proslavery government), could be approved with or without slavery even if it were approved without slavery- slave owners already present would be protected, Kansas would have slaves either way abolitionists felt vote was bogus- boycotted election, constitution passed with slavery sent to DC for approval- Buchanan approved but Senate had to

US Industrial Growth

1860-1896 US rose from 4th largest manufacturer to 1st--> liquid capital (millionaires) emerged to create business, natural resources no being used fully (Mesabi iron ore range provided iron/steel), immigration kept cheap labor, new technological advances- Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts and mass production, inventions helped business: cash register, stock ticker, typewriter, refrigerator, car, electric dynamo, electric railway titans/giants of industry in each business

Morrill Tariff Act

1861, US wanted more money- raised tariff from 5 to 10%, rates even higher after that more revenue and protection for manufacturers provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts

"Swing 'Round the Circle'"

1866 congressional elections approaching- eager to secure gentle view on reconstruction series of speeches- hecklers yelled back at him, accused Radicals of large scale antiblack riots and murders in South dignity sank to low- only helped opposition, Repubs > 2/3 majority Republicans could now control reconstruction- still disagreement between moderates and radicals

Greenback Labor Party

1878, main mission, to bring cheap money policy to life

Pendleton Act

1883, height og political reform, "Magna Carta of civil service reform" required merit to get jobs, not just knowing someone in high position made requiring campaign contribution from federal employees established Civil Service Commission- make sure people qualified, awarded jobs based on performance rather than who they knew first affected only 10% of federal jobs- a. stopped worst offences of giving jobs to buddies, b. set tone for civil service reform in future- however politicians had to look elsewhere for money- aligned themselves with big businesses

Southern Pacific Railroad

1884 New Orleans--> San Fransisco

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890, outlaw trusts and monopolies forbade "combinations" such as: pools/cartels- competitors got together like one huge company interlocking directorates- same people on board of directors of competitors, made the same decisions for a company holding companies- bought up controlling shares of stock in group of competitors, managed each competitor as one company not effective: a. proving combinations exist can be difficult, b. lacked enforcement, loop holes 1914- anti trust movement gained real muscle to enforce

The Great Northern Railroad

1893 Duluth--> Seattle, north of North Pacific Canadian- American James J Hill- public duty, lands must thrive for railroad to, shipped in cattle for locals

Rise of Unions AGAIN

1900- workers allowed to organize, collectively bargain, and strike, Labor Day- 1894, workers take day off from work rise of unions long battle- strikes, negotiations, firings, hiring, still to come, labor unions in 1800s largely ineffective due to never ending immigrants assured labor

Election of 1868

214 to 80, popular vote only by 300,000 monetary conflict- rich wanted war bonds paid back in gold, poor supported "Ohio Idea"= paid back in greenbacks (keep interest lower) Grant won narrowly- technique to wave the bloody shirt- constantly remind voters he led the North to victory militarily signaled future a. tightly run/hard fighting political parties, b. narrow election margins Mississippi. Virginia, Texas not counted- still unreconstructed- former slaves helped Grant's victory

William Jeming Bryan

30 year old, Nebraska Congress debated repealing Sherman spokesperson for silver and "cheap money"- Sherman Act still repealed

Jayle Birds**

50,000 paupers/convicts involuntarily shipped to Americas by Britain included robbers, rapists, murderers, sullen and undesirable but some victims of circumdtance and unfair English penal code- some became respectable citizens

Pennsylvania Dutch**

6% of population, 1/3 of Pennsylvania -from Germany- fled religious persecution, economic oppression, ravages of war- settled in Pennsylvania -many Protestant sects- mostly Lutheran -back country of Pennsylvania, stone barns evidence of industry and prosperity, no deep loyalty to British crown

Scots Irish**

7% of population -non English but spoke English, not Irish- Scots Lowlanders, had been transported to Northern Ireland, Irish Catholics hated Scottish Presbyterianism, Scots-Irish economic life harmed especially after English restriction on linen and woolen production -abandoned Ireland, came to Pennsylvania, pushed onto frontier, squatted on unoccupied land, pushed west of Alleghany barrier, great frontiersmen but quick to violence with Indians, scattered on "great wagon road" (Appalachian foothills Georgia-Pennsylvani) -pugnacious, lawless, individualistic-disdain for British and other government, brought whiskey distilling and stills to Appalachians ---------------- Makers of America: -poverty in Scottish Lowlands in 1600s, extreme hunger, commercial farming forced many off land and others to pay rent increases to landowning "lairds", British authorities made them pay to taxes toward hated Anglican Church -therefore, 20,000 Scots immigrated to Ireland- Protestant Scots eventually outnumbered Irish Catholics in province of Ulster (northern)- life still hard, Irish landlords rent just as high as Scottish lairds- fled again 1700s -Pennsylvania, but did not stay put- from Philadelphia to WesternPennsylvania, blocked temporarily by Alleghenies, south along Appalachians into backcountry Virginia, Carolinas, and Georgia -built farms and towns- floorless, flimsy, log cabins, chopped trees, planyed between stumps, exhausted soil, and moved on -maintained Presbyterian churches- churches before law courts, local religious court known as the session, crimes like burglary and trespassing -but not theocrats- not advocates of religious rule, struggles with Aglican church made them opponents of established church -became Patriots in revolution

John Trumbell**

America behind in art/culture aspiring Connecticut artist, discouraged, forced to travel to London to pursue ambitions

Republicanism

American idea, citizens elect representatives models of ancient Greece and Rome- just society, all citizens subordinated self interest to common good stability, society, authority of government depends on citizen's virtues (civic involvement)- opposed to hierarchy/authoritarianism (aristocracy, monarchy)

Privateers

American navy- handful of ships, daring officers, contribution was in destroying merchant shipping and bringing war to British isles privately owned small ships, authorized by congress to prey on enemies, over 1000 Americans- captured about 600 British prizes- British captured merchants and privateers manpower from main war effort and involving Americans- brought in gold and raised morale attacks by navy and privateers raised insurance- British shippers/manufacturers wanted war to end

Daniel Boone

Americans now free to go west- pioneers like him trickled into Tenesse/Kentucky other settlers prepared for trek over mountains

Baron von Steuban

Americans numerous but unreliable, poorly trained, some whipped into shape at end by drillmasters German drillmaster- barely spoke English, organizational genius profane but patient

Pioneer Presses

Americans too poor to afford books and too busy to read few private libraries- Byrds of Virginia biggest, Franklin helped establish first privately supported circulating library in Philadelphia by 1776 50 public libraries and collections hand operated printing presses-- pamphlets, leaflets, journals about 40 colonial newspapers, "news" several days late

Triangular Trade**

Americas, Britain, Africa, West Indies- dependent on each other, system of trade -Yankee seamen provided Caribbean with food/forest products, took Portuguese/Spanish wine/gold/oranges to London then exchanged for profitable industrial goods -left New England with rum, sailed to Africa and bartered with African chiefs for slaves, exchanged slaves for molasses in West Indies to make into rum, profit on every leg

Francisco Coronado

Arizon and New Mexico, as far as Kansas, discovered Grand Canyon of Colorado River and herds of bison

Anarchy

Articles could not control feuds over boundaries states taxed other states states printed their own money see Shay's Rebellion

Moctezuma**

Aztec chieftain -sent ambassadors gift for Cortes and Spaniards, believed Cortes was god Quetzalcoatl whose return was predicted in legends, allowed conquistadores to approach Tenochtitlan unopposed -Spanish entered Valley of Mexico and amazed at capital (on island in center of lake), treated hospitabily at first but hunger for gold and power ruined Indian attitudes toward them

Clara Barton/Dorothea Dix/Sally Thompkins

Barton- founder of Red Cross Dix- mental treatment Tompkins- Southern nurse, awarded by Davis took nursing to a professional level

Johnson's Impeachment

Ben Wade would be next in line fired Stanton despite new law- up for impeachment on 11 counts, former accusation of wrong doing Johnson stayed silent- lawyers argued he operated under Constitution, not new act 2/3 vote needed- senate short by 1, Johnson stayed in offfice 7 Republicans voted with conscience not to remove Johnson- fear of instability and setting dangerous precedent

Samual Adams

Bostonian resistance propaganda, rebellious- lived for politics poor appearacnce, zelous, courageous, belief in rights/common people- "trained mob" organized Committees of Correspondence

Relations with Britain

Britain declined to repeal Navigation Laws active on fronteir- sought to annex Vermont, maintained fur trade (supposed to leave), stirred up Indians against Americans no trade, only smuggling shut off West Indies trade from U.S. but Yankees smuggling

Colonial Revolution

Britain ruled 32 colonies in North America by 1775- (Canada, Florida, Caribbean) only 13 rebelled- due to social, economic, and political structures and American way of life

Mercantilism

British authorities embraced British colonies (except Georgia) all began haphazardly by various groups of dissenters -wealth is power, wealth/power is measured in gold/silver owned -to earn gold: a)find/dig, b)steal/win, c)export more than you import for more riches -colonies helped in c: supplied both raw materia (reducing foreign import) and market (increasing export) -British saw Americans as tenants, for British benefit only- furnish products for mother country, refrain from exporting certain products, buy goods only from Britain- no self sufficiency/government

The Alabama

British building of Confederate commerce-raiders southern ship, but manned by British and never docked in South traveled world, captured > 60 vessels, North angry, destroyed Union vessel 1864

New York Campaign

British concentrated on NY after Boston, fleet arrived July 1776- 500 ships and 35000 men- largest fleet until Civil War Washington only got 18000 to fight Americans outnumbered, routed at Battle of Long Island- Washington narrowly escaped to Manhattan, retreated crossing Hudson to new Jersey and reached Delaware River with British taunting them

Treaty of Paris 1783

British formally recognized American independence boundaries expanded- Mississippi to West, Great Lakes to North, Florida to South Yankees share in fisheries of Newfoundland loyalists not to be persecuted, congress to recommend to legislatures to restore loyalist property, debts to be payed to British creditors only America benefitted- British beaten, French bankrupt (route to revolution)

Lord Cornwallis

British general futile in Virginia- fallen back to Chesapeake and Yorktown to await supplies/reinforcements assumed British would control sea but naval superiority slipped

William Pitt

British invaded Canada 1756- tried to attack exposed wilderness posts instead of just Quebec and Montreal- victim of many defeats (didn't know terrain) "Great Commoner", "Organizer of Victory" drew strength from common people, orator, passionate in country and self 1757- leader in London government, decided to take focus off West Indies and on to Canada- Quebec and Montreal (controlled supply routes), picked young/energetic/willing leaders 1758 expedition against Louisbourg, fell after siege, first significant victory- cut off French supplies

Confederate Ship Building

British planned to build raider ships for South- halted (opposition led by Charles Francis Adams) while being built, might come back to haunt them, but still showed that they wanted to help South even if not followed through, damaged merchant Marines Laird Rams- Confederate warships built in shipyard of John Laird British built 2 Lairds- designed to ram/destroy Northern wooden ships, Adams saw delivering ships would mean war with US- possible loss of Canada London government bought ships for Royal Navy instead US Canada Border trouble- Canadians struck/sometimes burnt American cities, miniature armies struck back- Irishmen who hated English/Canadians Dominion of Canada 1867- bolster Canadians against US

Clayton Bulwer Treaty

Cali gold rush inspired interest in Central America (many 49ers crossed there), British influence in Central American strong and possibly growing activities in Latin America threw fuel on "slavocracy" theory, if South couldn't get slave states from Cession, looked to Carribbean Britain also interested in Nicaragua feared Americans- foot hold in Greytown, threatened doctrine--> erased tensions with Britain neither US or Britain would take over the area without the other's agreement, road block to Roosevelt's Panama Canal

Election of 1848

Cass (Democrats), Taylor (Whigs), Van Buren (Free Soil)- Taylor won, Buren drew votes away from Cass

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries in New World, few converts, sometimes tortured by Indians, but role as explorers and geographers

Lord Baltimore**/Maryland

Catholic, founded Maryland 1634 at St.Mary's on Chesapeake Bay, wanted financial profit and refuge for Catholics (persecuted in England) hoped for vanguard of new feudal domain, huge estates to Catholic relatives, manor houses arise in forests, colonists would only come for land- dispersed around Chesapeake on farms, Catholic land baronssurrounded by Protestand planters- resentment and rebellion Maryland also blossomed in tobacco and needed labor- early years: white indentured servents, later years: black slaves in large numbers permitted freedom of worship but Protestants threatened to submerge and place restrictions of Catholics- (see Act of Toleration)

Duke of York**

Charles II brother, granted area by him English squadron appeared 1664, Stuyvesant forced to surrender without fight (no munition), renamed New York England won harbor and river in middle of colonies, had Maine-Carolinas

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole- Ohio largely sided with South- owned slaves, sympathized with South, Confederates agreed to take over federal payments and send delegates to their Congress if they fought some Plain Indians fought with North

Differences Between Chesapeake and Massachusetts Bay Colonies**

Chesapeake settlers came alone (indentured servents), Massachusetts/New England came in family groups/communities Chesapeake agricultural industry (tobacco, rice), Massachusetts fishing, shipbuilding, fur trade, etc Chesapeake founded for economic benefit, Massachusetts for religious freedom

Haymarket Square Incident

Chicago, 1886 strikers intermingled with anarchists wanting to overthrow government bombing- some bystanders including police killed or injured, probably anarchists but public blamed knights and unions 8 anarchists arrested- five death sentence, other three hefty sentences, pardoned by Illinois Governor John P Atigeld 1892- unpopular, coast reelection distrust of unions, decline of membership

Compromise of 1850

Clay and Webster urged North to compromise, "fire eaters" of South still against compromise, calmer minds prevailed, South went along Second Era of Good Feelings, loved peace/union over war/disunion North got: California admitted as free state (balance to free side), Texas gave up claims to disputed land with Mexico, slave trade banned in DC (slavery still legal-symbolic only because nation was "taking a stand" against trade, but impractical because only trade was illegal and person could still easily buy slave in Virginia next door South got: popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession (prior to this there were no new slave lands allowed but now opened up, however lands too dry anyway), Texas paid $10 mil for land lost to New Mexico, new fugitive slave law

Jeb Stuart

Confederate cavalry rode completely arounf McClellan not good move, inappropriate - embarrassment

Mestizos**

Cortes and other conquistadores intermarried with surviving Indians- people of mixed Indian and European heritage mixed feelings from Mexicans- translator considered "traitor" but they celebrate birth of new race on Dia de la Raza

Congressional Reconstruction

Dec 1865- Southern Congressmen returned to DC-Alexander Stevens VP of Confederacy, Northern Republicans mad- things returning like nothing happened Northerners had passed bills while South gone- Morill, Pacific Railroad, Homestead- South back now, wanted to gain power in Congress, 3/5 Compromise over, slaves were now a full 5/5- Southern popuation and representatives therefore rose- total of 12 more Southern votes December 1865- Johnson stated South had fulfilled requirements to return, Republicans mad, nation reunited, also vetoed extending Freedmen's Bureau

Illinois Senate Race 1858

Democrat- Stephen Douglas, Republican- Abraham Lincoln (one term in Congress, not popular- more popular after KN act, received votes for VP nomination 1856, self educated, KY) Douglas "big name" senator, expected to be reelected over Lincoln, also considered best debator of the time- Lincoln however had wit and logic and was still a fine debator

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas's reply since ultimate power was held by the people, slavery should be banned if the people voted it down- regardless of what the Supreme Court said solid in Illinois, Douglas won Senate race over Lincoln- would have lost without South turned against Douglas- initially liked him because he opened land to popular sovereignty, when he shot down Kansas as a slave state he upset them, finally the Doctrine infuriated the South for turning his back on the Supreme Court pro- South decision Doctrine ruined chances of Douglas winning 1860 election- won the battle but lost the war

Henry Hudson**

English explorer, employed by Dutch East India for riches, into Delaware Bay and New York Bay 1609, Hudson River- hoped was river through continent, claimed for Dutch

Second Anglo Powhatan War**

European disease and hunger for land led to Indian attacks that left 347 dead, Virginia Company then called for final war defeat Powhatans completely- raids reduced native population and drove survivors west -last Indian effort to force out Virginians- defeated -1646 peace treaty- banished Chesapeake Indians, separated them from white areas of settlements, 1669- 10% remained, 1685- considered extinct

Christian Crusaders

European warriers 11-14th century, goal to wrest Holy Land from Muslims, foiled but acquired taste for Asian goods (silk, drugs, perfumes, draperies, spices, sugar)

Moore's Creek Bridge

February 1776- victory against loyalist's in Moore's Creek Bridge, North Carolina

"Jubilee" Jim Fisk and Jay Gould

Fisk "brass", Gould "brains" millionaire partners, almost pulled off scheme in 1869 to corner gold market to themselves- work only if federal treasury refrained tried to get Grant and brother in law involved- first scandal for Grant "Black Friday"- Sept 24, 1869- bid price of gold skyward, Treasury compelled to release Grant not crooked just dumb

Revolution as a World War

France entered 1778 Spain and Holland 1779 (Britain outnumbered) 1780- Russian "Armed Nullity"/"Armed Neutrality"- lined up European neutrals against Britain- couldn't finance war became world war that British could not handle

Mississippi and Louisianna

French blocked Spanish on GUlf- posts in Mississippi and Louisianna (New Orleans 1718), tapped fur trade of interior valley- Illinois (forts and trading posts), garden of France's empire- grain down Mississippi for shipment to West Indies/Europe

Relations with France

French demanded repayment of debt from war, restricted trade with West Indies

Fort Duquense

French in process of creating chain of forts commanding Ohio River Duquense point where Monongahela and Allegheny RIvers meet to form Ohio (Pittsburg)

Franco American Alliance

French looking for revenge- colonies valuable possession, loss of them would allow France to regain power/prestige- not actually concerned with independence 1775- French had secretly given Americans supplies (gunpowder and fire arms)- open aid may provoke war French were not ready to fight 1777- Parliament oassed measure offerinf Americans homerule after Saratoga, French must try to break up empire- King Louis XVI saw dangers in aiding Americans- ministers won over (hostility inevitable, if they waited to fight then American would reconcile and help Britain against them- capture French West Indies) treaty of independence- everything British offered plus independence, agreement to wage war until America was free and terms with Britain were agreed to troubling alliance- hereditary foe, Roman Catholic foe

Marquis de Lafayette

French noble, "French gamecock" foreign aid from France- most unemployed/impoverished but Lafayette wealthy noble loved glory/liberty, made general- military services and private funds

Fort Necessity

French surrounded Washington in poorly constructed fort ten hour siege- forced to surrender- permitted to march men away

Martin Luther**

German friar, nailed protests against Catholic doctrine to Wittenberg's Cathedral 1517, Bible alone source of God's work- denounced clergy, ignited "Protestant Reformation"- religious reform, divided people

Hessians

Germans king had treasury to hire foreign soldiers thousands of troops employed by Britain, German princes needed money and British needed men shocked colonists- why bring in outsiders? "family" matter good soldiers but more interested in land/ricjes- some deserted to stay in America

Hayes-Tilden Election of 1876

Grant considered third term, House voted down and Grant backed off Rutherford B Hayes- "Great Unknown", neutral in Conkling and Blaine wars, came from Ohio- major swing state Samuel Tilden- claim to fame of nailing Tweed, hot 184 electoral votes- needed 185, 20 votes hanging in balance due to questionable states (LA, SC, FL, OR) and both claimed victory there, Which branch of congress would count the state's votes?- Democratic House or Republican Senate?- whichever voted, it would go their way weeks passed, election stuck

Vicksburg

Grant's big break, redemption, best fought campaign yet circled around city, took capital of Jackson, seized Vicksburg, surrendered July 1863 one day after Gettysburg- pointed toward Northern win, Southern hope for foreign intervention gone (no country helps losing side), Britain stopped Laird delivery, France killed deal for naval vessels to Richmond south now divided down Mississippi (reopened Mississippi-more support from Butternut Region), about to be divided through Georgia

Antinomianism**

Greek "against law", holy life not a sure sign of salvation, truly saved don't need to follow law

Election of 1880

Hayes man without party- denounced by Repulicans James A Garfield- Republican nominee, "dark horse", came from Ohio, running mate Stalwart Chester A Arthur of NY Gen Winfield Scott Hancock- Civil war hero, Democratic nominee Garfield won election, trapped in Stalwart/Half Breed Republican fued James Blaine- Sec of State, Half Breed leader, battled Conkling at every chance

Land Ordinance of 1785

How will land be divided? Old Northwest should be sold, proceeds used to pay off debt, $1 per acre surveyed before sold, divided into townships (6 mi x 6mi) and sections (1 mi x 1 mi), each section subdivided for sale, one section (16) dedicated to public education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

How will new states be made? governing of Old Northwest- temporary territory then permanent equality 1. territory- owned by U.S. 2. once in had 6,000 people, could write a state constitution and send to Congress for approval 3. statehood forbade slavery in Old Northwest, successful- permanenet subordination may have cause another revolution

Questions After War

How would the South be rebuilt? (crushed physically by war and socially by emancipation) How would blacks fare as free? How would the Southern states be readmitted into the Union? Who would direct reconstruction- Confederates, president, or Congress?

New Netherland**

Hudson River area, 1623-24 on permanent basis, established by Dutch West India Company for profitable fur trade bought Manhattan Island from INdians for cheap trinkets- now one of the most valuable real estates in the world see New Amsterdam many vexations- directors general incompetant, shareholders demanded dividends, Indians struck back against cruelties with massacres (wall on Wall Street as defense) New England hostile- CT ejected Hollanders from valley, 3/4 confederaiton members eager for military action but Bay Colony vetoed

Frontier Battles

Indian allies of British (wanted to keep lands)-torch, tomahawk, Indians on scalping spree 1777 "the bloody year"- 2 Iroquois nations joined Americans, 3 joined British- Chief Joseph Brant and British ravaged back country of Pennsylvania and New York in Illinois- British weak, few posts

Giovanni da Verrazano**

Italian mariner dispatched by French king, probed eastern seaboard 1524

Christopher Columbus**

Italian seafarer, persuaded Spanish monarchs to give three ships and crew- headed west, superstitious crew, seemed like failure, 6 weeks at sea -October 12, 1492- island in Bahamas- "successful failure" --> seeking route to Indies and bumped into land barrier exploerers tried to move around, soon recognized as new continent (called native people "Indians" because he was sure he reached India) -affected Europe, Africa, and Americas- interdependent global economic system- Europe: markets, capital, technology, Africa: slave labor, Americas: resources- metal and soil

Giovanni Caboto**

Italian sent by English- known as John Cabot, explored northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498

Marco Polo

Italian, tales of riches in China, sparked more interest in cheaper routes or goods

Election of 1884

James G Blaine- Republican nominee, too many enemies, refused to disupte insults against Irish supporters, reform minded Republicans disliked, went over to Democrats, called "Mugwumps" Grover Cleveland- Democratic nomiee, mudslinging terrible- Cleveland had affair and had child 8 years ago despite bastard lovechild Cleveland won election

Norfolk, Virginia

January 1776, British set fire to Norfolk

Stock Watering

Jay Gould- boomed and busted railroad stock, profit for himself railroads artificially talk up company to sell stocks far beyond actual value- stock zoom up

Harper's Ferry Virginia

John Brown reemerged in Virginia with plan to abolish slavery plan to take over federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, pass out weapons to local slaves, initiate a huge revolt, and free slaves men took over a building, held up by Marines led by Robert E Lee, quickly captured, tried, convicted, sentenced to death, hanged- would have been appropriate for him to be in insane asylum instead of killed

Civil Rights Bill 1865

Johnson never accepted- banged heads with Congress, vetoed Republican bills vetoed bill that would grant blacks citizenship and undermine codes

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 1775- Americans seized Bunker (actually Breed's) Hill, threatened British in Boston British could cut off retreat by flanking but attacked from front foolishly Americans slaughtered British until gunpowder ran out and they were forced to retreat- lost but fought bravely and held them off "do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes"

Charleston Harbor

June 1776- victory against British fleet at Charleston Harbor

Manmouth, New Jersey

June 1778- redcoats attacked by Washington in New Jersey, heat/sun stroke, British escaped to New York but lost 1/3 of Hessians (deserted), Washington remained in New York

Cold Harbor

June 3, 1864 7000 men died in a few minutes- soldiers pinned names/addresses to backs

Richard Henry Lee

June 7th 1776- declared colonies should be independent, motion adopted July 2 formal declaration- all that was really needed

War of Austrian Succession

King George's War in America Jenkins scuffle in America --> large scale war in Europe France allied with Spain, New Englanders invaded New France British fleet and luck led to French fortress Louisbourg captured (commanded approaches to Saint Lawrence river) peace treaty 1748- Louisbourg back to French, New Englanders furious

Constitution Union Party

Know Nothings and former Whigs nominated John Bell of Tennessee called themselves Constitution Union to mend fences by making their platform the Constitution

Battle of Gettysburg *turning point*

Lee planned to strike Pennsylvania- add strength to peace prodders, possible foreign intervention, northernmost point, last Confederate chance Confederate peace delegation moving toward Union lines, hoped to arrive in DC as Lee marched in- didn't happen July 1-3, 1863 3 days, South won first 2 days- pushed North out of town, into hills North won 3rd day and overall battle- Pickett's Charge: Lee sent 15,000 troops across open field, tipped battle to North "big one" war would drag on 2 more years, broke back and heart of Confederates, started Southern "countdown clock"

The "Lincoln Douglas" Debates

Lincoln challenged Douglas to series of debates, Douglas accepted- seven dates spread out across Illinois Lincoln underdog but proved he could argue with Douglas most noteworthy debate at Freeport, IL- Lincoln asked, "if the people of a territory voted slavery down, despite the Supreme Court saying that they could not do so, which side would you support, the people of the Supreme Court?"- Douglas lose- lose situation

Radical Republicans

Lincoln had opponents- even among Republicans felt he wasn't doing enough to win war, help blacks, or punish South created Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War- resented presidential power during war

Battle of Antietam Creek

Lincoln had put McClellan back in charge- liked by people Lee's battle plans lost and found by North largest battle Sept 17, 1862 McClellan halted Lee- bloody and bitter critical- if South won, might have won entire war, Northern victory likely convinced Europe was to stay out of war gave Lincoln awaited victory- platform to announce Emancipation Proclamation military draw but Lee retired along river- South not doing so hot anymore oops

Gen Ulysses S Grant

Lincoln having trouble finding good general, Grant was the answer had been mediocre to slightly above average, managed to secure colonelcy- military experience combined w boldness, resourcefulness, tenacity name on scene when he achieved "Unconditional Surrender" early in Western theater of Civil War in Tennessee- Fort Henry, Fort Donelson (nickname "US" Grant), likened Kentucky to Union, opened gateway to Georgia and Tennessee demoted after almost being wiped out at Battle of Shiloh- Lincoln would not remove because he fought

Election of 1860

Lincoln only got 40% of popular vote, yet won presidency sectional race- North went to Lincoln, South to Breckinridge, middle to middle of the road candidate Bell, Missouri (neighbor of popular sovereignty to Kansas) to Douglas during presidency South still strong- had 5-4 majority in Supreme Court, Republicans didn't control House or Senate

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs McClellan McClellan Democratic- position that Lincoln was mismanaging war Lincoln Union Party, running mate Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, out to attract war democrats Lincoln victorious: a. invented Union party (joined Republicans and War Democrats), b. simple slogan- "you don't change horses midstream", c. Union victorious in New Orleans and Atlanta, etc popular vote 2.2 mil to 1.8 mil, electoral vote 212-21- South mad

Clement L Valandigham

Lincoln's loudest opponent leaned toward South, tried for treason, shipped down South, fled to Canada, there ran and lost bid for governor of Ohio, returned to Ohio inspired story "The Man Without a Country"

Evacuation Day

March 1776- British forced to evacuate Boston

Freedman's Bureau

March 3, 1865- largest success in EDUCATION abolitionists preached slavery as degrading- now blacks forced to survive unskilled and without money- almost just as bad primitive welfare agency on paper- food, clothing, education headed by Union General Oliver O Howard- friend of blacks, founded/served as president of Howard University in DC success in education- taught 200,000 to read, blacks passionate about reading to close social gap and to read Gospel other accomplishments meager- authorized to settle slaves on land confiscated from Confederates but didn't happen, administrators expelled blacks from towns, signed contracts to work for masters- South still resented bureau, Johnson tried to kill, expired 1872

Chief Justice Roger Taney

March of 1857- Supreme Court handed down Dredd Scott decision from slave state Maryland

Plantation Colony Similarities

Maryland, Virginia, Carolinas, Georgia -brood acred, exported commercial agriculture, stable crops rule (tobacco, rice) but less in North Carolina -slavery in all but not before 1750 in Georgia -aristocratic except North Carolina and Georgia to some extent -plantations and farms- slowed growth of cities, establishent of schools and churches difficult and expensive -some religious tolerance- Church of England most dominate but weak in North Carolina -expansionary- tobacco growing drove westward, rivers inviting, more confrontation with natives

Committees of Correspondence

Massachusetts, first in Boston (Green Dragon Tavern) 1772 towns in colony set up similar ones afterward spread resistance, interchanging letters, opposition to British- considered sedition intercolonial- Virginia committe of House of Burgesses 1773, every colony soon had central committe- exchange ideas/info between colonies- evolved to congress letter writing network, exchange news/info, organize/keep up resistance

Metacom/King Philip**

Massasoit's son, Indian's best protection against English was pan-Indian alliance, 1675- forged alliance and assaulted English villages in New England

Maximillian

Mexico- French Emperor Napoleon III set up puppet government in Mexico City- intention to conquer Mexico Austrian Archduke Maximilian named as emperor, against Monroe Doctrine--> "stay away" (Napoleon gambled disunified country would be too weak to enforce) after war US planned to march down and kick him out, French pulled out and left Maximilian- executed by firing squad

Dred Scott Case

Missouri slave, owner moved with Scott to Illinois and Wisconsin, then back to Missouri- sued for freedom- claimed he lived in free states so he was free said Dred Scott (and all slaves) was not a citizens and therefore not entitled to sue "property" can be taken anywhere, legislature/Congress cannot outlaw slavery in territories- bombshell Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional all along, banned slavery north of 36 30 line which was against 2nd point- popular sovereignty advocates angry

Millard Fillmore

NY lawyer- politician Zachary Taylor suddenly died, helped compromise vice president, took over as president, more open to compromise- signed measures

"Boss" William Marcy Tweed

NYC ran Tammany Hall, local political district used bribes, graft, rigged elections to get money and continual power for himself and buddies, city lost as much as $200mil

Patroonships**

New Amsterdam aristocratic- vast feudal estates granted to promotters who agreed to settle 50 people

The Middle Colonies**

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania -fertile soil, broad land- PA, NY, NJ "bread colonies" due to grain export -rivers- Susquehana, Delaware, Hudson, tapped fur trade, beckoned adventure, few waterfalls=little need for water wheel power -industry- forests=lumbering and shipbuilding, estuaries and harbors=commerce and seaports (new York, Philadelphia, Albany) -intermediate- smaller than South and larger than New England, government between town meeting of New England and county of South, fewer industries than New England and more than south -most American- ethnically mixed, religious tolerance, democratic control, human freedom/compassion, desirable land more easily acquired- economic and social democracy

1767 New York

Ney York legislature failed to comply with Quartering Act, suspended by Parliament

Impact of John Brown's Death

North and South to South justice had been served to man guilty of murder/treason, felt his actions were typical of the radical North dignified and courageous at execution, Northern reactions varied- some viewed him as having good intentions but wrong actions, some saw as martyr- did more dead than alive martyr image perpetuated by journalists, artists, song writers- portrayed him as man who died fighting against injustice- true or not it gave strength to the moral cause of abolition

Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)

North expected short war- 90 days, not interfere with slavery- just stop rebellion North cried "On to Richmond!" ill prepared but Lincoln thought Bull Run was worth a try both sides inadequately prepared- citizens watched battle like sporting event back and forth at first, Gen Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson held their line- earned nickname, Confederate reinforcements unexpected North retreated- South could not pursue due to disorganization on paper South won- but battle showed how important preparation/planning was, war took 9 month "time out" for prep

Compromise Effects

North got better of Compromise- a. balance tipped their way, b. FSL not largely enforced, c. bought time before war while North could build up resources (crops, factories, ships, railroads), added will to fight for Union

King Cotton vs King Wheat and Corn

North had been sending food to Europe during war- had shortage of food, bad harvest cotton defeated- British didn't need to help them, if they broke Southern blockade they would lose precious trade w North South continued to push for foreign support- instances at sea suggest unofficial half way English support

Daniel Webster

North, opposed to slavery expansion "Seventh of March" speech- urged North to compromise on issue, felt lands of Mexican Cession were too dry to grow cotton anyway abolitionists like Whittier criticized Webster as traitor, slavery in Cession not profitable anyway, compromise only solution

Homestead Act

Northern demand for land after panic- government stop selling land for profit, start giving it to those who develop it passed by Congress but vetoed by Buchanan, goal to provide 160 western acres for a nominal price- fear that it would drain Northern workers to cheap land, Southerners feared the west would end up with too many free soilers

Standard Time

November 18, 1883 previously, cities and towns operated on own local times accurate time needed to safely run trains- time zones created

Falmouth, Maine

October 1775- British burned Falmouth (now Portland) Maine

Glorious Revolution Result**

Old England beat New World to revolt 1688-89- dethroned despotic Catholic James II, enthroned Protestant rulers of Netherlands- Dutch William III and English Mary (James II's daughter) positive: America- Dominion collapse, Boston mob rose, Andros attempted to escape in women's clothes but boots gave away, shipped to England negative: 1691- Mass arbitrarily made royal colony, permanent loss of ancient charter, right to vote extended from church members to all property owners -revolution echoed in America- unrest in New York and Maryland 1689-1691, new royal governors restored order, relaxed grip on trade/Navigation Laws -more English officials (judges, clerks, customs officials), corrupt, knew little, no care for American affairs, appointed by patrons in New England, blocked rise of local leaders/power- contempt resentment

Thaddeus Stevens

Pennsylvania stern, crusty, passion for helping blacks led Rads along with Charles Sumner- black freedom, racial equality leading figure on Joint Committee on Reconstruction wanted slower Reconstruction- bring major social/economic change to South

Second Continental Congress

Philadelphia, May 10 1775 all 13 represented- gradually moved to independence- first Congress had been ignored still conservative, not for independence put for repeal/reform new appeals to British (spurned), measures to raise money- create new army and navy- commanded by Washington

Election of 1852

Pierce, Scott slavery soft pedaled not to offend anyone- campaign of silliness and personal attacks slavery split Whigs- Northern and Southern Whigs disagreed on platform and candidate Scott- North liked candidate but hated platform, South liked platform but hated candidate Pierce cabinet included Jefferson Davis end of Whig party- end of national/ideological parties, beginning of purely sectional parties

Election of 1892

Populists nominated General James B Weaver (Greenbacker), votes through 4 Western states, but did not appear in East "Old Grover" Cleveland won, president again after 4 years

Vasco de Gama**

Portuguese, reached India 1498, returned home with jewels and spices

Electoral Count Act

President needed- commission to resolve crisis- 15 men on it (House, Senate, Supreme Court) 8 Republicans, 7 Democrats- Repubs upper hand, toward victory among disputed states Democrats mad, filibuster to tie it up

Elizabeth I**

Protestant, English throne 1558, "virgin queen" -Protestantism became dominant, rivalry with Catholic Spain especially seen in Ireland (previously under English rule)- Catholic Irish sought help from Catholic Spain for release from overbearing Protestant England- 1570-80s English crushed Irish uprising with major atrocities, confiscated Catholic Irish lands to give to protestant Scottish and Englishmen- led to English contempt towards Natives, carried into New World -ambitious, encouraged buccaneers (sea dogs) to swarm shipping lanes- (see "English Colonization)

Congregational Church**

Puritan congregations collectively, congregation had right to hire/fire minister and to set salary

Visible Saints**

Puritan grace in souls- could demonstrate to fellow Puritans, apalled by king's enrollment of all citizens to Church of England

James Wolfe

Quebec Pitt's next target after Louisbourg, chose Wolfe as leader officer since 14, mixture of dash/attention to detail sent detachment up poorly guarded omienence protecting Quebec at night, climbed bluff (cliffs/ridges)

15th Amendment

Rads still worried black suffrage could eventually be removed guaranteed black suffrage- ratified 1870 (no mention of holding office of votes for women)

Tenure of Office Act

Rads tired of Johnson, plot to remove him, put him in lose-lose situation president needed Senate permission to fire anyone he previously appointed that was approved by Senate Senate approved appointments into office, also had to approve them out ulterior motive- protect Edwin M Stanton, Rad Republican spy, in trouble with Johnson, if he were allowed to stay in Congress they would be happy

Intolerable Acts of 1774

Repressive Acts 1774, response to tea party, "massacre of American liberty" Boston Harbor closed until damages paid/order restored Massachusetts charter revoked restrictions on town meetings and self rule- no assembly officials accused of certain crimes (killing colonists) could be tried in Britain

Thomas "Czar" Reed

Republican leader, Speaker of House, Republicans not in White House- assert power in Congress tall, super debater, mean/sarcastic- ran Hose like dictator Democrats fought back- not answering role call, no quorum- Reed solved by counting Democrats as present even when they didn't answer passed many bills: "Billion Dollar Congress"- US goc doled out that much money for the first time, pensions liberally given to veterans, more silver purchased to protect industrialists and keep revenue coming Republicans lost majority 1890 88-235

Congressional Election of 1894

Repubs won 244 seats to 105 looked forward to next election

Purchase of Alaska

Russia willing to sell 1867- didn't want war w Britain- US barrier between this William H Seward- Sec of State, expansionist, bought Alaska $7.2 million, not popular called "Seward's Folly", "Seward's Icebox", "Frigidia", "Walrussia" redeemed when large deposits of gold and oil discovered in Alaska

James Gadsden/Gadsden Purchase

SC railroad man, sent to Mexico to work deal for land from Santa Anna, sent by Jefferson Davis bought the Southern chunk of present AZ and NM for $10 mil- hefty price regardless of price- road ready to be built, South happy for commerce- South territory all organized North criticized- promoted new slavery lands, railroad- argued if organizing land was the problem then they should organize Nebraska, but South did not want another free state

Roger Williams**

Salem minister, extreme Separationist personable, popular, young man, radical ideas urged clergymen to break with Church of England, challenged Bay Colony- no legality of charter, banished Indians without fair compensation, denied authority of governments to regulate religion 1635- guilty of "newe and dangerous opinions" banished but permitted to stay longer due to illness, plan to exile to England was failed fled to Rhode Island area 1636, built baptist church complete freedom of religion even to Jews and Catholics

William Belknap

Secretary of War, caught swindling $24,000 by selling trinkets to Indians

Massachusetts Bay Colony**

Separationists were extreme- most Puritans wished to reform church from inside- resented by clergy but supported by Parliament, 1629- Charles I dismissed Parliament and allowed persecution of Archbishop William Laud- Puritans scared for their faith and for England's future -1629- group of non-separationist Puritans get charter to start Massachusetts Bay Company, proposed starting settlement in Mass. area, brought charter with them (constitution, away from royal authority) -denied separation from Church of England (only separate from impurities) but Laud hated them -colony blessed- well equipped 1630 expedition, 11 vessels with 1,000 people, Great Migration- 70,000 left England but only 20,000 to Mass.- attracted to West Indies and Barbados -prospered- fur trading, fishing, shipbuilding important industries- biggest/most influential in New England

Emancipation Proclamation

Sept 1862- preliminary Jan 1863- final gave North moral foundation, huge, even if only symbolically previous cause of war to force South to remain with North, after Proclamation cause for war was to restore nation AND end slavery, remove chance of negotiation- fight to finish unpopular even in North- had not been fighting "abolition war", desertions increased

Second Battle of Bull Run

South clearly winning at this point Lincoln had put Gen John Pope in charge- dashing soldier, boasted had only seen enemy's backs, "talked a good game" but was beaten gave Lee confidence- thought he could take Antietam

Cuba

South interested- 90mi from Florida, beautiful beaches, rich in tobacco, profitable in banana/coco/coffee plantations- markets, restore slave balance damage US Cuba relations- periodization 1898, 1960s Americans offered to buy from Spain but were turned down, 1850-51 two groups of fillibusteros ("freebooters" or pirates) including some Southerners invaded Cuba plan to take over and claim for US, failed --> 1854 Cubans seized American ship Black Warrior on technical issue, Pierce now had reason to go to war

John C Calhoun

South, later died of tuberculosis- had worked to preserve Union argued for state rights (same as 1832 tariff crisis) wanted slavery to be left alone, runaways to be returned to South, state balance to be retained

Confederacy

Southern problem with government, states had more power than Davis, loosely united, any State could break away, not stay united with the rest war- state might not follow strategy, might not send troops/money/supplies, confederacy very weak overall

English in West Indies

Spain relaxed grip on Caribbean- military over extension and rebellious Dutvh Provinces, England began to secure West Indies- Jamaica 1655 sugar foundation- tobacco: virginia as sugar cane: Caribbean, tobacco= poor man's crop- commercially marketable leaves within a year and simple processinf, sugar= rich man's crop- needs extensive planting for commercially viable amounts, extensive land clearing and refining process, need land, labor, and mills --> capital intensive, wealthy growers with capital to invest sugat lords extended domination 17th century, enormous number of African slaves, by1700 blacks outnumbered whites one to four, population remained predominantly black since

Vasco Nunez de Balboa**

Spanish conquistador- hailed as discoverer or Pacific Ocean, come across Panama 1513- claimed for his king all lands "washed by" that sea

Relations with Spain

Spanish controlled mouth of Mississippi- 1784, closed to American commerce Spain claimed area north of Gulf- Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, etc- granted to U.S. by British 1783 schemed with and stirred up Indians against Americans

Ferdinand of Aragon**

Spanish, helped unite Spain through marriage of Isabella of Castile (along with expulsion of Muslims), eager to get more wealth from Indies than Portugal- Portugal controlled coast and gateway to water route to India- Spain looked west

Three Countries/Three Settlements

Spanish/Santa Fe/1610 French/Quebec/1608 English/Jamestown/1607

Wabash Case

Supreme Court said states cannot regulate trade between states- only Congress done by US, not local states Cleveland did not like- Congress ignored him

New Sweden**

Swedes trespasssed Dutch preserves- on Delaware River 1638-1655 golden age of Sweden- Thirty Years War 1618-48, brilliant protestant King Gustavus Adolphus- outburst of energy led them to enter colonial game faded (Stuyvesant), left some Swedish culture/blood

Delaware

Swedish tinged, three colonies, named for Lord De La Warr, harbored QUakers, closely associated with Pennsylvania, own assembly in 1703 but remained under Pennsylvania governor until after revolution

President Andrew Johnson

Tennessee, humble beginnings- born in NC poor parents, orphaned, never attended school, taught self to read, wife taught to write and do simple math active in politics in Tennessee (moved there at 17), champion of poor whites although owned a few slaves, stump speaker before angry crowds, elected to Congress- only Southern Congressmen that refused to secede with own state, war governor when Tennessee shortly redeemed by Union vice presidency- to attract War Demoncrats, at inauguration drunk, unpolished parts- intelligent, forceful, honest, state rights and Constitution- devoted to people misfit- did not understand North, distrust of South, hot headed and stubborn

Boston Tea Party of 1773

Thomas Hutchinson- Massachusetts governor- home destroyed by Stamp Act protestors 1765, agreed tea tax was unjust nut thought colonists should follow law and ordered tea ships not to leave Boston Harbor until unloaded, also declared rights must be sacrificed for law/order provoked- Bostonians disguised as Indians, boarded teaships December 6, 1773- dumped tea into harbor radicals loved zeal for liberty, conservatives saw as uncivil (property damage), Hutchinson left for Britain, authorities saw need to whip colonists into place

North Economic Actions

Treasury Department printed $450 in "greenback" paper money, not backed by gold--> created inflation (39 cents on $), Legal Tender Act largest fundraiser through sale of bonds- $26 billion brought in National Banking System- Salmon P Chase, Treasury Secretary, first national banking system since BUS in 1830s, important- standardized money system , could buy government bonds and issues paper money, previously money came from independent banks- regulated money in economy/circulating ("monetary policy"), foreshadowed Federal Reserve System

Plessy vs Ferguson

US Supreme Court gave segregation okay, 1896 whiteman 1/8 black on white car of train, conductor told him since they crossed into Illinois he was considered black- go to black car, refused "separate but equal" legal, in reality facilities were not equal- inferior schools, 2nd class citizenship segregation all public facilities- schools, theaters, transportation, restrooms

Chester A Arthur

VP, became pres, suspected to be corrupt/foppish- proved them wrong considered partisan politician, actually reform minded, prosecuted several fraud cases stood against Stalwart friends who sought riches and power

Green Mountain Boys

Vermont, Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold May 1775- led tiny American force from Vermont surprised/captured British at Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point, upp New York secured gunpowder and srtillery for the siege of Boston

William Berkeley**

Virginian governor poor, wandering freemen in country by late 1600s, single men failed at obtaining land or wife, rattled established planters, Virginia assembly disfranchised 1670 Berkeley upset by this- "six parts of seven at least are poor, endebted, discontented, and armed"- misery worse after Bacon's Rebellion (see card)

Valley Forge

Washington retired to winter quarter- strong, hilly position near Philadelphia men frost bitten, hungry, froze to death

Battle of Brandywine Creek and Germantown

Washington transferred army to Philadelphia 1777 defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown- Howe settled down in Pennsylvania afterward- left Burgoyne to flounder through upper New York

Battles of Trenton and Princeton

Washington's military best Washington recrossed Delaware River, surprised and captured Hessians December 26, 1776- sleeping after Christmas celebration one week later slipped away, defeated small detachment at Princeton

General William Howe

Washinton's adversary did not speedily cursh Americans, remembered Bunker Hill country rough, supplies slow, against winter campaigning scandal- mistress, wife of one of his subordinates

Gen George McClellan

West Pointer, brilliant, experienced in war, 34 yrs, master organizer/planner in charge of getting US Army ready, army of the Potomac boosted morale and well organized but major weakness- never felt prepared enough, always preparing never fighting, perfectionist, you can't win war without taking risks, overcautious Lincoln tired of waiting- said he had "the slows" and ordered him to take action

Mexican Cession

What should be done with slavery? political parties in tough situation (Whigs and Democrats), no matter what they did half the country would be offended --> side stepped the slavery question to avoid offending anyone

Gen Zachary Taylor

Whigs nominated 1848, no political experience but "Hero of Buena Vista"- won election put slavery expansion on back burner- no official position

Problems with Emancipation Proclamation

a. freed slaves only in seceded South, not Border States, b. South considered itself separate nation- why should they listen to a foreign president? what power does he have?, North would have to win for it to go into effect, c. legal issues- Did Lincoln actually have authority?, no, Constitution at this time supported it- president cannot simply undo Constitution with Proclamation practical effects- if and when slaves heard about it, many got up to leave, complained Lincoln was inciting rebellion no type of transition- long term? where would slaves go?

James Oglethorpe**

ablest founder of Georgia, soldier-statesment, interested in prison reform after friend died in debtor's jail, military leader- repelled Spanish attacks, imperialist and philanthropist, energetic leadership, mortgaged own fortune

"Freemen"

adult males, belonged to church, Puritan, "visible saints"

Nathanial Hawthorne**

adulters whipped in public and forced to wear capital letter "A" sewn in clothes forever 1850 tale "Scarlet Letter" based on this

Southern Advantages/Disadvantages

advantages: only had to defend land (not conquer), draw would mean Southern victory (similar to Revolution), geography--> familiar and friendly and where fighting would occur, greatest advantage leadership, morale- fighting for purpose disadvantages: - industry low but got supplies through seizing federal weapons, shortages ultimately caused loss- poor transportation system, relied on cotton trade with Britain- hurt by blockade, otherwise actually had chance, no navy, loose government

Northern Advantages/Disadvantages

advantages: population (1:3 ratio, immigrants fought), industry entirely in North, 3/4 of nation's wealth, resources (iron), more railroads, had US Navy and much more money, strong government disadvantages: struggled to find good leadership, lack of war

British Advantages/Disadvantages

advantages: population (7.5mil to Americas 2mil), wealth in hard money, naval power/dominance disadvantages: international troubles (troops removed to tend to Ireland, French threat), many refused to fight (did not want to kill fellow Brits), bad leadership, mistreated men, overseas (supplies distanced), did not know land, had to conquer not just defend, America did not have one main target of a city

Captain John Smith**

adventurer, saved Virginia, took charge 1608 leadership and resourcefulness, those who didn't work didn't eat had been kidnapped December 1607- subject to mock trial (see Powhatan) (colonists still died- ate fogs, cats, mice, etc and own dead- only 60/400 survived "starving time" winter of 1609-1610

Alexander Hamilton

advocate of powerful central government

Steel is King

after Civil War, built industrial revolution right after war, expensive and used sparingly in 20 years- US world's top steel producer, by 1900- more than Britain and Germany combined 1/3 of world's steel

Benedict Arnold's "Navy"

after Quebec retreated back St Lawrence to Lake Champlain, British pursued his force in 1776 but could not move further south until they won control of lake British stopped to construct fleet- Arnold assembled every floatable vessel, destroyed but time had been won- winter --> British forced to retire to Canada tattered flotilla without this British would have recaptured Ticonderoga

Declaratory Acts

after repeal of stamp acts Parliament right to "bind" colonists "in all cases whatsoever" *absolute* sovereignity over colonies, colonists wanted sovereignity of their own- confrontation

William H Seward

against compromise "Young Guard" of politicians in Congress- did not grow up with Union together and strong, would rather purify than preserve chief of young guard, NY- against slavery, claimed America must follow "higher law" (God's law), against Constitution- may have cost him presidency in 1860 Zachary Taylor under Seward influence- ready to veto any concessions, chance for compromise low

South After War

age perished, civilization collapsed Old South gone economically and socially cities (Richmond, Atlanta, Charleston) in rubble economic life halted- banks and businesses locked doors due to inflation, previously five different railroad lines converged on Columbia- now nearest track 29 miles away agriculture- crippled, cotton crop/fields damaged, labor system collapsed, seed scarce, livestock driven off planter aristocrats- poverty, mansions destroyed, lost investments, including in slaves, still remained defiant- cursed Yankees and government, believed they were correct in fighting war

Johnson' Reconstruction Plan

agreed with Lincoln- recognized 10% of states May 29 1865- own reconstruction proclamation a. disfranchised certain Confederates but might petition personal pardons, b. special state conventions- repeal secession and ordinances, c. Confederate debts repudiated, d. must ratify 13th Amendment rebel states now being admitted faster

Colonial Economy**

agriculture-- leading industry, 90% of people, tobacco staple crop, wheat cultivation, middle colonies produced grain, rice/indigo in far south fishing-- rewarding in New England (cod), also stimulated shipbuilding commerce-- all colonies especially New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, commercial ventures and land speculation quickest way to wealth (before schemes), Yankee seamen skilled mariners/tightfisted traders (see triangular trade) manufacturing-- secondary, small enterprises- rum distilled Rhose Island and Massachusetts, beaver hats, small iron forges, household manufacturing (spinning, weaving), lumber most important (countless loads consumed for shipbuilding) naval stores-- tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine, highly valued, London offered bounties to stimulate production, some towering trees reserved for king (fine for cutting down)

Southern War Strategy

aid from Europe, especially England, as they supposedly needed cotton- help never happened, ruling class rooted for South- done with democracy, enjoyed their feudalism Europe actually wanted US to split- weaken US, strengthen Europe other Europeans sided with North (lower class)- were abolitionists and victory might end slavery (UTC played a role- low wage earners sympathized) question about reliance on cotton- much was true, however, prior to war England had grown cotton in India/Egypt, saved surplus, bumper crop already there, not as dependent as South thought, still got some trade from Union army once they conquered South

Populist Party

aka People's Party, emerged 1892 made up of unhappy farmers, sprung out of Farmer's Alliance (frustrated Southern and Western farmers) demanded- **inflation though cheap money policies (make it easier to pay off debts), graduated income tax, regulation of railroads, telegraph and telephone, direct elections of US senators, initiative and referendum (people can propose and pass laws themselves), shorter working day, immigration restrictions South reluctant to vote for race reasons- reached out to blacks, hated by whites, after election Southern whites tightened laws literacy tests and poll taxes used to prevent blacks from voting. grandfather clauses kept whites exempt from these

Huron Indians

alliance with French against Iroquois- Iroquois retreated due to French weapons/rifles French gained more Indian alliances with the spread of trade routes

New Hampshire

also from fishing/trading- absorbed by Mass. 1641, king annoyed by greed- separated NH 1679 and made royal colony

Contraction

amount of money in circulation per person decreased in 1870s- didn't help recession, probably worsened, raised value of dollar bill, fewer people turned in greenbacks for gold in 1879, improved value of dollar Republican hard money policies--> Democrats took over House 1874

Canadian Shield**

anchored North America, zone supported by ancient rock, first part of North America above sea level -included: coastal plain, Appalachians, Mid-Continental Basin, Mississippi Valley Bottom, Rocky Mountain Crust (E), Sierra Nevada (W), and Cascades (W) bounded Great Basin, valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and Willamette Puget Sound, Pacific coast and Coast Ranges (rose from sea)

Aztecs**

ancient tribe in Mexico -II as Incas- civilization, agriculture, cities, commerce, science -human sacrifices- favor/honor gods, living victims captured in battle, slaughtered and cut hearts out

Incas**

ancient tribe in Peru -sophisticated civilization, advanced agriculture (see maize/corn) -lacking large draft animals and simple technology- still built elaborate cities and carried on commerce, mathematicians and astronomers

Carpet Baggers

angered Southerners- wanted to modernize South but seen as doing so for personal gain/profit Northerners who came down to South after war, suitcase ("carpet bag") in hand some honestly to help South, some for business, others to swindle- all seen as meddlesome sold products, sometimes swindled radical regimes- needed reforms, public schools, public works, tax system, property rights for women despite achievements- graft and corruption through governments

Separationists/Pilgrims**

apalled by Church of England, vowed to break away King James I (head of church/state) thought if subjects defied him spiritually, they could politically too- threatened separationists off land -group left for Holland 1608- toil, poverty, "Dutchification" of kids- America best place to live and die Englishmen despite Jamestown hardships/natives -negotiation with Virginia Company- Mayflower missed Virginia destination, landed New ENgland 1620, 102 people- one died on board, one born on board (Oceanus), fewer than half of group Separationists (Captain Myles Standish- "Captain Shrimp" Indian fighter and negotiator)

General Winfield Scott

approve Compromise but less than Pierce, prosouthern northerner- attract many Whig nomination, hero of Mexican War

Franklin Pierce

approve compromise boring, lukewarm, NH lawyer-politician, Mexican War vet Democratic nomination 1852, unknown, not great leadership but no enemies dark house

Declaration of Independence

approved by congress July 4, 1776- 7 months after Common Sense invoked "natural rights" of man ("life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"), because the king denied these rights, independence was justified, list of tyrannical deeds foreign aid with greater hope of success, Patriots now rebels not subjects, all must hang together greater separation of Patriots/Loyalists, persecuted loyalists- confiscated land

Colonial Architecture

architecture modified from Old World, ex Swedish log cabin

James A Garfield

assassinated by Charles J Guiteau, Sept 1881 said he was a Stalwart like VP, lawyers said he was insane/didn't know what he was doing, still found guilty and hanged

Virtual Representation

asserted by Grenville every member of Parliament represented every Englishmen- even colonists who had not voted Americans scoffed but did not really want representation- Americans would not be able to make case to resist anyway- denied Parliament altogether

Peninsula Campaign

attempt to take Richmond North moved up by sea to Yorktown Peninsula, month to capture Yorktown, within sights of Richmond but stalled Lincoln sent McClellan's reinforcements to DC, protest from Gen Jackson

Thomas Paine

author of Common Sense, pamphlet stop faking loyalty- just fight previously poor coatmaker's apprentice, from Britain year earlier

Ben Franklin/Poor Richard's Almanack**

autobiography now famous but known for Almanack- edited from 1732-58, saying from thinkers of the age, emphasized thrift, industry, morality and common sense, second read in America only to Bible also scientist- lightning/kite experiment, inventions: bifocals, Franklin stove, lightning rod (condemned by church) science made some progress- botanists, mathematics, and astronomers- but Fraklin perhaps only first rank scientist

"Whiskey Ring"

bad for Grant people stole millions of $ of whiskey tax money from government Grant's own secretary involved, despite saying "Let no guilty man escape", Grant helped let him off hook, gave pardon

Kansas Civil War/Bleeding Kansas

battle ground- open to popular sovereignty and perched to grow- unspoken understanding during Kansas/Nebraska that Kansas would be slave North sent settlers to Kansas, "New England Emigrant Aid Company" and other organizations helped prepare settlers- many carried rifles (Beecher's Bibles after HWB) South thought North was trying to steal agreement through popular sovereignty election--> prosouthern "border ruffians" jumped from Mississippi to Kansas, "vote early and vote often", South "won" free election for Kansas to become slave, set up government at Shawnee Mission- free soilers angry, set up own government in Topeka- after election- one slave government based on bogus election, one free government that was illegitimate violence followed, slavery issue NOT solved

Impact of Civil War on South

beaten down economy- before war held 30% of wealth, now 12%, before war Southerners made 67% of Northern wages, now 10% South still showed character/self respect in putting up a strong fight transportation collapsed

Puritans and Indians

before 1620 epidemic killed over 3/4 pf natives, deserted Indian fields showed evidence of disease and ready for tillage by colonists no position to resist- Indians befriended at first see Pequot, Squanto, Metacom/King Philip feeble Puritan attempts at converting Indians after English criticism handful of Indians in "praying towns" to learn English God and culture

Knights of Labor

began in secrecy, came out 1881, Terence Powderly welcomed skilled and unskilled, women and blacks, only "non producers" were banned- liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stock brockers sought worker's cooperative (pool money/resources), better working conditions, 8 hour work day against Gould's Wabash Railroad (1885), numbers to 750,000 members in series of strikes- mixed results, but hurt public image

Lincoln's 10% Reconstruction Plan

believed they never legally seceded, reconstruction simple and forgiving, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction states could be readmitted when 10% of voters in 1860 took an oath to US and emancipation next step- formal state government Radical Republicans- feared rise of aristocratic whites and re enslavement of blacks, disliked Reconstruction plan

South During Industrial Age

benefited North but South struggling produced less than before war- farming in small chunks, done by "sharecroppers" James Buchanan Duke- gave South boost when cigarette industry boomed, American Tobacco Company, namesake Duke University, NC Henry W Grady- editor of Atlanta Constitution, urged Southerners to beat Yankees at industry industry still slow to growth- railroads stacked against industry, rates for manufactured goods cheaper going from North to South, rates for raw materials favored South cotton mills emerged- mixed benefits, meant jobs but also cheap labor and desire to keep rates low, half of what Northern mills earned, blessing to many Southerners still- steady job/wage

Navigation Laws**

better connect English overseas possessions to motherland- no American trade with non-English controlled countries, disliked by Americans- smuggling common

"Great Compromise"

bicameral house larger states had more representatives in House of Representatives equal representation in senate (2 from each state)- smaller states get say bill or tax revenue measures left for House where population matters

Union Pacific Railroad

bind country together Congress commissioned, push West from Omaha, Nebraska to California Union Pacific- pay free land, loans for more land or building

Compromise of 1877

both sides give and take, not all promises kept Repubs list commitment to racial equality- death of Rad Republicans North- Rutherford B Hayes Republican president South- a. pledged that Hayes would remove military Reconstruction in South b. end of reconstruction, Southern blacks now left to fend for themselves, Civil Rights Act 1875- supposedly gave equal rights (public places equal, no race discrimination in jury), Supreme Court struck down in Civil Rights Cases 1883, white South reclaiming power c. federal government money would be spent on Texas and Pacific Railroad white Southerners regained power over blacks- fraud and intimidation

John Adams

both sides to blame- Adams attorney only 2 guilty of manslaughter, release after brand on hand

Cleveland's Second Term

budget deficit- had surplus before gold supply dangerously low- Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890 created cycle- gov had to buy silver and print paper money to pay for it, people could turn in paper money for gold gold supply once dipped below $100mil (safe minimum), Cleveland had tumor removed from mouth- if he did Adlai Stevenson would have taken taken over- soft money advocate, gold problem would worsen Sherman Act repealed exchanged of paper money/gold continued still, golf reserves fell to $41mil, Cleveland turned to JP Morgan- him and banker friends agreed to lend US government $65mil in gold, (made $7mil in profit)- restored confidence, stemmed the problem Cleveland seen as "common-man" president- sneaky in dealings with gold and Morgan hurt him

University of Pennsylvania**

by 1750 more trend of live languages and modern subjects, first American college free from denomination, Ben Franklin helped establish

Ex parte Milligan

by 1870 all states had new constitutions Supreme Court case 1866 had states military courts could not try civilians when civil courts were present still, military rule of South stark, hated by South, soldiersleft 1877, power back to whites, tricks to achieve old ways

Colonial Folkways

by modern standards- life drab/boring, hard work -lacking basic comforts: churches not heated, homes poorly heated by fireplaces, no running water, no plumbing, candles and oil lamps as light, garbage disposal primitive -amusement: militia assembled for "musters" (merrymaking), frontier pleasure combined with work, funerals and weddings social gathering -winter sports in North, cardplaying/horseracing/cockfighting/fox hunting in South, dances in non-Puritan (jogs, square dances) -lotteries approved (often for money for churches/colleges), stage plays in South but frowned upon in Puritan New England -holidays celebrated- Christmas frowned upon in New England, Thanksgiving popular -similarities: English in culture/language with Protestant religion but had some degree of tolerance, some self government, common origins/ways of life/beliefs, separation of England by sea--> stage for unification of colonies as independent people

Gen Winfield Scott

called strategy "Anaconda Plan" - too slow exactly what happened next four years

Richmond VA

capital of Confederacy, McClellan's plan to take, inched toward capital felt North could win war in one large battle- accomplish by taking capital- almost pulled off

Thomas Nast

cartoonist, attacked Tweed's corruption- Tweed despised him because many people in his district couldn't read but they understood the pictures brought Tweed down- Samuel J Tilden gained fame for prosecuting Tweed, died in jail Tilden nominee for pres 1876 vs Rutherford B Hayes

Anne Hutchinson**

challenge to Puritan orthodoxy, intelligent/strong-willed/talkative, mother of 14, criticized predestination with ambinomiansm (see card), trial in 1638- claimed beliefs come from a direct revalation from God, Puritans banished her, to Rhode Island on foot and later moved to New York where she was killed by Indians

Norse Seafarers

chanced upon North East in present day Newfoundland, covered in wild grapes,called Vinland, no strong nation states supported expansion and was abandoned

Cornelius Vanderbilt

changes in East, illeducated but clear visioned consolidating New York Central Line (small railroads into his single company) cheaper fares/rates, faster travel $1 mil to Vanderbilt University in Tennessee

Silver

cheap money advocates wanted more silver to be coined- more money=more inflation, games played, bottom line: more silver coins meant more inflation, easier to pay off debt, silver not worth as much as gold

Ohio Valley

chief area of contemption between France/Britain, French had to keep to link Canada with Mississippi Valley, nut 1700s Britain determined to fight for economic security and supremacy (annoyed by French land grabbing and fur trade competition)- rivalry for Ohio Valley 1749- group of Virginians including Washingtons secured shaky rights in valley see Fort Duquense

Edward "Bulldog" Braddock

cocky, bullheaded, experienced in warfare sent to Virginia with supplies from reluctant colonists to capture Fort Duquense- illdisciplined and disliked men ("Buckskin militiamen") expedition moved slowly, heavy artillery, axemen hacked path through forest encountered small French and Indian army- at first repulsed but then put up fight- mortally wounded Braddock, shot Washington- Indian's easy victory led to attacks from Pennsylvania --> N Carolina (scalping spree), Washington tried to defend frontier Washington's men saved lives of men, showed need for new guerilla style warfare

Quartering Act of 1765

colonies to provide food/quarters for British troops agitation rose again

Lord de la Warr**

colonists boarded homebound ships spring 1610, met at mouth of James River by relief party headed by new governor Warr, ordered settlers back to Jamestown and imposed harsh military regime, took military action against Indians relationship with Indians became strained, carried orders from Virginia Company that caused war against Indians

Effects of French and Indian War

colonists gained confidence in military strength, myth of British invincibility shattered, fought and gained experience friction had developed between British and colonial "booers", British refused to recognize American militiamen as anything above "captain" (humiliation to Washington), British considered America "scum" but Americans saw themselves as energetic/hardworking and worthy of credit in war- equal British officials distressed by American reluctance of support- shippers developed traffic with Spanish/French West Indies- kept enemy islands from starving, British forbade export of suppliers from New England some colonists refused to provide troops and money, demanded rights/privileges of Englishmen without duties/responsibilities colonial disunity caused by distance, geographic barriers, conflicting religions/nationalities, different types of government, boundary disputes, etc some unity during war- soldiers and statemen when together realized they shared common language/ideas/American identity when French was present- Americans needed British protection, once France was gone there was a new independent spirit Spanish/Indian threat also reduced- Spain eliminated from Florida but still in Louisianna and Texas-->Cali England now in control- Indians in weak position

Commodore Matthew Perry

commanded fleet sent to Japan, respected military hero US wanted to link with Japan, traditional country that considered Westerners to be heathens- reluctant to deal with America, Japan previously very isolated sent him to Tokyo 1852-54, mix of diplomacy and threat- got Japan to open itself to trade in Treaty of Kanagawa broke Japan's traditional isolationism--> modernization--> imperialism--> militarism

New France (Canada)

commercial companies failed- direct control by king, autocratic, no elected assemblies or trials by jury population growth slow, peasants had little economic reason to move, Huguenots denied refuge- French preferred Caribbean colonies not as many immigrants as New England beaver valuable- fashion and warmth

New Amsterdam (NYC)

company town, by/for Dutch, interest of stock holders- no religious tolerance, free speech, or democracy appointed governors were harsh/despotic, opposers of Dutch Reformed Church regarded as suspicious, Quakers abused protests led to local body, limited lawmaking power cosmopolitan population

Pools/Cartels

competitors agreed to cooperate as if one major company- divide business, share the profits

Kansas Nebraska Connection to Civil War

compromise split nation- erased Missouri Compromise and undercut 1850 because it reopened the slavery issue FSL ignored by North, made South angry democrats split over slavery issue

Appomattox Courthouse

conclusion Richmond had finally fell, destroyed April 1865- Gen Lee surrounded to Gen Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA

New York

conquered Dutch remained autocratic/aristocratic- English governors granted land to favorites, big landowning families (Livingston, DeLancey) caused disproportionate power- monopolies and lordliness slowed immigration=slow growth Dutch names- Harlem (Haarlem),Brooklyn (Breuckelen), Hell Gate (Hellegat), gambrel roofed architecture, customs (Easter eggs, santa, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, skating, sleighing, golf)

Thomas Alva Edison

considered dumb, deaf lightbulb and many other inventions- phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving picture

Convention at Anapolis

control of commerce main issue, some thought Articles needed strengthening- "mobocracy", could common people be responsible 9 states appointed delegates, only 5 represented- not enough for quorum nothing could be done- Alexander Hamilton called upon Congress to summon convention to not only deal with commerce but with Articles in general

Bessemer Process

cool air blown over red hot iron burn off impurities, steel stronger and cheaper US plenty of iron and coal + Bessemer + cheaper supply = boom

Credit Mobilier

corrupt scandal, double hire- ridiculous pay bribed Congress to keep quiet Irish workers did work on Great Plains, "Paddies", Indian fights common

Civil War Effects

cost 600,000 American lives, $15 billion, ripped away best of a generation- young men 18-21, long lasting tension (still exist today), physically destroyed South- difficult to grow crops, get food benefits- showed US resilience, survived ultimate test, slavery was erased, put US on stage to become world stage- major player, soon to be world leader state rights defeated, inspired democracy/liberalism- emancipation beginnings of equality

Jefferson Davis PRT DOS

courage, integrity, devotion, but beyond his power defy rather than support public opinion never popular- all business, stubborn, physically over worked originally wanted central government but condemned by state righters Lincoln had trouble but was head of established/stable government, better at public opinion, inspiring, relaxed with time

Writs of Assistance

court orders, custom officers allowed to search homes for contraband

Admirality Courts

courts run specifically by Britain no jury- defendents guilty until proven innocent jury and "innocent until proven guilty" were valued rights

Great Glaciers

covered North America, retreated 10,000 years ago, melting depressed levels of shield and grinding and flushing scored away top soil forming depressions filled by melting glaciers- *lakes* -Great Lakes originally drained Mississippi to Gulf but unblocked St Lawrence (due to melting) opened outlet to Atlantic that drained Mid-Continental Basin and lowered water level of Great Lakes -Lake Bonneville originally drained through Snake and Columbia River systems until outlet was cut off (ice cap --> diminished rainfall --> lower water level), became inland sea that slowly evaporated and left dry mineral rich desert- Great Salt Lake remains

Francisco Pizarro

crushed Incas of Peru, huge treasures to Spain

Pocahontas

daughter of Chief Powhatan, "saved" Smith in execution, intermediary between Indians and settlers, keep peace and provide food

Fundamental Law

dealt with generalities, not specifics specifics could be handled with specific laws passed

Ratification of Constitution

decided 9 states needed to ratify- sent to state conventions to be evaluated/voted on extraordinary- people weren't expecting an entirely new constitution June 21, 1788- officially adopted after 1788- New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Rhode Island had not ratified ratified because all other states had and they had to- could not be their own countries, not logical minority victory- Patriots were liberal, conservatives pulled pendulum back (stop "mobocracy", increase stability through electoral college, permanence of judges, indirect elections of senators)

John Brown

dedicated abolitionist men set out for revenge for Lawrence- Pottawatomie Creek, killed and chopped up 5 slavery supporters led to Kansas being called "Bleeding Kansas" from chaos

Caravel**

developed by Portuguese mariners -before mid 25th century Europeans refused to travel West African Coast due to prevailing winds and currents -ship that could sail closer into the winds, could return by sailing northwest and breezes would carry them home- sub Saharan Africa within grasp (North had always been known, south remote/mysterious- gold crossed on camelback- many tales but no direct route)

Townshend Acts of 1767

did not produce revenue, produced rebellion control of British ministry by "Champagne Charley" Townshend light import tax- glass, white lead, paper, pain, tea- tea most extreme effect indirect customs duty in overall price of good, payable at American ports, to pay royal governors/judges took lightly- smuggling

Trent Affair

diplomatic trickiness US Northern ship stopped British Trent in Cuba, took 2 Southerners England and South angry- demanded release foreign officer had ultimatum ready Lincoln released- "one war at a time"

American Advantages/Disadvantages

disadvantages: low population, undersupplied, lacking unity, jealousy, economic issues (Congress printed "continental" paper money- individual states made own money, inflation), low experience, poorly organized advantages: outstanding leadership (Washington, Franklin), only had to defend not conquer, knew land, fighting for cause

Three Ds (Leading to Removal of Powhatans)

disease- smallpox, measles, etc disorganization- lacked unity and strength of Virginians disposability- no economic function, no labor source, removal did not harm economy but helped English get what they wanted (more land)

Confederate States of America

during campaign- S Carolina had threatened to secede if Lincoln won, question whether SC would follow through or not followed through and seceded in December 1860 "Deep South" (Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas), followed in six weeks prior to Lincoln's inauguration - 4 others would leave later met in Montgomery, AL in February 1861 and formed Confederate States of America

African Americans in War

early years- not allowed to enlist, War Department refused volunteers- as numbers declined North allowed them to fight- eventually make up 10% of Union army Southerners often just executed instead of treating those captured as POWs- black soldiers massacred after surrendering at Fort Pillow, TN- sparked black outcry "Remember Fort Pillow!" Southern blacks emancipated when Northern army came, Proclamation didn't simply release, force of army did Confederacy didn't enlist until month before war ended

Capitalism**

economy controlled by private ownership for profit -by 1600s Spain swimming in silver mostly from Potosi mines (Bolivia) and Mexico, set off price revolution that increased consumer costs and fed growth of capitalism -transformed world economy- laid foundation for modern commercial banking in Spain and Italy, stimulated spread of commerce and manufacturing in France and Holland, and paid for much of burgeoning trade with Asia

John Cotton

educated Puritan, emigrated to avoid persecution, devoted to defending government's duty to enforce religion

Effects of Transcontinental Railroad

effects of granting land: better long term rates for postal and military traffic, "cheap"- avoided new taxes, could use land as collateral for loans or sell it villages--> cities- those bypassed became ghost towns, fought over location bounded west to Union, better trade with Asia growth of West- Americans compared to independence and emancipation

Colonial Assemblies**

elected, worked with governor ways of asserting independence/authority, withholding salary unless they got what they wanted

General Lewis Cass

election 2848, quiet about slavery Polk could not run again due to being sick 1812 war veteran, Democratic National Convention Baltimore, democrats nominated- spoke for popular sovereignty, sour, pompous, experienced in Senate

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

embarrassed Cleveland again Democrats promised lower tariffs, barely changed McKinley tariff at all- in fact law allowed 2% income tax on income over $4,000, Supreme Court struck down but looked like Cleveland and government was giving in to rich "fat cats" Republicans began to benefit from Cleveland

Free Soil Party

emerged 1848, north distrusted Cass and Taylor Northerners upset that neither party took position on slavery expansion, condemned slavery not for enslavement but for ruining the rise of free whites from wage earning to self employment (competition with slaves) nominated Martin van Buren- clearly against expansion of slavery favored federal money for internal improvements and free land for settlers out west diverse-industrialists angry at Polk's low tariff, those upset about people who didn't want blacks in new land, northern abolitionists

Free Soil Party prt 2

emerged in 1852 election garnered 5% of Northern vote, hurt Scott, Pierce won 254 to 42 electoral votes

Reasons Why Southern States Seceded

emergence of Republican Party felt their slave based way of life was being threatened by greater Northern numbers wrongly felt North wouldn't take action to stop South from leaving felt starting nation would enable them to mature economically- grow own industry, banking, shipping, etc with Britain South connected their situation to 1776 American Colonies

"Headright" System**

encourage import or servents, whoever paid passage of a laborer right to 50 acres of land- benefits of landownership some masters parlayed investments in servents into vast real estate holdings- became merchant planters, lords of river front estates, dominated agriculture/culture

First Anglo Powhatan War**

ended 1614, English used "Irish tactics"- raided villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, torched cornfields peace settlement: marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe

King Philip's War**

ended 1676, frontier hit hard, Boston slightly safer- refugees fled there, end of war- 52 villages attacked, 12 destroyed, hundreds of dead colonists and Indians Metacom's wife/son sold into slavery, him captured/beheaded/hanged- head on display in Plymouth war slowed European movement west by mostly affected Indians- reduced numbers, dispirited, disbanded

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

ethnic clashes common Chinese competed for low wage jobs, usually with Irish Chinese young, poor men, immigrated to Cali, jobs building railroads, after railroad boom, returned to China, many stayed and looked for odd jobs Irish Denis Kearney fired up Irish against Chinese in San Fran, "rice eater" could afford cheaper wages than "beef eater"- Irish gangs took to streets for vengeance act forbade immigration of Chinese to America, first immigration restriction America passed

Transportation of Eastern Luxuries

expensive- from Spice Island (Indonesia), China, and India- across Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Seaor by caravan routes or Arabian Peninsula to Mediterranean ports- Europeans unaware of source -middlemen (buy goods from producers, sell to consumers)- heavy toll, goods so costly purchases and profits were limited, European need to find less expensive route or alternate source of goods

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored Florida seeking gold, death by Indian arrow

Federalists

favored strong central government, wanted constitution ratified, more conservative George Washington, Ben Franklin lived on seaboard, wealthy, more educated, better organized, *controlled press*

Federalist Papers

federalists controlled press, over 100 newspapers, (ony a dozen antifederalist newspapers) Hamliton, Jay, and Madison series of articles for New York papers still sold as book (The Federalist) Federalist Number 10- possible to extend republic over large territory

Preston "Bully" Brooks

fellow congressmen- Butler's cousin, also took offence to SC, thought he should challenge Sumner to a duel but duels were for gentlemen and Sumner was no gentlemen- Brooks thought Sumner deserved beating whacked Sumner on head while working at desk in Senate, beat with cane until it broke- Sumner severely injured, needed treatment in Europe, Brooks resigned from Congress but reelected next election a. Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech rallying point for North b. Brook's became southern cult hero c. clear that compromise was now over- passions to the point of being dangerous

Lincoln Actions Against Constitution

felt they were needed, emergency- desperate declared Naval Blockade- upheld by SC increased size of Army, Congress later approved sent $2 mil to 3 private citizens for military purposes suspended Habeaus Corpus- arrests easily made "monitored" Border State elections- votes would turn out his way, supervised, intimidated voters, shut down papers that criticized him declared martial law in Maryland Davis could not take similar actions- loose nation/government of Confederacy- South not willing to surrender local rights

Benedict Arnold Betrayal

felt underappreciated- plotted to sell out West Point New York which commanded Hudson

Southern Society Social Pyramid

few cities, urban proffessional class (lawyers, financers) sow to emerge waterways principal means of transportation, roads so bad could not reach church burial grounds in bad weather --> family burial grounds unique to south ------- power of planters boosted by disproportionate ownership of slaves, riches created by slave population went to whites with more slaves wealth in hands of large slave owners, social gao bigger, "poor whites" likely to become tenant farmers

Crittendon Compromise

final attempt at compromise made by James Henry Crittendon of Kentucky proposed extending old Missouri Compromise Line of 36 30 but South of line given federal protection in all territories, new states could come into Union as they please "Honest" Abe had run on free soil pledge and would not back down- compromise fizzled compromise dead- bloodshed imminant

Panic! of 1857

financial crisis took place about every 20 years economics not as bad as psychological fallout causes: a. inflation due to Cali Gold Rush, b. overproduction of grain, c. over speculation this time in railroads and land North hit hardest (grain growers)- South largely unaffected, supposedly proving that cotton was king

JP Morgan

financier, not industrialist great power/wealth used interlocking directorates- men on boards of struggling companies, control as one made money through deals- railroads, insurance, banks, etc Carnegie ready to retire 1900- bought steel empire for $400 million (devoted rest of life to philanthropy- gave money away, gave $350 mil to build libraries, support arts and charity) quickly built US Steel into world's first billion dollar company (worth 1.4 bil)

Roanoke**

first English colony- Raleigh's North Carolina's Roanoke Island off coast of Virginia failed- after false starts mysteriously disappeared

Acadians

first French New World settlers- seaboard region of Canada Acadia=Nova Scotia 1713- forced to swear allegiance to Britain or withdraw French territory at start of war- did neither, forced off land in Le Grand Derangement

John Winthrop**

first governor of Massachusetts educated, propsperous, successful attorny and manor lord accepted offer for governor believing he had "calling from God"- served for 19 years feared distrusted common, hated democracy- "meanest and worst"

Sugar Act of 1764

first tax law, duties on foreign sugar from West Indies smuggling common protests--> duties/agitation lowered

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

first treaty between U.S. and Indian nation 1784- Pro-British Iroquois forced to sign Indians ceded most of their land- westward expansion, did not stop

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

first united act *against Britain* NYC, 27 delegates from 9/13 colonies, drew up statement of rights/grievances, asked to king to ignored in England, small in American but ripple effect- toward colonial unity Americans never paid under it- protest- agents forced to resign, couldn't sell stamps, law openly deified, hurts merchants/manufacturers/shippers, laborers out of work- repealed 1766

Maine

fishermen/fur traders had been active for years, attempts at colonization 1623 by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, absorbed by Massachusetts after 1677 purchase, remained part nearly 1 1/2 centuries

Other Union Victories in West

flotilla joined North to strike New Orleans Grant then transferred east Tennessee- Confederacy had driven Union forces into Chattanooga, won series of battles nearby and freed city, open for invasion of Florida, Grant- made general in chief

Caleb Cushing

following British example, America sought to expand influence in Asia John Tyler had sent him to China to work a favorable deal to US, Wanaghia Treaty- agreement to start diplomatic relations and grant "most favored nation" status to the US (open up trade) door opened for American missionaries in China to convert Chinese to Christianity

General John Burgoyne

forced to start from base again next year after Arnold's "navy" began invasion 70,000 troops - sneaky rebels gathered along flanks, Burgoyne slowed by baggage and wives, axemen had to chop through forest

Joint Stock Company**

forerunner of modern corporation, enabled a number of investors to pool their capital peace with Spain=opportunity for colonization, population growth=workers, unemployment (see card), thirst for adventure/markets/religious freedom=motives, joint stock company=means

Horatio Seymour

former NY governor Democrats disorganized- only point of disagreement was against military Reconstruction nominated Seymour- popularity dropped when said he did not support redeeming greenback money at full value, refused to accept Ohio plan

Andrew Hamilton**

former indentured servent, lawyer in Zenger case argued Zenger just printed truth but chief instructed jury to consider not if the statement was true or false but that he wrote it at all

African Americans in War

fought/died, initially banned, fought important battels- some (Prince, Whipple) considered war heroes, other cooks/guides/spies/drivers/road bulders "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"- Vriginian governor Dunmore promised freedom to blacks who fought November 1775 British word to "black loyalists"- fought for British, evacuated to Nova, Scotia, Jamaica, England- still poor lives there- many betrayed, sold back into slavery

Antoine Cadillac

founded Detroit "city of straits" 1701 to stop English settlers from pushing into Ohio Valley

Robert de La Salle

founded Louisianna stop Spanish expansion into Gulf of Mexico region, floated down Mississippi to where it meets Gulf 1682 named Louisianna in honor of Louis XIV returned to Gulf three years later to build empire but failed to find Mississippi- killed by Spanish in Texas

Railroad Corruption and Response

free passes- given to press to ensure good publicity America believes free enterprise- government stay out of private business, anyone can ho from rags to riches people responded to railroads and corruption- farmers protested in economic recession of 70s, The Grange was one group- wanted regulation

Jacques Cartier**

frenchman, 1534 journeyed up St Lawrence River

Kickbacks

frequent bribes given to government officials/major customers

Andrew Carnegie

from railroading to steel- master of industry, US Steel Corporation used vertical integration- to grow business, bought out businesses used for production, owned each stage of process rags to riches story- hardwork son of Scottish immigrants bobbin boy in cotton mil $1.20 per week telegraph errand boy, telegraph operator, railroad executive secretary money from railroad- entered steel industry US Steel Corporation- dominant, administrative abilities, hired good people, by 1900 US Steel produced 1/4 of nation's steel, made $25 mil

Women's Loyal League

gathered nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions asked Congress to pass Constitutional Amendment against slavery

Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley**

gifted, had to go to England to complete training, could only find people to sit and pay for portraits abroad Copley loyalist, West close friend of George III and buried in St Paul's Cathedral of London

Rebates

given to large companies that shipped lots of goods, created two rates- lower for big companies, higher for small, railroads claimed they were just rewarding customers

Ulysses S Grant

gold soldier, bad politician 1868- Republicans nominated- no political experience but war hero = victory platform- continued Reconstruction of South, yet popular note "Let us have peace"

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

government always sides with railroad companies 4 largest railroads decided to cut employee wages 10%, workers went on strike crippled nation- Hayes called in federal troops, stop unrest went on several weeks- ended with workers on losing side, showed weaknesses of labor movement at the time

Ecomienda**

governments could "command" Indians to certain colonists in return for promise to Christianize them- essentially slavery, missionary Bartolome Las Casas apalled- immoral

Political Machines

group of wealthy men, in charge of ward, control out come of elections commands political support their businesses

Congregationalism**

grown out of Puritan church, formally established in all New England colonies excpet Rhode Island Massachusetts first taxed all residents to supported by later exempted members of other well known denominations

Census of 1870

growth despite bloodshed 39 mil people- gain of 26.6% immigration surged, third largest nation Western World (France Russia) civil health poor- waste, speculation, graft, disillusionment- supposed to be for freedom but got corruption instead

George Washington (chapter 6)

guerilla warfare, militia style 1754 in response to Duquense- Virginia governor sent Washinton to Ohio as lieutenant colonet in command of 150 militia men to secure Virginian claims encountered French troops in forest- French leader killed, rest retreated

Protestant Work Ethic**

hard work and discipline result of Puritanism/Protestantism, contrast to Catholic focus on attendence/confession/sacrement serious commitment to work and wordly pursuits

Sir Edmund Andros**

head of dominion, autocratic hated- openly connected to church of England, noisy and rude soldiers (drank/cursed) controlled town meetings, restrictions on courts/press/schools, revoked land titles, got rid of assemblies, taxed people without elected representative's consent, enforced Navigation laws colonists used to liberty/independence- driven to verge of revolt

Grant's Cabinet

honest man but corruption in administration wasn't aware or failed to fix it Dent family- in laws, obtained government jobs for themselves plied Grant with cigars, wine, horses, etc

The Rise of Unions

hope of finding strength in numbers, not very effective employees could hire lawyers to avoid an issue, "scabs"/part time replacements brought in and Union leaders would be intimidated, businesses could have courts declare strikes back to work "yellow dog contracts"- ironclad oaths, businesses mandated, workers pledged not to join Union businesses could "blacklist"- no other employer would hire them, company towns- workers were paid "scrip" (not real money but company money good at company store), workers given easy credit- got themselves into perpetual debt Social Darwinism- workers got little pity, person's lot was their own doing, rich earned position- poor could too

Grover Cleveland

hot tempered, outspoken Buffalo Mayor, NY governor, first Democratic pres since Buchanan Democratic president during string of Republicans in White House, laissez-faire capitalism made business people happy but let businesses get away with a lot- political machines bridge North-South gap- two former Confederates on Cabinet man of principle- tried to do right thing, award jobs based on merit, Civil Service reform- caught between Democratic call for jobs and Republican call for reform failed at this- when pressure mounted, fired 80,000 of 120,000 federal employees, 40,000 Republicans dismissed to open jobs for Democrats military pensions pain to Cleveland- Gar had considerable clout, mostly Republican- pushed bills through Congress, gave pensions to loads of veterans, many bills simply for money- Cleveland Democrat and not veteran- awkward position to halt military pensions, still did veto many of these bills, enemy of veterans

Consequences of Dred Scott Case

huge victory for South- infuriated North, wedge driven deeper scoreboard favored South: a. Supreme Court, b. president, c. Constitution on its side- North only had Congress (now banned from outlawing slavery) constitution favored South because: a. Supreme Court officially interprets Constitution and they just said it favored the South in the case, b. 5th Amendment said government can't take away property- slaves are property, c. South had North in "Catch-22" situation- could be argued that slavery was in Constitution (3/5 Compromise), could be argued that slavery was not in Constitution since the word "slavery" was never printed but i this argument whatever was not in the Constitution went to the states- either way North lost

Massachusetts Constitution Vote

if constitution failed, entire movement would Massachusetts tipping point- would be followed by other states convention was anti-federalist majority ratification won by 187 to 168, promise Bill of Rights would be written immediately

Massachusetts Constitution

in Mass- convention to draft Constitution, ratified by people, can only be changed by another convention

Ben Franklin

in Paris to secure alliance with France, would not agree until there was a sure sign Americans could win (Saratoga)

Gen William Tecumseh Sherman

in charge of dividing the South by land pushed down from Chattanooga, TN and captured Atlanta- burnt to ground "March to Sea"- spread out men and scorched from Atlanta to Savannah on the coast, everything destroyed- farms, houses, crops, railroads, warehouses, fields, etc declared "total war"- even civilian property destroyed, "conquer" playing out weakened morale- completely damaged and ruined land, impossible to grow

Spanish Response to Other Powers

in order to secure northern New World territory and spread Christianity- Spain settled North American borders -in order to block French and protect sea lanes to Caribbean- fortress at St Augustine, Florida- oldest continually inhabited European settlement -Coronado's 1540 expedition to Rio Grande and Colorado Rivers beckoned Spain north, hundreds of men traveled Sonora Desert from Mexico to Rio Grande Valley 1598 led by Don Juan de Onate who cruelly abused Pueblo people

Women in Industrial Age

increasing roles in business, secretaries, clerical jobs new ideal woman, "Gibson Girl"- illustrations by Charles Dana Gibson- attractive, stylish, athletic, outside of home increased role in work place not overstated- still top "job" for women

Thomas Jefferson

independence called for formal explanation, enlist other British colonies, invite foreign assisstance, rally resistance Virginian lawyer, brilliant writer, chosen to write Declaration slave owner

Executive Branch/Electoral College

independent executive in presidency- military commander in chief, power to appoint domestic officers, veto power over legislatio electoral college- presidents elected indirectly, state's share of electors based on senators + representatives large states advantage at first, small states larger voice if no one candidate got majority and vote was thrown to House created

Common Sense

influential pamphley, best seller, 120,000 copies why should small body govern larger one?, king=tyrant, "Royal Brute of Great Britain" radical- called for republic

Formal vs Informal Protest

informal- streets, boycotts, Sons and Daughters, Boston Tea Party formal protest- pen/paper, nonimportation agreements, boycotts, petitions, pledges, "Declaration of Rights and Grievances", congresses- less dramatic

Blockade

initially many leaks, tightened up nearly impossible to block all- concentrated on main ports Britain could have run through yet honored it, didn't want to get into war (didn't work out first two times) "running the blockade" (smuggling) was risky but profitable- used Bahamas as points before entering Confederacy, would have Canada as destination and then sneak in to South, Union finally pinched off Southern ports US often boarded British ships for investigation, if they thought goods were destined for South ("ultimately destined") they were seized- British complained but no actions

Union League

initially pro Union league in North freed blacks saw strength in numbers- organized web of clubs- blacks informed of civic duties, built churches, pushed for Republican candidates in elections, sought to solve problems, black militias as defense

Alexander Graham Bell

invented telephone 1876 part time hobby while teaching deaf to speak- whole communication network

"Immortal Trio"

issues increasing--> political compromise needed to avoid violence, California forced all these issues onto Congressional Floor 3 leading senators of past decade, helped preserve Union- Clay, Calhoun, Webster slavery evil but disunion worse

Charles Willson Peale**

known for portraits of George Washington, ran a museum, stuffed birds, practiced dentistry

Trust

large scale business combination ex. Gustavus F Swift, Philip Armour- meat packers/hot dog makers

Battle of Yorktown

last major battle Admiral de Grasse agreed to join Americans in assult on Cornwallis Washington- 300 mile march New York- Yorktown, beset British land with Rochambeau while de Grasse blocked sea Cornwallis surrendered October 19, 1781 fighting continued on- Washington returned to New York to keep eye on British, Patriot/Loyalist in south Washington kept cause alive, army in field, and states together Lord North's ministry fell 1782- Whig ministry replaced

"Gilded Age"

late 1800s, phrase coined by Mark Twain times looked good (gilded) but if scratched below the surface--> problems tight/passionate political races, corruption, shady business deals majority of House switched 6 times,rarely did same party control both houses and white house Republicans hinted back to Puritan ancestry- North and West, (see GAR), thought government should play bigger role Democrats most support from South, Lutherans/Catholics split in Republican Party 1870s-80s- Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling (political machines/spoils system), Half Breeds led by James G Blaine (civil service/merit system) parties agreed on much- tariff, civil service reform, currency- yet much competition, tightly organized, loyalty- difference ethnically/culturally/religiously

Primogeniture**

law declared only eldest sons allowed to inherit estates, younger sons forced to seek fortune elsewhere, bad luck at first but joint stock company was then perfected

Richard Olney

law, supported to help common people, upper class ruined it lawyer, said law could help railroads law gave public image of government regulation but actually didn't do much

California Gold Rush (49ers)

lawless men followed by virtuous women Stutter's Mill- gold discovered 1848, secret out--> gold rush began 1849- "Forty Niners" flooded Cali get rich quick dreams either went bust or led to a constant hard work of moving dirt involved in mining- more people made fortune out of things needed to accompany miners (general stores, lumberyards, bars, barber shops, bakeries, opera houses, etc), spawned small businesses- the ones to profit Cali gained enough people to become state almost overnight, applied to be free state, threatened 15-15 free to slave balance lots of crime- needed government , encouraged by Taylor to draft constitution

Robert de La Salle**

led expedition down Mississippi River 1680, as hedge against Spanish established settlements in Texas around 1716- refugees from Pueblo uprising, few missions established (the Alamo, San Antonio)- Spanish presence weak northeast of Mexico

Stephen Douglas AGAIN

led opposition to Lecompton Constitution (ironic- author of KN act and popular sovereignty) felt election wasn't real popular sovereignty- irregularities of voting, leadership shot down constitution results: a. Democratic Party divided b. Kansas left in limbo- between territory and state c. slavery question still not answered

Assassination Effects

led to struggles for Congress to get power back, arguments with Johnson erased most criticism of him- focused on good, instant martyr- hero, died fighting for nation, freedom of blacks, Southerners glad to get rid of him, however (ironic) things would be tougher for South without him- Lincoln just wanted to bring them back in, Radical Republicans not as forgiving as Lincoln

Ferdinand Magellan**

left Spain 1519 with five ships, beat stormy strait off tip of South America (still has his name), slain by inhabitants of Philippines, remaining vessel back to Spain in 1522- first circumnavigation of the globe

U.S.S. Monitor and C.S.S. Merrimack

legit threat to blockade Merrimack was Ironclad, reconstruction of wooden US war ship- armed with iron and protected from cannon fire destroyed 2 Union ships from Virginia North responded with Monitor- also ironclad battled Chesapeake Bay March 9, 1862- Merrimack chased away, turning point in naval history a. wooden ship days were coming to end b. sailing vessel days changing to steam (coal)

Capture Confederates

liable to charges of treason? during war calls of Davis's arrest- temporarily was imprisoned but him and others were eventually released- no Virginia jury would convict, all leaders pardoned by Johnson 1868 Congress did not remove all disabilities for 30 yrs, restored Davis's citizenship ironically over a century later

Phillis Wheatley**

literature undistinguished but she was exception slave girl- Boston at age 8 and London at age 20 poet- book of verse and other published poems, able to write without formal education

Frederick Douglass

long supported women suffrage but said this was "the Negro's hour"

Confederation

loose union of states with federal and state levels of government, but states had greatest power first American government, stepping stone for Constitution

Peter Stuyvesant**

lost leg as West Indies soldier- "Father Wooden Leg" by Indians, led Dutch military expedition 1655- New Sweden fell and ended after siege, absorbed by New Netherlands

Lee's Reasons For Invading Antietam

lure Border States to South, show they were winning war- it was the right side draw war out of VA during harvest season, couldn't make money due to war victory on Northern soil- boost Southern morale and hurt Northern morale, stir up British support for South General Lee's undoing- first big mistake

Scalawags

lurked, whites sympathetic to North Southern whites accused them of betraying the South

American Federation of Labor (AF of L)

made of small, independent unions started by Samuel Gompers 1886- came to US at 13, wanted more- better wages, shorter hours, better conditions boycott and strike- "we don't patronize" sign on popular businesses, union dues built up funds to see them through strikes skilled craftsmen- unskilled workers not included- too easily replaced, weakened Union- notable difference from latter CIO 500,000 members, criticized as "labor trust"- only 3% of US labor force

Three Sister Farming**

made possible by arrival of maize/beans/squash -beans growing on cornstalks, squash covering planting mounds to retain moisture in soil -rich diet- some of the highest population densities on continent- ex, Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek

Popular Sovereignty

make slavery local issue, power of government is with people the people of a territory should decide on the issue themselves, well liked by politicians, allowed them to take a neutral stand and let the people decide

Hiram Revels

many white Southerners unable to vote (until taking oath of allegiance)- black congressmen began to be elected first black US senator Blanche Bruce served senate in Mississippi white Southerners mad- blacks not only free but serving over whites in US and state congress

John Rolfe**

married Pocahontas as peace settlement, first interracial in VIrginia killed during Indian attacks 1622 "father of robacco industry"/economic savior (see tobacco)

Navigation Laws of 1650

meant to block Dutch from elbowing into American trade, carry out mercantilist ideas -commerce to/from colonies only carried on British ships -Euro goods going to America must first land in Britain- tariffs collected for British profit=higher American price -goods must be counted/take inventory

Ostend Manifesto

meanwhile, Pierce sent delegates to speak with Spain, England, and France in Belgium US would offer $120 mil for Cubs and if Spain rejected the US would be justified in taking Cuba by force free soilers up in arms- slavocracy more real than ever

African Slave Life

millions of slaves- most went to Spanish and Portuguese South America or West Indies but some to America slaves first brought to Jamestown 1619 but few in number- colonists could not afford- but rising wages in England causing the upply of servents to decrease and fear of former servents led to 1680s more black slaves arriving in plantation colonies than white servents -1698- Royal African Company lost monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies, Americans cashed in on trade and supply rose sharply, 1750- half population of Virginia, outnumbered whites 1 to 2 in South Carolina few earliest Africans became free and some even slave owners previously legal definition of slave/master unclear- now law made distinctions, starting Virginia 1662- "slave codes" --> conditions of slavery, blacks and their children property ("chattels") for life of masters, some colonies crime to teach to read or write, not even conversion to Christianity could free slaces *slavery in America: economic reasons --> racial discrimination deepest South- most severe, unhealthy climate, hard labor, rice and indigo, plantation lonely mostly males, only fresh- imports sustained population Chesapeake region- somewhat easier, tobacco, less physically demanding plantation larger and closer to one another, more contact with friends/relatives, 1720 more females made family life possible, Chesapeake population grew through immigration own fertility built country with labor- some artisans- carpenters, brick layers, etc- but mostly sweaty menial tasks- clearing swamps, grubbing trees, etc overall more managable than white indentured servents- no slave rebellion matched scale of Bacon's Rebellion

Cajuns

mix of cultures 1755- Acadians expelled- fled to Louisianna bayous grew sugar cane/sweet potatoes, Roman Catholic, small/secluded some intermarriage with Spanish, French, Germans isolation broke in 1930s- Governor Huey Long built bridges to link bayous- children sent to public schools/French speech restricted

Reconstruction Act of 1867

moderates didn't want to punish as hard- reluctant to let federal government control people's lives plan benefited both groups, possibly more moderate- agreed enfranchisement of blacks was necessary, even if force was needed South in 5 military districts headed by Union general, US soldiers stationed to keep them under control rules for states to be readmitted- accept 14th Amendment, guarantee black suffrage

Benjamin Franklin**

modern minded, representatice American personality born in Boston- arrived in Philadelphia at 17 in 1720 "came to life at seventeen, in Philadelphia" America also coming to life- population growing, transportation and communication improving, British hands off policies=local, governments, own churches, intercolonial trade- thriving away from Britain

Challenges in Forming New Union

more challenging to set up new nation than it was to tear it down- people preaching "natural rights", suspicion of authority, common goal they had during war disappeared desire of states to keep to themselves however American states had somewhat similar governments and great leaders (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton)

Sharecroppers

most blacks only options farmed land they didn't own, heft fees to landlords during harvest time created perpetual debt for blacks- never get out of system, "freed" blacks farmed same land for same men as before war

Freedman's Reaction to Emancipation

most stayed on plantation, fled north, or sought freedom legally, sometimes violence slaves emancipated than recaptured, inconsistent- NC slaves "celebrated freedom twelve times" blacks from TX fleeing to liberated county attacked by slaveowners, hanged some protested legally- slavery lawful until state congresses or Supreme Court declared it not, slaves had to break free of chains themselves complex slave/master relationship- loyalty to owners, other slaves violent during emancipation, joined Union armies in pillaging master's possessions, group of Virginia slaves whipped master owners forced to recognize emancipation- freed slaves often still stayed, some took to roads- test freedom, search for separated families, left to work in towns and cities, whole communities moved together "Exodusters", search of better life church focus/main pillar- own churches/ministers, Methodists quadrupled in size, grew quickly, rise to mutual aid societies education- established societies for self improvement, purchase land/build schools/fire teachers, needed help from Northern white teachers (American Missionary Association), did not become reality- discrimination and economic resources held blacks out

Copper Heads

most vicious Lincoln opponents- "struck at Lincoln's heels" came from "Butternut Region"- southern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio

Profiteers

mostly merchants- sold to British for better pay, gold not paper, Bostonians made profits while Americans froze and starved

Election of 1872

nasty but colorful- both candidates politically unqualified Greely called atheist, communist, free lover, vegetarian, brown bread eater, co-signor of Davis's bail bond, Grant called drunk, ignorant, swindler, drunk ignoramus Grant won 286 to 66 Liberal Republicans scared Congress into passing reforms, clean house before thrown a. amnesty act- removed restrictions on many Southerners, b. effort to reduce tariff rates, c. clean up/out Grant administration- appointed or hired by other people

Southern Economy

naval blockade locked them down, could not export cotton- stopped income of money and cut off customs duties, stopped income of food/weapons inflation insane- worse than Union, 9000% in South- only 80% up North used bonds and taxes but were not effective- state righters opposed

John D Rockefeller

nearly monopolize oil, Standard Oil Company used horizontal integration- force competitor out of business or buy them out standard controlled 90-95% of US oil, ruthless --> "let us prey" interlocking directorates- men placed on board of directors for "competitors", cooperate with competitors, not compete at first oil open to all- took over, eventually sold 95% of all oil criticized for being ruthless, used horizontal integration, drove competitors out "undercutting"- charged less for oil than market price, drove competitors down economies of scale- large companies produce cheaper product, more pressure on underdog

"Jeremiad"**

new form of sermon, from Old Testament prophet Jeremiah preachers scolded church goers for decline of religious intensity

Gospel of Wealth

new vision on wealth- some (Rockefeller) thought wealth was from God, similar to divinity of monarchs Gospel said rich had moral duty to spread wealth

California/Mission Indians

no serious foreign threat to West/California- Spain explored belatedly, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo- explored California coast 1542- failed to find San Francisco Bay or anything important 1769- missionaries led by Father Junipero Serra founded mission at San Diego- chain of missions later wound up as far as Sonoma, Christianized natives, gathered them into missions and taught horticulture and basic crafts- many died from disease

Black Women

no tangible gains- participated though support at parades, rallies, church events, conventions

Republican Nomination 1860

nominated Lincoln, passed up on William Seward (better choice but too many enemies), strategy to win election without a single Southern vote successful in bringing together group including free soilers (stopping slavery expansion), manufacturers (higher tariff), immigrants (rights), Westerners (Northwestern railroad), farmers (cheap homestead land) at the time Lincoln war not an abolitionist- just a free soiler- stop spread of slavery only

Mayflower Compact**

not constitution- agreement to form crude government and submit to will of majority under agreed regulations signed by 41 adult males, 11 title of "mister" examples for future constitutions, step toward self-government, own laws made in open discussion meetings (males)

American Revolution Effects

not true revolution- accelerated evolution changes in social customs, political institutions, society, government, gender roles equality- reduced property holding requirements for voting, ridiculed Army hereditary order (Society of the Cincinnati), trade organizations, removal of medieval inheritance laws, Mrs. and Mr. used for common people slavery- challenge institution, Quakers established first antislavery society, stop of slave trade, Congress called for abolition 1774, most northern states abolished or supported gradual emancipation (not south of Pennsylvania), free and enslaved blacks discriminated against, laws against intermarriage women- some served in revolution disguised as men, New Jersey enabled them to vote for some time in 1774, but still did traditional work (see republican motherhood)

"Radical Whigs"

of England- influenced America, feared monarchy's oppression of liberties, attacks on patronage and bribery by king's ministers, attack on nepotis by king- against corruption and loss of earned rights/liberties

John Calvin/Calvinism**

of Geneva, somber/severe religious leader elaborated Luther's ideas, affected thoughts/character of future Americans- Calvinism dominant credo of New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed Church basic doctrine in Latin tome 1536- "Institutions of the Christian Religion", God all powerful, all good (humans wicked due to original sin), and all knowing (see Predestination)

Georgia

officially founded 1733- last of 13 colonies -intended as "buffer"- protect Carolinas from Spaniards in Florida and French in Louisianna, when war broke out between England and Spain in Europe- only colony granted subsides (vital imperial defense) -launched by philanthropists- protect neighbors, produce silk and wine, haven for people imprisoned for debt -melting pot- German Lutherans and Scots Highlanders, religious tolerance for all Christians besides Catholics, missionaries arrived to work among Indians and debtors (John Wesley- returned to England, founded Methodist church) -grew slowly, least populous colony, plantation economy restricted by unhealthful climate, early restrictions on black slavery, and Spanish attacks

Southern Statues

on solid ground: president was a Virginian slave owner born/raised in Louisiana, though outnumbered in House had equality in Senate- block any unwanted laws, Constitution favored south (Dred Scott) still felt under attack: Cali admission as a free state threatened balance, Texas had disputed region- NM/CO/WY, Northerners pushing to abolish slavery in DC, runaway slaves, Fugitive Slave Law supposed to get runaway slaves back to south- not being done, took as personal offense

Smallpox**

one of many diseases brought by Europeans -Old World diseases had disappeared from Americas but so had protective antibodies, Indianas devastated and died in droves- 90% of population perished and entire cultures and ways of life destroyed forever, spread beyond human invaders (enslavement and aggression took toll but biggest effect caused by germs)- never matched in human history -angry/confused/vengeful Indians- slaves sometimes kneaded blood into masters' bread with little effect -Indians did infect early explorers with syphilis- brought back to England

Senator Charles Sumner

one of the most disliked senators, speech titled "The Crime Against Kansas" tension/passion from Kansas seen in Congress- northern abolitionist, graphically criticized a SC congressmen Andrew Butler (one of the most liked)

Antifederalists

opposed strong central government, did not want constitution ratified Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee primarily state's right devotees, backcountry dwellers, farmers, poor some debtors- central government would force them to pay off debt, constitution scheme to take power from common people, written entirely by aristocrats feared for individual rights- no bill of rights, riddance of annual elections, formation of standing army

Renaissance

optimism, adventure, and knowledge needed for exploration inventions: printing presses to spread knowledge, cimpass

Industrial Lifestyle

overall standard living rose- Jefferson vs Hamilton dispute over Hamilton won, big business lifestyle changed- farmers who worked until dark changed to factory workers who labored constantly society from self employed farmers to employed wage workers flooded American market- business looked overseas, imperialism would follow rise of industry- rise of factory workers, a. actually jobs, b. standard of living rose negatives- immigration increasing, wages cheap, easy to replace workers

Depression of 1893

overbuilding/speculation, labor disorders agricultural depression first recession/depression during industrial age, completed almost predictable cycle of panics (about every 20 years)

Drawbacks of Railroads

overoptimism communities gave all they had on railroad line to increase value of town, tracks were laid that went from "nowhere to nothing"--> bankruptcy

Panic of 1873

overspending with borrowed money, in railroads and factories, growth too fast, over extended market same causes as cycle of panics: a. overspeculation/ spending- this time in shares/ownership of companies/factories/railroads, b. credit given by banks too easily banks/businesses going bankrupt, snowballed some financial institutions only worked with one race- blacks hit especially hard, last to be hired, Freedman's Savings and Trust Co bankrupt, lost $7 mil in savings hit debtors hard- wanted inflationary prices, wanted paper money printed to create inflation and make it easier to pay off debts- strategy called soft money or cheap money policy bankers/wealthy supported hard money policy- keep amount of money stable, backed by gold, hike up inflation to pay debt would be unfair, paid back money not as valuable as when it was lent Grant vetoed bill to print more money- would hurt value of economy

Personal Liberty Laws

passed by North in response- hampered enforcement stated stated local officials didn't have to chase and return fugitive slaves outraged that law was not enforced or ignored, supposed to be major measure of compromise but seemed to be thrown out the window

Ben Franklin/John Adams/John Jay

peace negotiations at Paris instructions from Congress- make no separate peace/consult with French at all stages France scheme to keep up new republic east of Alleghenies, promote French interests/policy, French promise to deliver British holding to Spain John Jay unwilling to play France's game- thought France was about to betray America to satisfy Spain, separate overture to London preliminary treaty 1782, final peace 1783

Olive Branch Petition

peace symbol sent by congress July 1775- professed loyalty to crown, begged king for peace King George III against reconciliation after Bunker Hill- August 1775 proclaimed colonists rebels- higher than treason

Squanto**

peaceful Wamponoag, spoke English (kidnapped by ship's captain), helped start cultural accomodation- chieftan Massasoit signed treaty with Pilgrims 1621, celebrated first Thanksgiving together

Anthony Burns

personified the law, runaway slaves- captured and tried because of PLL violent protests eventually brought him out of slavery, went to college, became preacher

Economic Benefits of Railroads

physically linked nation, psychological impacted view of country greatest impact business/industrialization East/West markets linked, investors could put money in new markets, travel easier, wide open West open for settlement, farmers out west and ore mined shipped back east cities boomed in West- Chicago, Eastern cities bought from West, provide food, supplies millionaires created land- Midwest plains became cornfields, buffalo started to die off

Relations with North Africa (pirates)

pirates (Dey of Algiers) ravaging American Meditteranean commerce and enslaving Yankee sailors Britain had paid "bully money" for protection, America too weak to fight and too poor to bribe

British in South Carolina and Georgia/General Nathaniel Greene

plan to roll up colonies starting in South- Georgia 1778-1779, South Carolina 1780- bigger loss to America than Saratoga was to British Carolinas- Patriots fought loyalists, murder, 1780-1781 Americans wiped out British detachment at King's Mountain and later Crowpens, Carolina campaign Greene- 1781, "Fighting Quaker", delayed by standing and then retreating, exhausted General Charles Cornwallis, lost battles but won campaigns- cleared South Carolina of British

Fourteenth Amendment

planned to pass Civil Rights Bill by this, passed by Congress and sent to states civil rights and citizenship for freedmen (no right to vote), cut state Congressional reps if blacks were denied voting disqualified Confederate leaders from federal office guaranteed federal debt and repudiating state debt ratified 1868- Rads weren't happy right to vote wasn't included, but all Repubs agreed sates shouldn't be let back in Union without accepting amendment 1866- Congress and Johnson butted heads- 10% plan and black codes at odds along with Freedman's Bureau and Civil Rights Bill (vetoed both), Congress determined to go ahead only w 14th Amendment

Delegate Opinions

preserve republic over democracy, wanted revolutionary idealism to become a stable political structure maintain "runaway democracy" (states had too much power) economically- sound money, private property politically- strong government, three branches, checks and balances, manhood suffrage 1. federal chief justices appointed for life 2. electoral college buffer between people and presidency 3. senators elected by educated state legislatures, not common people 4. only position voters actually voted for was House

George Grenville

prime minister, enforced Navigation Laws**, Sugar/Quartering/Stamp Act thought it was only fair- pay for own defense, same as Englishmen acts caused defendents in admirality courts

James Madison

profound student of government, "Father of Constitution"

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians- meant to settle Indian problem Americans angered- birthrate/earned by war ("didn't we just fight a war to win this land?") went west anyway

Kansas Nebraska Act

proposed by Douglas, ruined 1820 and 1850 compromises organize Kansas and Nebraska- move railroad up North Southerners wouldn't do without something in return- a. North got railroad, Kansas and Nebraska officially organized as territories, b. South awarded popular sovereignty in Kansas/Nebraska, slavery likely in Kansas Southerners happy- possibility of slavery open to new lands, slavocracy theorist said "There goes the South again, always trying to get more slave land" Northerners angry- saw Douglas as traitor- issue of slavery in west might not be important to him but it was to them, Douglas did not predict such an impact despite disagreement, repealed Missouri Compromise and opened Kansas/Nebraska to popular sovereignty

William Clark Quintrill

proslavery hoodlums shot up/burnt down free-soil Lawrence

Radical Republicans

punish South for war Lincoln believed Confederates never truly seceded- Radical Republicans believed they did Lincoln wanted back ASAP- Radicals wanted to punished relieved when Lincoln died- thought Johnson would be better but sike

Lee's Seven Day Battle

pushed McClellan back to sea- major win tens of thousands of casualties, McClellan demoted, Union failure if Union had won- probably would have been reunited with out abolishing slavery

Wade Davis Bill

rammed through 1864 required 50 % of voters to take allegiance oath stricter safeguards of emancipation Lincoln "pocket vetoed"- Republicans furious, differences between President and Congress Congress thought seceded states were no longer Republican states and could be admitted only as "conquered provinces"

Colonial Attack on Quebec

reasons: belief that conquered French were danger under British yoke, add 14th colony, deprive British of base for attacking colonies large scale- 2000 troops- proved colonists not just fighting defensively General Richard Montgomery up Lake Champlain, captured Montreal General Benedict Arnold- poor/starving men, joined Montgomery at Quebec attack beaten off, Montogomery killed, Arnold injured, retreat up St Lawrence

Jefferson Davis

recent Mississippi senator, West Pointer, military experience elected as president of Confederacy, former cabinet member- administrative experience

Liberal Republican Party

reformers to help corruption and end military reconstruction, "Turn the Rascals Out" nominated Horace Greely, editor of New York Tribune, notoriously unsound in political judgement Democrats also endorsed Greely- eager to gain office, lambasted Democrats through paper, yet soft on Southern reconstruction which Democrats liked

Boycotts/Non Importation Agreements

refusal to buy British goods against British goods (homespun), protests, consumer boycotts/petitions enforced by Sons and Daughters of Liberty, harmed merchants/manufacturers/shippers economic pressure on Britain

Quebec Act of 1774

regarded as response to tea party, benefit of French Canadians guaranteed French Canadian Catholicism- threat to largely Protestant America could retain old customs/institutions (no assemblies/trials- trial without jury in French Canada threat to Americans) boundaries of Quebec extended to Ohio River- French permitted there but British colonists not (Proclamation Line of 1763) French favored, Americans hated

Paine's Republicanism

reject monarchy/hierarchies government power comes from consent of people idea since Ancient Greek/Rome, barely survived with British government, appealed to politicians critical of king, appealed to Americans who felt oppressed seen in America- town meetings, committees of correspondance, absence of hierarchy "civic virtue"- sacrifice self interest to common collective good some Patriots disagreed to radicalism- favored rule by "natural aristocracy" conservative, feared for stability of social order

Pequot Slaughter/War**

relations confrontational in CT Valley, erupted 1637 Pequots powerful- English and Narragansett allies beseiged Pequot village in Mystic River, set fire to wigwams and shot survivors- finish to war and killed tribe, decades of uneasy peace

Qualifications for Voting**

religious and property requirements, stricter for holding office upper class fearful of allowing lower class- but ease of acquiring land made property rights not far beyond reach of most eligable voters often didn't vote- let their "betters" lead but reserved right to vote misbehaving governors out

Frederick the Great of Germany

repelled French, Austrian and Russian armies while outnumbered London unable to send reinforcements- gave him gold

13th Amendement

right after war, freed slaves if Proclamation were legal, this wouldn't be needed

Franchise**

right to vote franchise extended to all freeman upon arrival, women and unchurched men votelessprovincially- 2/5 adult males voted in provincial affairs (more than in England) town government more inclusive- all male property owners (occasionally other residents also) could publically discuss and vote on local issues (majority rules)

Transportation in Colonies

roads-- not until 1700s, dirt, deficient, nine days trabel from Boston-Philly, news took long time to spread dusty in summer/muddy in winter, stage coach dangers of fallen trees, rickety bridges, carriage overturns, and runaway horses waterways-- people clustered around navigable rivers, slow but cheap/pleasant taverns-- along main routes, bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, gambling, all social classes, gossip and rumors, political talk and public opinions, politicians often had large alehouse fraternity postal service-- still provate couriers, mail slow and infrequent, sometimes read by carriers when bored

Depression of 1786

rock bottom economically, Americans could not compete with British prices

Privy Council

royal assembly- could veto laws made by colonists NO American representatives

Plutocracy

rule by rich plutocrats, 1800s- replaced slavocracy since only Congress could regulate trade big businesses were unregulated, could bribe state legislators to vote probusiness corporate lawyers used 14th Amendment to benefit were unregulated, could bribe state as legal people with full citizenship

King Louis XIV

ruled 1643-1715 vainglorious, glittering court, fluttering mistresses deep interest in New World colonies- wanted more

Black Codes

sanctioned by Johnson regulate freed blacks- tie blacks to white employers Mississippi first law November 1865- other states followed, varied in severity by state ensure stable labor force- labor contract for same employer for certain time period, required to work at low wages, leaving before tie was up could be fined discriminatory- banned from juries, renting land, punished for "idleness", not allowed to vote is this different from slavery?- black life essentially same- crippled blacks economically, became sharecroppers- did North die in vain?

Beecher Family

saw religion as fundamental to reform temperance, perfectionism, women's rights, against nativism, abolitionists Godly life- improving world

Francis Drake

sea dog- returned to England 1580 with Spanish booty, pettled profits to financial backers- one secretly Elizabeth, knighted on deck of ship

Resumption Act

second hard money victory start to a. lower the number of greenbacks in circulation- create more value b. redeem paper money at face value starting 1879, wanted to give it value- backed w gold

Underground Railroad

secret route from "station to station" (antislavery homes), led slaves to North and Canada, led by abolitionists Harriet Tubman- "conductor", escaped slave, returned to South several times to lead runaway slaves to freedom, helped 300+ escape bigger issue of principle than theft- South mad at Northern superior attitude

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence**

see New England Confederation colonists were semiautonomous commonwealths, little attention to them during 1640s civil wars Charles II restored to throne 1660- royalists in saddle, Puritanism died down, plans to actively manage colonists went against colonist's habits of independence King's agent in Boston saw royal orders had little effect especially in Bay Colony- as punishment to Bay Colony 1662 charter granted to CT for sea to sea grant (squatters legalized), RI given charter with kingly sanction, Bay Colony charter revoked 1684

Colonial Melting Pot

see Pennsylvania Dutch and Scots Irish -French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scots- Highlanders -- all little loyalty to Britain -largest non-English group- African, 90% in south, 1775 20% of population -13 colonies mostly Anglo Saxon but more mixed than anywhere else in the world -South displayed black-and-white racial composition, New England least diverse, middle colonies especially Pennsylvania most immigrants and variety of people -intermingled/married, foundation for new multicultural American identity -African American community- more varied than anywhere in Africa -Indians- gathered in New England "praying towns" to be Christianized, Great Lake Villages (Detroit) dozens of different natives peoples, boundaries of individual tribes blurred

Howe's Philadelphia Campaign

seemed obvious he should start up Hudson to join colleague, instead embarked for attack on Philadelphia- force engagement with Washington/destroy/leave path open for Burgoyne- mistake

Gettysburg Address

seen as silly by London and Democrats autumn- Lincoln returned to give speech a. rally troops, b. boost morale, c. assert that men hadn't died in vain

George Rogers Clark

seizing forts by surprise, floated down Ohio River, captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Vinceness - America had land all the way to Mississippi because of his victories

George Washington (chapter 8)

selected by congress almost unanimously as head of army beseiging Boston dignified Virginian planter, never above colonel and never led more than 1200- short of military genius leadership and strength of character, patience, courage, self discipline, justice, moral force > military mind serving without pay but expense account of over $100,000 trusted- distrust of New England army, prudance appealed to Virginian leaders, being wealthy proved he was not just seeking fortune

Episcopal Church

separation of church and state pushed, Congregational Church continued legally established, Anglican disestablished (no loger supported by taxes) Anglican Church reformed as Episcopal- separate American identity from England

Spanish Conquistadores**

service of god and in search of gold and glory, across Caribbean and into mainland Americas -Moorish city of Granada fell 1492- Muslims drove out and reconquest created obsession with status and honor and new class of restless men bored of normal jobs who turned to new world fronteir -first wanted sea route to Asia but then learned of rich kingdoms, two areas of conquest- one Cuba--> Mexico--> USA and one Paama--> Peru, extinguished Aztec and Incan empires, territory from Colorado to Argentina -ten thousand men organized into private expeditions (see Spanish Colonization)- contracts from monarchs, money from investors, recruited army -small minority nobles- half sailors and soldiers, rest peasants, artisans, and middle class, 20s-30s, could wield swords -some hoped for royal titles and favors, some to spread Christianity, some to escape past, some for adventure- all lust for gold -horses, gunpowder, and disease over powered Indians, but few received nobility, remained in debt to investors, spoils unevenly divided, replaced in New World by colonial administrators -married Indian women, connected European and Indian heritage culturally and biologically- see mestizos

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

setup Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed rebates and pools required rates to be published, banned charging low rates for the long haul (to big businesses) and higher rates for short haul (small farmers who shipped small quantities) showed importance of capitalism to Congress/US resources (coal, iron, oil) being exploited, immigrants did major work

3/5 Compromise

should slaves count toward population in representation? south said yes, north said no (not citizens) each slave counted as 3/5 of a person all constitutions except Georgia forbade overseas slave trade delegates agreed for states to halt slave importation after 1807, hollow measure- slavery had become self-sufficient and slave importation wasn't really needed anyway

Evolution of Railroads

skyrocketed, 35,000 miles --> 192,000 from 1865-1900, west of Mississippi Congress gave millions of acres to railroad companies- total greater than Texas, in checkerboard, valued increased because it was next to railroads- profit, tracks not profitable through rural areas- must be built up, gave companies money loans giving land to railroads unfair- Cleveland felt so too ended system and opened lands to settlement other said railroads gave land value, value to nation crucial

Southern Social Structure**

slavery spread- gaps in social structure, defied hiearchy of wealth/status wealth, prestige, and political power 1. planters (see "planter's aristocracy") 2. small farmers- modesr plots, maybe 1-2 slaves, ragged existence 3. landless whites- unlucky indentured servents 4. servents- still serving terms of indenture 5. black slaves- abused, oppressed

"Middle Passage"**

slaves same from West African coast, captured by African social tribes, traded to European/American merchants branded/bound on sweltering ships on "passage"- death rates as high as 20% survivors of passage on auction blacks in ports like Newport and Charleston- giant slave market

War of Jenkins Ear

small, British captain Jenkins had one ear sliced off by Spanish revenue authorities war 1739 between British and Spaniards, Caribbean Sea and Georgia (James Oglethorp)

Southern Attitude to Compromise

some Southerners hated compromise and union, still against yet it prevailed threats of Texas to seize Santa Fe 1850- Southern extremists met in Nashville, for slavery, against compromise- ineffective

Northern Democrats

split, leader Stephen Douglas died- "War Democrats" supported Lincoln and war, "Peace Democrats" opposed Lincoln ("Illinois Ape") and his "N*gger War" Lincoln dragging out war to get Congress to pass 13th Amendment before war ended

Sedition

spoken or written words that provoke uprising

McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

sponsored by Ohio William McKinley (Repub) hiked rates to about 48% highest peacetime rate ever double edged sward: business people loved protection, farmers disliked that manufactured goods were more expensive- still had to sell agricultural goods in unprotected markets

How African Culture Influenced the Colonies**

stable and distinctive slave culture, mix of American and African speecgm religion, and folkways Gullah- unique language on islands off coast of South Carolina, blended English with many African languages- Yoruba, Iba, Hausa- African words into American speech- goober, gumbo, voodoos ringshout- West African religious dance, shuttling in circle while answering preacher's shouts, eventually contributed to jazz, banjo and bongos also African ---- Makers of America: struggled to preserve heritage, children melded African traditions- Guinean, Iba, Yoruba, Angolan- into Africa-American- *unique* African traditions in New World- handicrafts and skills in many trades, languages, music, cuisine, planting techniques- rice paddies introduced rice int English diet most became Christians with elements of African tradition, drew own conclusions from scripture, African definition of heaven as place of reunion with ancestors, own African remnants onto Christian ritual- ringshout, religious songs w hidden messages about escape/rebellion, American music born in slave quarters (jazz)

Maize/Corn**

staff of life, foundation of large civilizations, agriculture is key to size and sophistication of societies -hunters/gatherers in Mexico develop grass into stable crop of corn, spread across America from Mexican heartland- created agricultural villages -molded Pueblo culture, other peoples developed large settlements after incorporation- timing of corn's arrival explains relative rates of development (north and east of Pueblos less developed socially)

Fort Sumter, SC

start of Civil War, island fort mouth of Charleston Harbor, South had seized US arsenals, mints, etc Northern fort, supplies running low, surrounded by Southerners--> replenish supplies or would have to join Confederate Lincoln sent ship to supply, PROVISIONS not REINFORCEMENTS- before it arrived South saw as aggressive, opened fire April 12, 1861 shelled over for a day- forced to surrender Lincoln response- "call to arms", called for 75,000 military volunteers, ordered naval blockade of Southern ports (remained until war ended)

New Jersey

started 1664 Duke of York gave area to proprietors, New Englanders moved there overtime, East Jersey given to group of Quakers 1674, West also later acquired by Quakers, 1702 both combined into royal colony

Central Pacific Railroad

started in Cali, pushed East, Sacramento- Sierra Nevada Leland Stanford- lead of "Big Four"- financial backers headed up the railroad efforts from Cali, good profits w/o corruption, bribe free Chinese laborers did most work

"Drake's Folly"

started oil boom in Penn, kerosene had mini boom but short- replaced by electricity foreshadow age of oil, international combustion engine being perfected

Nation State**

state with common identity/culture/goals etc -did not exist in Native American society outside of Mexico and Peru, made European conquering easier

Economic Changes after Revolution

states seized forer crown lands, loyalist holdings confiscated and redistributed, economic democracy spread commerce/trade with England stopped (negative bc they were their top partner, positive because it forced American industry to get started although 90% of Americans were farmers), ships barred from Britain and British West Indies trade with new countries opened up- Baltics and China

Molasses Act of 1733**

strains in commerce system, fast growing America demanded more British goods but growing Britain didn't need American goods- how could colonists make money for British goods? foreign markets tobacco in France and other Europeans countries, crucial West Indies purchse of timber and foodstuffs provided cash for colonists to get goods from Britain Molasses Act- Parliament stopped trade with French West Indies (pressure from British West Indies planters), damaged North American trade/standard of living, bribing and smuggling against it

John Wilkes Booth

struggling actor, believed he had vendetta- truly hated Lincoln, thought he killed states/economic rights Lincoln assassinated few days after South's surrender shot in head while attending play at Ford's Theater, Washington

Comte de Rochambeau

summer 1780- commander of French army, arrived Newport RI- 6000 toops Anericans suspicious of French but moral boosted

Nicaragua

summer 1856, Southerner William Walker tried to take over Nicaragua sort of did so, backed by force mostly from South, named self president, legalized slavery, wished for Pierce to annex Nicaragua reclaimed land and executed him

Loyalists/Tories

supported staying loyal to Britain, 50000 fought with Britain- volunteered- armed, spies, incited Indians, kept Patriots at home tragic figures- loyalty usually regarded as virtue, would have been rewarded and not punished like Patriots if Britain had won people of education, wealth, culture, older people, conservative, included king's officers, Anglican clergy (loyalty was found where Anglican church was) saw Patriots as "brutes" and "lawless mobs"- break with Britain would cause anarchy, Americans weak against British anyway- logical veterans of Seven Year's War, recent immigrants from non-English regions of British isles, ethnic minorities (hoped for religious freedom or release from slavery under Britain) punished after war- arrest, exile, confiscation of land- some fled to Britain/Canada, many sayed and became Americans

Cahokia**

sustained larger settlements after incorporation of corn (along with mound Builders and Anasazi- elaborate pueblo with over 600 rooms at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) -home to up to 25,000 people, first millenium CE, Mississippian- near present day East St Louis

Lincoln Inauguration

sworn in March 4, 1861- half finished capitol building represented disunified nation goal to bring union back together- division impossible a. geographically- no mountain ranges/rivers to separate them b. if South left how much national debt would they assume and what would happen with runaway slaves? c. Europe would have loved to see America weakened- pin sides against each other, break Monroe Doctrine

Crispus Attucks

symbol of independence from slave to freeman to martyr first killed in massacre, runaway "mulatto", leader of mob

Election of 1888

tariff issue full of steam, first major issue between parties in long time Cleveland up for reelection by Democrats, Benjamin Harrison up as Republican Harrison won very close race, 233 to 168, Cleveland won popular Cleveland first president voted out of office since Van Buren grandson of Tippecanoe

Tariff of 1857

tariff rate also went up- previously had been reduced to 20% due to Southern complaints, new land sent them back tariff of 1857- lowest since 1812- North furious, Treasury surplus diminishing, Republican issue for 1860- protection and farmland

Tea Tax

tea tax not repealed from Townsend Acts by 1773- nonimportation weakening, more paying the tax (cheaper)- East India Company then forcing bankruptcy, given complete monopoly of American tea business - cheaper but Americans thought it was a trick (principal > price) British enforced law- Philadelphia/New York- forced full ships to return to England, Anapolis- burned cargo/vessels, South Carolina- officials seized tea after merchants refused to accept

Gen Joseph Hooker

then in charge, defeated at Chancellorville, VA Lee outnumbered and outmaneuvered Hooker- split up forces, sent Stonewall around to attack flanks Jackson wounded by own men, died later General Lee's most impressive win, Hooker badly beaten

Gen George Meade

then placed in charge, Lee invaded North, met Meade in Gettysburg, PA

Election of 1856

three candidates Democrats chose James Buchanan- Pennsylvania lawyer, considerable experience, but not affiliated with KN act- no enemies Republicans chose John C Fremont- not experienced but also no enemies, "Pathfinder", Hero of Mexican War American Party (Know Nothings)- threatened to cut Republican strength, anti immigrant party, name from responding with "I know nothing" when asked if affiliated with party, nominated Fillmore ugly- mudslinging, charges of conspiracy/scandal, Fremont accused of being Catholic Buchanan won- perhaps all for better, doubts about Fremont's judgement and honesty, Fremont's judgement/ability had come into question, loss opened door for Lincoln four years later, Fremont was no Lincoln- could not have handled disunion (South had threatened to secede if republicans won)

Social Darwinism

took Darwin's idea of survival of the fittest from biology to society certain people were at top because they were the best at that industry Russell Conwell- Reverend, promoted Social Darwinism, rich himself while delivering sermon "Acres of Diamonds", people earn their lots in life, good or bad

Robert E Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson

top of Southern excellent leadership (Lee originally command of North but went with VA when it seceded) above Northern generals, military tradition produced strong lower rank of officers as well

"Planter's Aristocracy"**

top of social hiearchy of wealth/status owning slaves and lots of land, ruled the economy, monopolized politics extended clans- Fitzhughs, Lees, Washingtons- possessed real estate, dominated House of Burgesses, 70% leaders of Virginia legislature came from families established before 1690- "first families of Virginia"/"FFVs" eventually built riverfront manors, rode to the hounds, learned arts, libraries- but for the most part hard work, labored long hours, problems with unruly ervents (drunk, etc), businesslike

French and Indian War/Seven Year's War

touched off by Washinton in Ohio Valley- then widened into world conflict- America, Europe, West Indies, Phillipines, Africa, ocean Europe: Britain, Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, Russia France used energy in Europe- weak in America

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

tougher "The Bloodhound Bill" a. runaway slaves weren't given "due process" rights if caught- couldn't testify, dangerous precedent for North b. officials that handled the case received $5 for freeing the slaves and $10 for declaring slave, c. officials were demanded to catch runaway slaves despite their personal opinion, those who aided slaves could be fined/jailed most controversial measure- North hated being forced to catch slaves

Transcontinental Railroad

transportation bad, difficult to get to Cali and Oregon- needed to link East and West North and South clamored to have line built in their region (prestige, financial success, wealth, population, tourism, small businesses) South currently losing economic race Southern route chosen as best a. land organized- Indian attacks could be repelled by army, b. geography- plan to go South of Rocky Mountains, cheaper- flatter land, wouldn't have to cut through mountains problem- portion of land went through Mexico

Iroquois

treaty of Paris/Spanish and French removal deprived Iroquois/Creek/interior tribes of ability to pin Europeans against each other and had to negotiate only with Britain- not friendly

Literacy Tests

tricks to keep blacks from voting keep illiterate blacks from voting, however illiterate whites were kept out too "understanding clauses" and "grandfather clauses"- whites would understand something read to them while blacks might not, anyone whose grandfather voted could vote too- whites grandfathered in but blacks not

Democratic Nomination 1860

tried and failed to nominate at convention in Charleston, SC- split over slavery issue Northern Democrats had convention in Baltimore and nominated Douglas with popular sovereignty position Southern Democrats- own Baltimore convention and nominated Breckenridge with pro-slavery position

First and Second Battles of Saratoga

turning point- revived colonial cause, colonial made possible aid from France First- September Americans crushed Green Mountain Boys began sending reinforcements, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Vermont, etc sent reinforcements- banning together Second- October Burgoyne forced to surrender entire command October 17, 1777

Columbian Exchange**

two ecosystems (New and Old World) commingled and clashed, exchange of food, crops, goods, disease (see smallpox) etc -New World gave: "exotic beasts" (iguanas, rattlesnakes, etc), plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, etc- revolutionized economy and European diet, fed rapid population growth of Old World and caused African population growth that (numerically not morally) cancelled out loss by slave trade -Old World gave: crops and animals, Columbus returned to Hispaniola with 12 hundred men and cattle/swine/horses that spread through North America and transformed any Indian tribes into mobile/wide raanging hunter societies, also brought sugarcane seedlings which thrived in Caribbean and caused "sugar revolution" in European diet and forced migration of millions of African slaves -unwittingly brought by dust and dirt on clothes: seeds- bluegrass, dandelions, daisies, germs- smallpox (see card), yellow fever, malaria

"Wedding of the Rails"

two locomotives on two tracks transcontinental railroad completed 1869 near Ogden, UT gold spike in track symbolize- nation now connected from coast to coast Stanford welded steel sledgehammer

Boston Massacre of 1770

two regiments Boston 1768- drunk, profane, colonists taunted March 5, 1770- about 60 townspeople harrasses about 10 soldiers, fired/killed 11 "innocents"

Transcontinental Railroads

ultimate goal, coast to coast build in North or South? South seceded- North gets railraod

King George III

unconcerned attempt to assert power, surrounded with "yes men" good man bad ruler- earnest, industrious, stubborn, lust for power

National Labor Union

unions grew in number after war, 1866- lasted 6 years 600,000 members, skilled/unskilled/farmers blacks and women scarce- Chinese not allowed goals were: a. arbitration (settlement by mediator) of worker complaints, b. 8 hour workday (for government workers) ruined by 1873 Depression

Cleveland and Lower Tariff

unusual budget surplus problem- couldn't justify government profiting off people by taking more than they needed- would also mean lower consumer prices and less protection for monopolies two ways to remove surplus: a. increase spending by inventing new things, b. taking in less by cutting taxes- took option b, industrialists opposed surplus money came from high tariff that people wanted lowered, businesses benefited from inflated foreign prices from tax- wanted to keep it high asked Congress to reduce tariff- divisive issue, Democrats wanted lower tariff, Republicans wanted higher, Republicans built up "war chest" for next campaign

Technological Advances

used steel not iron rails- stronger, lasted longer, didn't rust, economical standardized gauge (distance between tracks) Westinghouse Airbrake- 1870s, efficiency, safety Pullman Palace Cars- "gorgeous traveling hotels", 1860s, with kerosene lamps- some thought dangerous, daily tragedies/accidents- despite safety devices (telegraph, double tracking, black signal)

Grand of Army of Republicans (GAR)

veteran group that supported Republicans, wanted military pensions to veterans

Corruption

via railroad promoters not paying bonds fully back, monopolies/scandals meddle w stock prices corrupt judges

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

violence, law into own hands- "Liberty, property, and no stamps" enforced nonimportation agreements- tar and feathers anonimously ransacked British official's home, confiscated money, stamp agent/tax collector effegies

Draft

volunteers plentiful early on- initial plan only to use volunteers, when war continued, enthusiasm dropped- draft started in North South started in South first (lower numbers)- those with 20+ slaves exempt, "a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight", Why sacrifice their lives for their neighbors slaves? North- Congress allowed rich to buy exemption for $300, poor person had to take places, protested- especially in North, NYC riot 1863 over draft, poor Irish often drafted 90% of Union soldiers volunteers- patriotism, pressure, and bonuses (many rigged to get multiple bonuses by signing up multiple times)

Shay's Rebellion

wake up call to nation western Massachusetts 1786 backcountry farmers losing farms through foreclosures /taxes/issues over farmland mortgages- inability to get land Led by Captain Shays (veteran- not paid for service)- demanded paper money, lightertaces, suspension of property takeovers authorities raised small army with support of wealthy- movement collapsed, Shay arrested and condemned to death but pardoned impact- fear of violence lived on, paranoia motivated desire for a stronger central government

Northern Economic Boom

war boom for business manufacturers/businessmen benefited- millionaire class born "profiteers" scammed government with shoddy goods new machinery benefited production- standardized clothing sizes born, harvest of crops by mechanical reapers, all discovered in Pennsylvania

Buchanan's Response to Secession

weak actions, little or nothing to stop slaves from leaving, surrounded by prosouthern advisers rational: a. need for troops out west to fight Indians, b. Northern lack of will in using force, didn't want to fight, c. hope of peaceful settlement in future, d. Lincoln soon new president- his problem even if Buchanan had used force to stop secession, war would have erupted then

Weaknesses of Articles

weak government- avoid strong central government that would take away rights or abuse power no executive branch weak congress (unicameral)- members elected anually, 2/3 vote needed on important issues, unanimous vote needed on amendments- hard time passing laws too many restrictions- congress could not regulate commerce, levy taxes, raise a military, force states to use national currency, or settle state disputes- led to separate tax laws and own printed money could not enforce tax laws, states contributed on their own but did not pay enough

Economic Challenges after Revolution

wealthy class of profiteers established (bad for morale) war caused debt and inflation large class of poor, Loyalist class shaken, new rich not trusted British waged economic war- flooded American market with goods at low prices, struck at American industries, Americans could not compete price wise

William Penn*

wellborn Englishmen, attracted to Quaker faith 1660s at 16- beat by father, after adventures in army fully embraced it persecution- "saucy" and "impertinent", Quakers killed, fined, beat, imprisoned some Quakers already fled to New WOrld- Penn's goal to establish haven for Quakers, try liberal ideas, and make profit 1681- king gave grant of fertile land (debt of corwn to deceased father), king called it Pennsylvanis (Penn's Woodland), humble Penn tried unsuccessfully to change name "first American advertising man"- paid agents and pamphlets, mostly true claims, welcomes important citizens- carpenters, masons, shoemakers, etc, also attracted immigrants

Lord Sheffield

widely sold pamphlet- Britain would win back America's trade, commerce would follow old channels

Republican Party Emergence

widespread group of people, stole Free Soil idea against expansion, sprang from Midwest, moral protest against slavery disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers, Know- Nothings, foes of Kansas/Nebraska Act huge, quickly became 2nd major party never third, not below Mason Dixon line, parties by region bad sign

Other Powers

within half a century Spanish cities and towns flourished, subjugated millions of Indians, cathedrals acriss land, distinguished universities (Mexico City and Lima, Peru)- other powers eager for wealth of New World

Republican Motherhood

women not untouched by republic- democracy depended on commitment to public good, devotion of mothers was the perfect model for republican behavior role as keepers of nation's conscience, held future of republic and next generation in their hands education expanded to better cultivate republican virtue

Women Suffrage

women suffrage campaign delayed by black rights- women leaders not happy at 3 new amendments had helped black movement and now thought it was their turn, but got nothing gtom 13th, 14th, or 15th Amendment 14th made reference to males as citizens- stepback Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony had stopped own demands and worked for black emancipation- thought it was their chance now fought to stop 14th Amendment on the word "males" entering the Constitution 15th said denial of vote could not be based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"- wanted the word sex added but lost battle

Dr Elizabeth Blackwell

women took on new roles- filling in for absent men, some posed as men to fight, became involved in industry first female doctor, graduated medical school

Credit Mobilier Scandal

worst scandal for Grant company constructing transcontinental railroad, sub hired itself to get paid double- responsible for hiring another company to complete, did not hire another gave stock to Congressmen to avoid being busted newspaper exposed scandal- two Congressmen down, VP even taken payments, Grant not involved but none scarred

Stephen Douglas

wrench in railroad plans- Illinois senator, wanted railroad up North with Chicago, boost west, investments in Chicago real estate, wanted to stop conflict over expansion- settlements across land

Hinton Helper

wrote The Impending Crisis of the South- criticized slavery not moral basis- disliked both aristocratic whites and blacks- economic basis argued slavery hurt Southern whites that did not own slaves no Southern publisher would print, Northern did and slave owners were worried- banned in South but hit in North, negligible among poor whites, effective in North