APUSH Period 1 , 2, and 4, 5, 6, and 7

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Worchester v. Georgia

1832 - The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court.

William Henry Harrison

9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840. Proven vote getter. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers

Caroline Affair

An American steamer carrying insurgents across the Niagara River was attacked and set on fire by a British force. American illustrators showed the ship plummeting over Niagara Falls when in fact it only sank and one American was killed.

John Marshall

Appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians. (Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors) The Federalists died out but Marshall continued to hand down Federalist decisions. IMPORTANT ACT- Although he dismissed the Marbury suit ( 1801) to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional.

Steamboats

Boats that could easily paddle upstream, became vital part of America's transportation system. Robert Fulton sailed his steamboat, the Clermont, up the Hudson River.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

Court case in 1837 that stated the interest of the community are above corporate rights.

Panic of 1837

Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation

Telegraphs

Electronic device used to communicate over long distances by sending coded messages over wire. Invented by Samuel Morse

Broadening the Franchise

Expanding Electorate

Seminole War

From 1835-1842. The Seminoles resisted efforts to move West. They hid in the swamp lands and marshes of Florida as American troops tried in vain to track them down. 1500 Americans and an unknown number of Americans died.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland tried to pass a law taxing the Second Bank of the US. Marshall ruled that a state couldn't tax a federal institution, and federal laws were supreme to state laws

Freethinkers

One who has rejected authority and dogma, especially in religious thinking, in favor of rational inquiry and speculation

Anti-Masons

People who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons.

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Nicolas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States. Tries to get bank re-instated with a new charter to expand length, but Jackson denies.

Distribution Act

Pressured by Henry Clay, this act allowed the federal government to distribute the surplus from selling western lands among the states as loans

The Embargo

Proposed by Thomas Jefferson; it stopped the exports of all American goods and forbade American ships from sailing foreign ports (unenforceable). It had no impact on France or Britain, instead depression and unemployment swept America. It is repealed just before the election of 1808 by Jefferson.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Signed August 9th, 1842, reaffirms borders between US and British colonies and allows for mutual use of Great Lakes and an end to slave trade over-seas.

Noble Savages

The Jeffersonian stereotype of Native Americans, as people who were uncivilized, but if they assimilated into "civilized" patterns of society, they could be admitted as full US citizens.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Theory of Nullification

The legal theory that states have the right to nullify, or invalidate, federal laws which they view as being unconstitutional; or federal laws that they view as having exceeded Congresses' constitutionally authorized powers

Cane Ridge

The site of a large revival meeting in protestant Kentucky that sparked the 2nd Great Awakening

Factor System

The system of American forts supplying native Americans, which made them dependent on American goods, and took control of the region

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Canal Age

cheeper transportation

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Treaty of Wang Hya

establishing the first U.S. diplomatic relations with China, this secured Americans the same trading privileges as the English , and in the next ten years, American trade with China steadily increased.

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Know-Nothings

nickname of the "American political party" for their ambiguity

Taney Court

private property and activities of corporations can be regulated by state legislatures; expand economic opportunity; replaced marshall court

Native American Party

secret societies of nativists that agitated against immigration; endorsed a list of demands that included banning Catholics or foreign-born citizens from holding office, more restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests for voting

Decline of Midwifery

spread of the scientific method and increase of child deliveries overseen by physicians; limited job opportunities and opportunities for affordable health care for poor women

Martin Van Buren

the vice president for Jackson in his second term; was blamed for the Panic of 1837; he was not re-elected

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Horace Mann

"Father of American Education;" who believed education was important to a successful democracy; established training schools for teachers; lengthened the school term to six months; help secure funding for school needs; argued for common schools so that children of all levels of society would learn together (free education for all).

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution". His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

James K Polk

"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

14th Amendment

(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion.

George Washington

(1732-1799) no political party. Virginian who began as a commander and chief in the Revolutionary war. Had no desire to become president but the people wanted a strong national leader. Set prescient for many things, including the two terms rule. Warned US against being involved in foreign politics.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union. He was assassinated in 1865.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

New Harmony

(1825-1827) Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Amistad

(1839) Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard; the ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial; former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual releas

Brook Farm

(1841-1846) Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Wilmot Proviso

(1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Millard Fillmore

(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

William Howard Taft

(1857-1930) Twenty-seventh president of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Molly Maguires

(1860s-1870s) Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Enforcement Acts

(1870-1871) Congress in response to the KKK and others, passed these acts to protect black voters. It created penalties on person who interfered with any citizen's right to vote. Outlaws the activities of the KKK

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Philippine War

(1898-1902); War in which America used brutal tactics to crush rebellion; involved executions, concentration camps, destruction, and savagery; Jones Act allowed for independence of this nation when ready, but did not specify a specific date. Eventually, citizens would gain independence in 1946.

Child-Labor Laws

(1900) +1.7 million workers in factories and fields were under age 16 (many families needed extra wages and were often reluctant to send wives into the labor force); children were very susceptible to exhaustion at work and as a result were often maimed or killed by industrial machinery; outraged, 38 state legislatures passed child labor laws, however, agriculture (employed 60% of child workers) was generally exempt from these laws and restrictions in factories were weak (minimum age of 12 and maximum of 10hr workdays) and largely ignored at that.

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Great Depression

(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Frances Perkins

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Coureurs de Bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

Compromise of 1877

-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president

Southern Romanticism

-southern literature began to romanticize about the plantation life style and system

Union Advantages

1) bigger population 2)bigger weapon production 3) bigger railroad mileage 4) bigger factory production 5) bigger farm acreage

Senate

100 members, 2 members for each state. Members are elected every 6 years. The Vice President is the head of this body.

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Shays' Rebellion

1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention

Davy Crockett

1786-1836 A.D. American politician, frontiersman, and crack shot who is legendary for his involvement with the Texas revolutionaries in their struggle for independence from Mexico. He lost his life at the siege of the Alamo.

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Pinckney's Treaty

1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

James Monroe

1816 and 1820; Democratic-Republican; his time in office is described as "The Era of Good Feelings," notable events include the Missouri Compromise, the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and several internal improvements such as the Cumberland Road

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Removal Act

1830 Act by Andrew Jackson that forced all Indians to accept an exchange for their land in the East for land in Indian Territory (further west).

Zachary Taylor

1848; Whig; his short run as presidented was dominated by the issue of the expansion of slavery; he died in 1850 and was subsequently replaced by VP Millard Fillmore

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Potawatomie Massacre

1856; incident in which abolitionist John Brown and seven other men murdered pro-slavery kansans

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, & compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans.

National Bank Acts

1863-1864; created new bank system - banks could join if they invested in the government and in turn they could issue US Treasure notes as currency

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Sand Creek Massacre

1864, 400 Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians who had been assured they would be protected were slaughtered

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, & an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers.

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members

James A Garfield

1881, Republican, Assassinated by C. Julius Guiteau, reformer

William McKinley

1897-1901, Republican, supported gold standard, protective tariff, and Hawaiian Islands, against William Bryan (The Great Commoner), assassinated

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Prohibition

18th Amendment, A ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

Prohibition

18th amendment: a total ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor throughout the United States. 1919-1933 -- ends with 21st amendment

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Hepburn Act

1906, Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power

Espionage Act

1917 This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Sedition Act

1918-Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 2000 people jailed, half convicted (Eugene Debs)

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925 the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism, tested the Butler Act (to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals)

The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Agricultural Marketing Act

1929 act championed by Herbert Hoover that authorized the lending of federal money to farmer's cooperatives to buy crops to keep them from the over saturated market; program hampered by lack of adequate federal financial support

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Korematsu v. U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.

Rutherford B Hayes

19th President, ended reconstruction by removing federal troops, disputed Tilden/Hayes election resulted in the Compromise of 1877

Women's Suffrage

19th amendment

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Horatio Alger

19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

William Tecumseh Sherman

2nd most important Union General who introduced total war in "the march to the sea." He destroyed crops, towns, and farms everywhere he went.

First Amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

National Labor Relations Board

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Henry George

A California printer, journalist, and influential activist whose ideas about taxes and reform, expressed in Progress and Poverty (1879), were widely propagated.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican peasant rebel leader who sought to overthrow the Mexican government and stop Venustiano Carranza from taking it over first, gathering an army in Northern Mexico and, in anger at President Wilson's support of Carranza, eventually terrorized Americans in Mexico and burned Columbus, New Mexico.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

National Industrial Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

National Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

American Colonization society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get African Slaves out of their country.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Steamboat

A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. It is authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Corporations

A business that sells portions of ownership called stock shares

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Department Stores

A category of retail operations characterized by multiple sections or areas under one roof, each representing a distinct merchandise line and staffed with a limited number of salespeople.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Utopia

A community based on a vision of a perfect society sought by reformers

Open Shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

American Liberty League

A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Sonar

A device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves

The Birth of a Nation

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of Blacks

Midway

A famous battle which was turning point where American naval forces defeated Japanese naval forces.

The Grangers

A farmer's organization that demanded that the government control the railroad industries. They were pissed because the land grants that were supposed to go to individuals ended up being sold to companies. The railroads fixed their prices so that the farmers stayed in debt, changed prices for different customers and generally used monopoly to their advantage. The Grangers took political action and passed state laws making there be a cap to the rates of railway freights and passengers.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

A feud that occurred in 1807 when the US Chesapeake was stopped in the mid-Atlantic by the British Leopard ; led to British attacks; ultimately led to the enforcement of the Embargo Act by Jefferson

Companionate Marriages

A form of marriage in which the husband and wife are expected to be emotionally intimate and to engage in social activities together

First Continental Congress

A gathering of representatives from all thirteen colonies in 1774; it called for a total boycott of British goods in protest against taxes.

Teapot Dome

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

United Negro Improvement Association

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Lost Generation

A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

Essex Junto

A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase

Fort Necessity

A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Glass-Steagall Act

A law passed by Congress in 1933, which prohibited commercial banks from engaging in investment banking services. The law also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which currently insures bank deposits up to $250,000. Also known as the Banking Act of 1933.

Judiciary Act of 1789

A law passed by the first Congress to establish (create) the federal court system. The act determined the organization and jurisdiction of the courts.

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow journalism."

De Bow's Review

A magazine published by James about advocating southern commercial and agricultural expansion

Task System

A method of organizing enslaved labor in which workers were given specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Called to set up a score of religious communities. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

Myth of the Cowboy

A misconception that all cowboys were tough, self-motivated white men, when in reality about 25% were black, 12% were Mexican, and almost all were in labor union

Progressivism

A movement that desired political and social reform, and was most influential in America from the 1890s up until WW1. Many popular causes included reforming city government, better conditions for urban workers, education of immigrants, and regulation of big businesses. They had optimistic beliefs in progress that society is an organic whole. They had a desire for order, stability and morality, and wanted an active government who could enforce laws in the interest of faith in knowledge & efficiency.

Commission Plan

A municipal reform in which voters elect the heads of city departments like fire, police, and sanitation rather than just the mayor. It was first used in Galveston, Texas in 1900, but was replaced by the manager-council plan of municipal government.

Deism

A natural religion that developed in the Age of Enlightenment that embraced the belief that while God does exist and did create the world, he refrains from any kind of interference or direct participation in his creation

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Catholic Missions

A number of settlements and building created by the Spanish in the New World in order to spread religion and stake claims to land.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Political Machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Mestizo

A person of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

City Upon a Hill

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "city upon a hill," watched by the world.

William Bradford

A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation."

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Stalwarts

A political faction of the Republican Party; favored the spoils system and political machines

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods.

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

City-Manager Plan

A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report to the city council

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Committee on Public Information

A propaganda machine headed by George Creel that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for WWI.

Coxey's Army

A protest march of unemployed workers, led by Populist businessman Jacob Coxey, demanding inflation and a public works program during the depression of the 1890s

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Zoot-Suit Roits

A series of riots in 1943 in LA between Anglo Americans and marines/sailors vs. Latino youths known for wearing Zoot-Suits.

New Amsterdam

A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island. Annexed by the English in 1664.

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

Mary Lease

A speaker for the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the Populist Party. "Raise less corn and more hell!"

Theocracy

A state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Sambo

A stereotype associated with African Americans depicting them as lazy, unmotivated, watermelon-eating guys. These stereotypes were used to justify discrimination and unfair treatment of black people, particularly in the South.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Interchangeable Parts

A system of manufacturing in which all parts are made to an exact standard for easy mass assembly

Log Cabin Campaign

A term referring to the election of 1840 where the Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison with John Tyler and the Democrats nominated Van Buren. Included mass amounts of popular voter appeal, such as portraying Harrison as a simple log cabin man

First Party System

A term that defines the period of time when the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans competed for the presidency. It was ended with the Era of Good Feelings.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Vaudeville

A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts

Rough Riders

A volunteer calvary regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt which fought in Battle of San Juan Hill.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

The Red Scare

A widespread fear of Communism in America provoked by the public's association of labor violence with its fear of revolution.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

1864 Election

Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. McClellan was the "peace candidate" but did not personally believe in his party's platform. The 1864 election occurred during the Civil War; none of the states loyal to the Confederate States of America participated

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

Act Concerning Religion

Adopted in Maryland in 1649; institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.

Assimilation

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Convict-Lease System

African Americans who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

100 Percent Americanism

After World War I, deep feelings of patriotism and anti-German sentiment gave rise to this movement. The movement celebrated all things American while it attacked ideas (and people) it viewed as foreign and/or anti-American. (Extreme Nationalism)

Sharecropping

After the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries., Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

National Park Service

Agency that manages all national parks, national monuments and other conservationist and historical places.

Three-Fifiths Compromise

Agreement that enslaved persons would be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining they states population for representation

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Bank Holiday

All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

American Federation of Labor

Alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; focus was bread-and butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions, dissatisfaction with the Knight of Labor

Anti-Abolitionism

Also a minority. Some resorted to violence. it is also believed that the back and forth tension between the abolitionists and the anti abolitionists that lead to conflict.

The Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose" Party, known for its strong commitment to progressive causes that had become popular over the past two decades. The party advocated additional regulation of industry and trusts, sweeping reforms of many areas of government, compensation by the government for workers injured on the job, pensions for the elderly and for widows with children, and women suffrage.

Circular Loans

America would lend money to Germany, who would pay reparations to France and Britain, who would pay back loans to America; started by the Dawes Plan that allowed America to loan to Germany and got Britain and France to lower reparations

Sierra Club

America's oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization founded in 1892 in San Fransisco, Cali first President was John Muir group was pushed by the wealthy bc they wanted to conserve the nature (despite all the land the already own and "corrupted") for their later generations

Enola Gay

American B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Pearl Harbor

American base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japanese planes on December 7, 1941. The bombing of Pearl Harbor forced the United States to enter the war.

Sam Houston

American general and politician who fought in the struggle for Texas's independence from Mexico and became president of the Republic of Texas.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian in the early 20th century best known for his essay *"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"* in which he argued that the spirit and success of the United States was directly tied to the country's westward expansion.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Battle of Put-In-Bay

American naval victory on Lake Erie in September 1813 in the War of 1812 that denied the British strategic control over the Great Lakes

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Boss Tweed

American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education; wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Nisei Unit

American-Japanese infantry unit

Wade-Davis Bill

An 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office to anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's confederacy. The colonists innacurately called all of the Indians powhatans.

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possession, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Cross of Gold Speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Citizen Genet

An ambassador from France, who came to America and tried to mobilize American seamen against England and Spain without meeting with George Washington.

Welfare Capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

Samuel Chase

An arrogant Supreme Court justice whom Jefferson urged to impeach; he was charged was based on "high crimes and misdemeanors," when really he had not comitted these things, but rather spoke out against the Jeffersonians; since then, no real attempt has been made to reshape the Supreme Court by means of impeachment

John Brown's Raid

An attempt to lead an armed slave revolt by seizing a U.S. arsenal at harpers ferry virgina. It failed and john brown was executed

The Maine

An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

Pragmatism

An ideology which determines the truth value of something by whether or not it works well

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Ordinances of Discovery

An order by the Spanish king in the 1570s that banned the most brutal military conquests. This established American presence in the new world through colonization

Quasi War

An undeclared war that was launched in the Caribbean in 1798 against France in answer to the XYZ affair, which only made relations worse between the U.S. and France

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Free-Soil Party

Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats formed this new party; all new territory should ban slavery

Black Codes

Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.

Geronimo

Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.

Robert E Lee

Appointed command of the Confederate Army in 1862 during the Civil War. Despite his skill he was forced to surrender to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865.

Lend-Lease

Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

Burned-Over District

Area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave of fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Little Bighorn

At the battle of Little Bighorn one of the largest armies of Indian warriors (2500) defeated Custer's army and killed every man. They didn't have the organization or resources to stay together after this.

National Consumer League

Attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufactures to improve wages and working conditions.

Mass Circulation Magazines

Attracted broad national audiences; expanded world knowledge in brief, accessible form to new groups of people

Guadalcanal

August 1942-February 1943; this was one of the Solomon Islands that was secured by the Americans after fierce fighting.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.

Washington Irving

Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer

Judicial Review

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

J. P. Morgan

Banker that controlled 2/3 of the rail roads and eventually merged into the steel industry. Bought Carnegies steel company and formed U S Steel Company.

Saloon

Bar- Gathering place for lower class often used by large breweries to control lower class for political purposes

George Grenville

Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.

Turnpike Era

Began in 1790's ended in the 1820's, the roads were built out of hard packed stone as Americans experimented with ways to improve transportation in the young nation. Fees were charged for the use of the roads but most were not able to turn a profit.

Gospel of Wealth

Belief that those blessed with great wealth earned it through Darwinist competition but also were obligated to improve society and mankind through philanthropy. Written by Andrew Carnegie.

Lord Cornwallis

Best remembered as one of the leading British Generals in The American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered to de-facto end of war, as a bulk of British troops surrendered to him.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Boston Marriages

Boston Marriages refers to the relationship between women who lived together, often in long-term, sometimes romantic, relationships.

Legislative Branch

Branch of government that passes laws (Senate and House of Representatives)

Currency Act of 1764

British act forbidding the American colonist issue paper money as legal tender; act was repealed in 1773 by the British as an effort to ease tensions between themselves and the colonies

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Stephen Austin

Called the "Father of Texas" because he brought more than 1,200 families to Texas before it was an American state. He later urged these people to revolt against Mexican rule and served as secretary of state of the Republic of Texas.

Failure of Appeasement

Chamberlain becomes prime minister in 1937. He starts a policy of appeasement. He lets Hitler have things that are reasonable because he thought the Treaty of Versailles was too tough. He though it was going to make Hitler settle down. He goes down as one of the worst prime ministers of all time.

Barbed Wire

Cheap, easy to use way to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

Haymarket Square

Chicago labor rally called by anarchist and other radical labor leaders on May 2, 1886; bomb was hurled toward police officials and policed opened fire on demonstrators; Knights of Labor union was blamed and membership declined and eventually ended the Knights.

Veto

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

Chinatowns

Chinatowns in the United States have historically been located in the "big cities" such as New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles, and Chicago and existed initially as enclaves that ease transition into the American culture.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

Pro-Slavery Argument

Claimed that slavery was a "positive good" rather than a "necessary evil" due to biblical reasons, a commitment to white supremacy, slaves' incapability of freedom, and a rich history with slavery. Southerners that slavery let all white people be equal and that slavery was in fact beneficial for slaves

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

National Defense Research Committee

Committee made before the war by FDR that organized scientists for a weapons race against the Axis.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Washington Conference of 1921

Conference of major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States.

Ordinance of 1785

Congress created a surveying and sale system of the Western districts; areas north of the Ohio River were to be parceled and sold with some money going to create schools

Congressional Reconstruction

Congressional Reconstruction consisted of a plan of Reconstruction that was more harsh than previous plans against the South, caused by dissatisfaction with Johnson's decisions. They aimed to help integrate freedmen into society while taking power from the previous planter class of the South.

Newlands Act

Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

Cordell Hull

Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.

Old Lights

Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers; they preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous Christian life.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Flintlock Musket

Contributed to making conflicts between Indians and Europeans even more deadly. Europeans traded them.

Court Packing

Controversy involving Franklin Roosevelt's suggestion that the Supreme Court needed additional members because of its rulings against several New Deal programs.

Hetch Hetchy Controversy

Controversy over whether to build a dam in a large valley in Yosemite National Park to create a reservoir for San Francisco. The dam was eventually built.

Three Sisters

Corn, beans, squash

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Civil Works Administration

Creation program established by the New Deal during the Great Depression to create manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers.

Ghost Dance

Dance performed by Natives. They believed they were speaking to the ghosts of their ancestors when they were performing it. Hoping that the ancestors would bring themselves and the buffalo back, and also that the Americans would leave them alone

Soap Operas

Daytime radio shows sponsored by laundry detergent companies

Hartford Convention

December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Franklin Pierce

Democratic candidate for President in 1852 and the fourteenth president of the US. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

Californios

Descendents of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

Genizaros

Detribalized Indians working as servants for the Spanish and Mexicans

Small Pox

Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

Okies

Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs.

Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute

Dispute between Roosevelt and Taft. Taft's secretary Ballinger wanted to sell acres that Taft's chief forester Pinchot had withdrawn from sale. The two argued and Taft supported Ballinger. Pinchot refused to drop the matter and muckrakers wrote about this a lot. it contributed to the split of the republican part

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Monopoly

Domination of an industry by a single company that fixes prices and discourages competition; also, the company that dominates the industry by these means.

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Dorothea Dix; brought in female nurses to field hospitals, emphasized sanitary conditions

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled size of US, opened up land for expansion; Jefferson changed interpretation from strict to loose

Social Realism

Drew attention to everyday conditions of workers and lower class citizens

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States; often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings

Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Peace of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian (Seven Years') War, France gave up all their territories in the mainland of North America.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Richard Hakluyt

English promoter of exploration. In 1584 he wrote A Discourse of Western Planting in which he pleaded for colonies to accomplish diverse objects: to extend the reformed religion, to expand trade, to supply England's needs from her own dominions, and various other reasons for exploration.

Pendleton Service Act

Ensures that appointments to government jobs are based on merit and qualifications. Designed to prevent the 'spoils system' and patronage.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists.

Incans

Established great empire in the Andes Mts. in South America from circa 1200's- 1530's/ conquered by Spanish conquistador Pizarro in 1530's/ terrace farming, great roads

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Confederate States of America

Eventually made up of 11 former states that seceded; Jefferson Davis was the 1st & only president; unable to defeat the North b/c of lack of railroad lines, lack of industry, & inability to get European nations to support their cause.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that the Pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Half-Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Federal Writers' Project

Federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.

Enclosure Movment

Fenced or consolidated in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. British Landlords

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Walt Disney

Film maker, cartoonist, visionary. He developed many famous characters as well as amusement theme parks.

Jefferson Davis

First and only president of the Confederate States of America after the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the secession of many southern states.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Saugus Ironworks

First effort to establish a significant metals industry after iron ores were discovered in the region -- water power to drive a bellows which controlled the heat in a charcoal furnace.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

First Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolution. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Women's Trade Union League

First national association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues, women excluded from AFL

Women's Trade Union League

First national association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues:

National Trades' Union

First national trade union

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the Constitution; major source of civil liberties; applies to states via selective incorporation doctrine; promised to Anti-Federalists to secure ratification of Constitution

Wright Brothers

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane

Eight Amendment

Forbids excessive bail and cruel or unusual punishment

Trail of Tears

Forced journey of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to a region west of the Mississippi during which thousands of Cherokees died

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries. Helped with the advancement of human rights in Latin America.

Japanese American Citizens League

Formed in the 1930s; Japanese-American businessmen overcame obstacles by changing the Nisei and encouraging them to become more assimilated. By 1940, it had nearly 6,000 members.

Office of Price Administration

Fought inflation and rationed foods - the office that set price controls to offset inflation due to changing wartime supply and demand

Share-Our-Wealth Society

Founded & supported by Huey Long; claimed that the gov't could end the Depression by using the tax system to confiscate riches from the wealthy & redistributing it to the rest of the population; guarantee every family a minimum annual income

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820's, aka Latter Day Saints, when Smith is killed by Illinois militiamen, Brigham Young assumes command and leads America's "Israelites" to the Utah Territory, where they establish themselves heavily in Salt Lake City.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Associated Press

Founded in 1848,Allows media outlets to buy stories, do not have to send reporters to every major city, able to offer readers more recent news, stories are pretty unbiased because trying to appeal to many media outlets and sell as many stories as possible,

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that he was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and for him to lose his position as governor.

Townsend Plan

Francis Townsend; federal government pay citizens over 60 a pension of $200 a month; might lead to more spending => fear of a coalition against Roosevelt because of popularity of the idea

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

Populist Platform

Free silver, Graduated income tax, Public ownership of railroads, telegraphs and telephones, Restricted immigration, 8 hour workday, Women suffrage, Secret ballot, Direct election of senators

Vichy

French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French & Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops & was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Bear Flag Revolution

From June to July 1846, a small group of American settlers in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed an independent republic

Confiscation Acts

Gave the government the right to seize any slaves used for "insurrectionary purposes," allowed the government to liberate any slave owned by someone who supported the rebellion, even if that support was limited to paying taxes to the Confederate government; Lincoln refused to enforce them

Corporate Research

General Electric created of the the first corporate laboratories in 1900. By 1919, Bell Telephone, DuPont, General Electric, Eastman Kodak, and fifty others were researching and engineering.

GFWC

General Federation of Women's Clubs; began largely as a cultural organization; became more concerned w/ contributing to social betterment; nonpartisan image

Long Drive

General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming

Limited Liability

Generally when liability is limited to the amount invested in a business; protects personal assets from the firm's creditors

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Anti-Coolie Clubs

Groups that were aimed to prevent Asian immigration

Slave Culture

Had a rich culture, family bonds remained tight even when families were separated, oral history important. Blended aspects of African roots with Christianity. Small acts of rebellion included sneaking out to meet a loved one and learning to read and write.

Webster-Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

John Collier

He founded the American Indian Defense Association in 1923. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs in 1933 he translated into policy his vision of a renewed tribal life. Collier cadged funds from the CCC, PWA, and WPA to construct schools, hospitals, and irrigation systems on Indian reservations

John Winthrope

He founded the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony and was elected governor 12 times.

Wendell Willkie

He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.

George A Custer

He served in the Civil War with General George B McClellan. He became a brevet brigadier general, and his pursuit of General Robert E Lee helped to bring an end to Civil War. In 1868, he joined the 7th Calvary in Kansas. In 1876, he led 210 men into the Battle at Little Bighorn against Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. Custer and all of his men were killed in the battle.

William Berkeley

He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly suppressed. He had poor frontier defense.

Russell Conwell

He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.

H.L. Mencken

He was a member of the "Lost Generation" who wrote books criticizing modern society and middle class values. he was known as a "debunker." His magazines ridiculed everything middle class Americans held dear, from religion and politics to arts and democracy.

Dred Scott

He was a slave who was taken to free territory. Scott sued for his freedom and the Supreme Court declared that slaves are property, not people.

Alaine Locke

He was on a mission to round modern Africans and people of African descent to use African art as a classical foundation for African art.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Alexis de Tocqueville

He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.

Eugene Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Molly Pitcher

Heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers and took over her husband's gun when he was wounded, real name was Mary Ludwig Hays.

Joseph Pulitzer

His New York World newspaper was the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation. Filled newspaper with stories of crimes and disasters and feature stories about political and economic corruption. Used yellow journalism.

Voluntarism

Hoover believed that individuals should help each other not rely on the gov't. There was alot of voluntarism but it wasn't enough to overcome the economic Depression

Huey Long

Immensely popular governor and senator of Louisiana; provided tax favors, roads, schools, free textbooks, charity hospitals, and improved public services for Louisiana citizens; cost: corruption and personal dictatorship; formed national organization (Share Our Wealth)

Tobacoo

Important crop in the colony of Jamestown?

Slave Codes

In 1661 a set of "codes" was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Alien and Sedition Acts

In 1798, Federalist-supported laws that permitted the president to get rid of foreigners, made it harder for immigrants to become citizens, and allowed for citizens to be fined or jailed if they criticized the government or its officials

John C Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Taos Indian Rebellion

In 1847, when the Taos Indians were afraid their land would be confiscated, they rebelled killing the new governor and other Anglo-American officials before being subdued by the U.S Army.

Tenure of Office Act

In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Steelworkers' Strike

In September 1919, the greatest strike in American history began, when 350,000 steelworkers in several eastern and Midwestern cities walked off the job, demanding an eight-hour day and recognition of their union. Steel executives managed to keep most plants running with nonunion labor, and public opinion was so hostile to the strikers that the AFL-having at first endorsed the strike-soon timidly repudiated it. By January, the strike had collapsed. It was a setback from which organized labor would not recover for more than a decade.

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Jeremiads

In the 1600's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached this type of sermon. They focused on the teachings of a Biblical prophet who warned of doom.

War Reparations

In the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's colonies were govern away to British, French, and Japanese delegates. Germany's army could not exceed 100,000 men and they could build no military fortifications in the Rhineland. They also had to pay for all civilian damages caused by the war.

Youth Culture

In the first half of the 20th century, high school attendance doubled and college attendance tripled. Youth began to develop a culture and identity all their own

XYZ Affair

Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe and loan from the U.S. diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; led to an undeclared war between U.S. and France

Indian Reservation

Indians were sent federal lands to "protect their culture". In reality destroyed culture.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

New Jersey Plan

It proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Homestead Strike

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Enrico Fermi

Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954)

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Second Bank of the United States

Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

Nagasaki

Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He later joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Alex Hamilton in a duel. He was arrested for treason.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. Helped lead to the Spanish-American War.

Muckrakers

Journalists of the Progressive era who attempted to expose the evils of government and big business. Many wrote of the corruption of city and state political machines + factory and living conditions of workers

Gettysburg

July 1st-3rd, 1863. Major turning point of the war. It is a Union Victory, and the South retreats from the North. General Lee never invades the North again.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

The American Plan

Large corporations mounted an effective antiunion campaign in the early 1920s called _____ as an alternative to trade unionism and the class antagonism associated with European labor relations.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Judiciary Act of 1801

Law that the Federalist Congress passed to increase the number of federal courts and judicial positions; President John Adams rushed to fill these positions with Federalists before his term ended.

Slave Codes

Laws that were enacted to keep slaves under the control of whites in the south. Example -- they were not allowed to learn to read or write.

David Stephenson

Leader of KKK. From Indiana. Ultimately went to prison for assault and 2nd degree murder.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Democratic Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Henry Clay Frick

Manager of the Carnegie Steel plant outside of Pittsburgh, PA who barricaded the plant and hired armed Pinkerton guards to attack striking workers

Cavalier Image

Many White Southerners liked to think of themselves as representatives of a special way of life that was based on traditional values of chivalry, leisure and elegance.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Mail-Order Catalogs

Marketing strategy developed in late 1800's and early 1900's. People who did not live near a department store could order goods through the mail. The catalogs included pictures and descriptions of merchandise. People could place their orders by mail and the company would deliver the product. Example: Sears and Roebuck, Montgomery Ward.

Works Progress Administration

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemployed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

Crop-Lien System

Merchants extended credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Decline of Mission Society

Mexican areas in the southwest first began revolving around churches and mission sites, eventually ended with the development of an aristocratic class interested in high taxation and establishing farms and mining sites

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War

Hispanic Resistance

Mexican residents moving to the southwest of America, very protective of their land and culture, were able to do this by defeating Navajo populations and harassing white settlers. Brought in mining, farming, in Western plain area

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

De La Warr

Named new governor of Jamestown. Arrives at the perfect time with reinforcements, supplies, and food. Convinces everyone to stay.

Bering Strait

Narrow body of eater between N America and Asia: first Humans in the Americas are believed to cross that water into the Americas

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Code-Talkers

Navajo Indians who helped send secret messages to Americans fighting in the Pacific; Language could not be decoded

Pink Collar Jobs

New job opportunities for single middle class women and upward-aspiring working class = sales clerk, secretary, telephone operator, nurse, teacher, maid, waitress, cook, beautician

Wobblies

Nickname for the International Workers of the World labor union, headed by Daniel Haywood. Often violent.

Scottsboro Case

Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town near Scottsboro, Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the women were lying, an all-white jury convicted all of the boys and eight were sentenced to death. However, with the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the convictions in 1932 and with the support of an organization associated with the Communist Party, the International Labor Defense, all of the defendants eventually gained their freedom.

Scottsboro

Nine black young men who were accused of raping two white women in a railway boxcar in Scottsboro, Arizona, in 1931. Quick trials, suppressed evidence, and inadequate legal council made them symbols of the discrimination that faced blacks on a daily basis during this era.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Trade Associations

Offers technical and general assistance to entrepreneurs in a specific profession or industry (National Automobile Dealers Association, National Association of Home Builders, National Association of Realtors)

The Man Nobody Knows

One of the most successful books of the 1920s due to the advertising executive Bruce Barton. It portrayed Jesus Christ as not only a religious prophet but also a super salesman. Bruce advertised the message that Jesus had been concerned with living a full and rewarding life and that men and women of the twentieth century should do the same.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Neutrality Acts

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Tripartite Pact

Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940, by which each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them

King Cotton Diplomacy

Part of Confederate States' attempt to become allies with Britain: they would hold back cotton exports and tell the British about the blockade in attempt for sympathy, but the slowed exports just made Britain and France realize how much they depended on Southern cotton and made them grow their own cotton, especially now that Britain had India.

Dust Bowl

Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.

National Greenback Party

Party that arose out of a desire for paper money. They were not successful in gaining widespread support, but they kept the money issue alive.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Tenant Farming

Pay rent for land and they farmed the land. Made a small profit

Tenant Framing

Pay rent for land and they farmed the land. Made a small profit

Cuban Revolt

People tried to revolt against Spanish presence + gain US as an ally, Spanish led by General Valeriano Weyler - concentration camps "Butcher Weyler" and other brutalities spread by American press generated US support

Hunter Gatherers

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

Free Soil

People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories

Life Magazine

Photographic journal starting in 1936 had largest reader group in US. It had some articles on politics and economics, but it was known for photos of sports and theater, natural landscapes and public projects. A popular feature was "Life goes to a party" showing the rich and famous.

Oregon Trail

Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the Great Plains into the Oregon Territory; main route across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; after the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s

Olive Branch Petition

Politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights

Republicanism

Political movement / ideology that supports the ideas that all power and sovereignty comes directly from the people and not from some authoritative person and that the success of a government depends on the characters of its citizens.

Townshend Duties

Popularly referred to as the Townshend Duties, the Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.

Free Silver

Populists campaigned for silver-backed money rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

Spoils System

Practice used by Andrew Jackson of replacing life-long government employees with those who were loyal to the Democratic party

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

William Jennings Bryan

Principle figure in Populist Party - served as Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI) - prosecutor in the Scopes Trial

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

National American Women's Suffrage Association

Pro-suffrage organization formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. Organization established in 1890 to promote woman suffrage; stressed that women's special virtue made them indispensable to politics.

Booker T Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Inter-American Conference

Promoted the Good Neighbor Policy; declaration stated that "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another"; did not eliminate U.S. influence in SA- shift from military force to economic; did ease tensions considerably

Equal Rights Amendments

Proposed constitutional amendment requiring full equal treatment for men and women (ex. allow women special forces). Proposed by Congress in 1972 but never ratified

Ninth Amendment

Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights

Fourth Amendment

Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

United Service Organization

Provided entertainment to the troops, and was intended to raise morale.

Buying on Margin

Purching stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future

Lynching

Putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Alf Landon

Ran against FDR in the 1936 election. He was weak on the radio and weaker in personal campaigning, and while he criticized FDR's spending, he also favored enough of FDR's New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an unsure idiot.

Readjuster Movement

Readjusters did not like the redeemers, and opposed the cuts to state services.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

Macon's Bill No. 2

Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Founding Fathers

Representatives from each of the 13 colonies who decided to meet and write a document stating their reasons for separation and independence from England

Suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

War of 1812

Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812 - 1815)

New Lights

Revivalist ministers who emphasized emotive spirituality and encouraged missionary work among the natives, as well as founding many long-standing educational institutes, such as Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth.

Second Amendment

Right for the people to keep and bear arms, as well as to maintain a militia

Sixth Amendment

Right to a speedy, public trial, right to an attorney

Seventh Amendment

Right to a trial by jury

Fifth Amendment

Right to remain silent, freedom of double jeopardy, due process

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist; created 1st wave of US mental asylums; began national movement for new methods to treat the mentally ill

Broker State

Role of government to work out conflicts among competing interest groups

Charles E. Coughlin

Roman Catholic "radio priest'' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made attacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism. a critic of FDR

1932 Election

Roosevelt won because people blamed Hoover for Great Depression. Roosevelt compared the average worker to the 'Forgotten man' Hoover gave warnings of what he thought would happen if Roosevelt won.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Northern Securities Company

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

San Jacinto

Santa Anna was force to sign a treaty recognizing Texas' independence after he was surprised by Houston's army and defeated at this battle.

Tongs

Secret societies made up of the poorest and shadiest Chinese immigrants; rivaled the clan-based or region-based American clubs of Chinese immigrants; literally "meeting halls"

Associationalism

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover's approach to managing the economy. Firms and organizations in each economic sector would be asked to cooperate w/ each other in pursuit of efficiency, profit, and public good.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.

Zimmerman Telegraph

Sent by Germany to Mexico that encouraged Mexico to help Germany Fight against the US if they entered war and in return Germany would help Mexico get their land back from the US.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Montesquieu

Separation of powers

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, some say as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Freedman's Bureau

Set up by the government to help free slaves. They gave food and supplies, rebuilt farms, built 4000 schools to help former slaves learn to read and write, also helped poor whites.

Freedom Bureau

Set up by the government to help free slaves. They gave food and supplies, rebuilt farms, built 4000 schools to help former slaves learn to read and write, also helped poor whites.

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that thte people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

March to the Sea

Sherman's march from Atlanta, Georgia, to Savannah, Georgia which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea. They wanted to destroy the Southern economy and morale, leading to Southern surrender.

Southern Advantages

Skilled military leadership, cotton to sell, home field advantage, fighting for homes/family

Big Stick Diplomacy

Slogan describing TR's Roosevelt corollary. Comes from the phrase, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." emphasis on military preparedness; willingness to use military force to achieve foreign policy goals.

Settlement House Movement

Social movement designed to get the rich and poor in society to live more closely together. Settlement houses were located in poorer neighborhoods and staffed by middle class workers who hoped to share their knowledge and alleviate poverty

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.

Preston Brooks

South Carolina representative who viciously beat Charles Sumner on the Senate floor with a cane in response to perceived insults against Brooks's state and his kinsman in a speech Sumner gave decrying proslavery violence in Kansas.

Southern Lady

Southern women had less power than those in the North. Their lives centered around the home, and they had subordinate status

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void. Andrew Jackson used the army and threatened to have his vice president hung to prevent it

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Ku Klux Klan

Started by Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

William Pitt

Statesman who led Britain during the French & Indian War; his decision to pour the full resources of the British Treasury onto the contest & dramatically increase the number of British forces fighting in North America was largely responsible for Britain's victory.

Boston Police Strike

Strike by poorly paid Boston policemen in the fall of 1919. Policemen abandoned their beats and chaos ensued; after two days, Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order. Public sympathy lay with Coolidge, demonstrating popular hostility toward labor militancy in the wake of the war. Policemen were mad at their lousy pay and stopped catching bad guys, people were not happy about this

De-skilling

Subdivisions of low-level jobs into small, highly specific tasks requiring less skilled employees

Clay's American System

Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government. Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue. Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks. Development of a system of roads and canals to unite nation.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They did not want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case (1896) Legalized segregation under the Constitution with the concept of "separate but equal."

Darmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change a legal charter once granted

Ex Parte Milligan

Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States (according to the Court) only provided for suspension of habeas corpus if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime.

Gang System

System of slave labor where enslaved labor would work from sun up to sundown

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Tariff passed by Congress in 1909; the original bill was an attempt to reduce tariffs, but the final version retained high tariffs on most imports

Manifest Destiny

Term coined by newspaper editor John O'Sullivan; implied that it was a God-given right and inevitability for the U.S. to spread its Protestant religion, capitalist economy, and democratic-republican political system across the continent

Commercial Agriculture

Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Wounded Knee

The 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement

The Act was designed to raise American exports and was aimed at both relief and recovery.Led by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high-tariff policy.

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Doctrine of Predestination

The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned.

Industrial Unionism

The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was organized on the principle that all workers in a particular industry should be included in one union. This principle is referred to as

"Noble Savages"

The Jeffersonian stereotype of Native Americans, as people who were uncivilized, but if they assimilated into "civilized" patterns of society, they could be admitted as full US citizens.

The New Klan

The New Klan the social tensions of the 1920s were also expressed in the growth of the ku klux klan. the whites only klan scorned not just blacks but also immigrants, catholics, and jews. the organizations' power spread from the south to the midwest and the west. in Oregon and Indiana, klan-backed candidates were elected as governors.

Rocky Mountain School

The Rocky Mountain School was more a school of thought than an actual institution. Its members were influenced by the beauty of the Rocky Mountains and the surrounding landscape. The most famous members were Albert Bierstacht and Thomas Moran. Their works romanticized the West.

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.

Mexican American War

The US wanted the land South of the Nueces River to the Rio grande border and west to Mexico and California. Polk wanted to provoke a Mexican Attack so he sent troops led by General Zachary Taylor to the land south of the Nueces. The Mexicans saw it as an act of war and attacked. Polk asked Congress to declare war

Banking Collapse

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 (October 1929), also known as the Great Crash, and the Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout.The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries and did not end in the United States until 1947.

Jay's Treaty

The agreement between england and the US by which limited trade relations were established, england agreed to give up its forts in the North Western frontier, and a joint commission was set up to settle border disputes

Abolitionism

The belief that slavery should be abolished. In the early nineteenth century, increasing numbers of people in the northern United States held that the nation's slaves should be freed immediately, without compensation to slave owners.

Executive Branch

The branch of government charged with the execution and enforcement of laws and policies and the administration of public affairs. (President)

Judicial Branch

The branch of government charged with the interpretation of laws and the administration of justice (Supreme court)

Cattle Kingdom

The cattle industry grew tremendously in the two decades after the Civil War, moving into western Kansas and Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas in the 1870s and 1880s with the expansion of the railroads.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

Fundamental Constitution for Carolina

The constitutional government document written for the Province of Carolina, a large swath of land in the new American colonies occupying an area roughly between what are now the states of Virginia and Florida. Adopted in March 1669 and penned by the British philosopher John Locke, the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina formed the basis for Carolina's colonial government in the 17th century.

Clovis People

The earliest known people to inhabit the Americas.

Ashcan School

The early-twentieth-century school of artists supported progressive political and social reform. They turned to city streets, the slums, and the working class for subject matter.

Mercantilisim

The economic theory that all parts of a nation's or empire's economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state/empire; hence, that colonial economic welfare should be subordinated to that of the imperial power. (This system was embraced by the British and opposed by many colonists who believed they were being used for the mother country's sole benefit).

Civil War Pension System

The federal government administered a system of annual pensions for Union Civil War veterans who had retired from work and for their widows. At its peak, this pension system was making payments to a majority of the male citizens (black or white) of the North and to many women as well. Some reformers hoped to make the system. But the system failed due to party patronage and corruption. Other reformers-- believers in "good government"--saw elimination of the pension system as a way to fight graft, corruption, and party rule.

Trinity Bomb

The first atomic bomb tested

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative body in North America (in Virginia)

National Strike

The first major interstate strike in US history. The panic of 1873 caused railroad lines to cut wages by 10% which caused workers to walk off the job and block the tracks- eventually turning violent. Federal troops, as issued by President Hayes, finally quelled the violence. (AKA The Great Railroad Strike of 1877)

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Puck Magazine

The first successful humour magazine in the US of colourful cartoons, caricatures, and political satire of the issues of the day. Published from 1871 until 1918

Third Amendment

The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Atlantic Charter

The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world; self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament

The Middle Passage

The journey of slaves from Africa, across the Atlantic, to the West Indies or colonial America, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route. Many slaves did not survive the trip.

Free Labor

The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and servitude increasingly came to be seen as incompatible with republican citizenship

American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

The largest reform organization of the early 1800s, which boasted more than 200,000 members by the mid 1830s.

House of Representatives

The lower house of the United States Congress. With 435 popularly elected officials, the House is the most representative body in the federal government. House seats are apportioned relative to each state's population.

NAWSA

The major organization for suffrage for women, it was founded in 1890 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Supported the Wilson administration during World War Iand split with the more radical National Woman's Party, who in 1917 began to picket the White House because Wilson had not forcefully stated that women should get the vote

Forty-Niners

The more than 80,000 settlers who arrived in California in 1849 as part of that territory's gold rush.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Protestant Revivalism

The movement that had begun with the Second Great Awakening early on the 18th century, and had evolved into a powerful force for social reform by the 1820s.

Barbary Pirates

The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.

St. Augustine

The name of the first Spanish settlement in North America

"Slave Power Conspiracy"

The northerners thought that the southerners were using their power in the government to protect and spread slavery in the nation

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington

"Southern Nationalism"

The outlook and opinion of southerners in the Confederacy after their secession from the Union. They became a well-off country on their own, in their eyes.

Square Deal

The philosophy of President Theodore Roosevelt; included in this was the desire to treat both sides fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the United Mine Workers representatives and company bosses as equals; this approach continued during his efforts to regulate the railroads and other businesses during his second term.

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Actual Representation

The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests.

Lecompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union supporting the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Dorr Rebellion

The response by Thomas W. Dorr of Rhode Island to conservative legislature's blocking of all efforts to reform voting regulations even when Dorr's "People's Party" drafted a constitution overwhelmingly approved by popular vote; both the old Rhode Island government and Dorr's government claimed legitimacy, and Dorr's attempt to capture the state arsenal failed, and although foiled, the rebellion helped pressure the old government to draft a new constitution expanding suffrage

Habeas Corpus

The right to challenge the legality of your detention by government (to have a judge determine whether or not the government can detain you). This right can be temporarily suspended by Congress in times of rebellion or unrest.

Short-Staple Cotton

The rise of short-staple cotton as the south's major cash crop strengthened the hold of slavery and the plantation on the southern economy

Eugenics

The social movement claiming to improve the genetic features of human populations through selective breeding and sterilization, based on the idea that it is possible to distinguish between superior and inferior elements of society

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Phrenology

The study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character.

Stock Market Boom

The time period when the popularity of buying and selling stocks greatly increased. People had very large amounts of trust in the success of businesses, therefore even investing money that they did not actually own at the time of the stock purchase.

Planter Aristocracy

The very small amount of families that owned more than 100 slaves each. These were the wealthy plantation owners that ran huge plantations. Created a large gap between upper and lower class. They had large white painted mansions. They sent their children to private institutions which hampered public schools.

Ludlow Massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado in the on April 20, 1914.

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Draft Riots

These riots during the civil war protested against the unfairness of draft laws because the rich could pay for someone else to take their place in the fighting but the poor had no way to avoid the war if they were drafted.

Coercive or Intolerable Acts

These were passed in response to the Boston Tea Party and placed restrictions on the colonists including outlawing town meetings and the closing of Boston Harbor. The five laws were the Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act (revision), and the Quebec Act.

Treaty of Paris in 1783

They recognized American independence and the boundaries of the new country were set from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Florida.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Mutiny Act

This Act meant that the colonists had to supply British troops with housing and other supplies. There was also major protest for this act and the New York Assembly was punished for failure to comply

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Naturalization Act of 1790

This act was passed by US congress to increase period of time necessary for immigrants to become naturalized citizens in US from 5 to 14 year

Antimonopoly

This allows competition among enterprises. designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices, fear of concentrated power and urge to limit and disperse authority and wealt

Fair Employment Practices Committee

This committee says that a person cannot be limited in their occupation or denied a job because of their race

Commonwealth v. Hunt

This established the right of workers to strike

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Trust Agreement

This is when a group of companies turn over their stock to a board of trustees to be run as one company. This allowed for monopolies to be created, as it gave the illusion that each company was functioning on its own.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

This man was one of the most powerful railroad leaders during the industrial revolution. This man is credited with using ruthless tactics such as forcing smaller owners to sell to him, as well as many others. By the time of his dearth in 1877, his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked NYC to the Great Lakes.

Ordinance of 1784

This measure, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, was to provide for the government of the western areas ceded to the nation government by the states. It established the precedent that states formed from western territories would enter the union as states equal to the original states. As a result, the United States is a nation of states, not an empire with colonies.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. The pres of the company was Frances Willard.

Archaic Period

This period represents a complex era when specific adaptations to the different climactic and environmental regimes became established across North America

John Coode

This person drove out Lord Baltimore's officials in the name of Protestantism in 1689.

Standard Oil

This was a company owned by John D. Rockefeller in the 1890's. This Trust controlled 95 percent of all oil refining in the U.S.

Prince Henry the Navigator

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

Cult of Honor

This was the male southern code of chivalry. It included dueling and protecting the women

Revolution of 1800

Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans unseated the incumbent Federalist party. It was the first time in a western government where a change in the ruling power had occurred so radically, peacefully, and without bloodshed.

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848; women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women; wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which tried to get women the right to vote.

Mass Transit

Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes

Annexation of Puerto Rico

Treaty of Paris, 1898. the Spanish surrendered Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. it signaled the end of the Spanish empire in the Americas

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty signed in 1795 by the United States and several Native American peoples in which the Native Americans gave up control of most of Ohio

Adams-Onis Treaty

Treaty which called for Spain to sell Florida territory to the US in 1821 for $5 million. This meant that the US could now possess all territory south of Canada and east of Mississippi.

Plain Folk

Typical white southerner, modest yeoman farmer, may have owned a few slaves.

Sheppard-Towner Act

U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children

Tariff Act of 1930

U.S. trade legislation that raised tariff rates on most articles imported by the United States, triggering comparable tariff increases by U.S. trading partners. The Tariff Act of 1930, which has been amended by subsequent trade legislation, is also known as the Smoot-Hawley Act, after the two legislators who sponsored it, and sometimes as the Grundy Tariff, after Joseph Grundy, president of the Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association, who was the chief lobbyist for it.

Ulysses S Grant

Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

Knights of Labor

Union open to everyone but "non producers": liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers; they sought workers' cooperatives (to pool their money and resources), better working conditions, and the 8 hour workday

Andrew Carnegie

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts; a "robber baron," developed the steel industry; practiced vertical integration; believed in the "Gospel of Wealth"

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Indian Hunting

Unofficial violence by white vigilantes who engaged in what became known as this. Sometimes the killings were in response to Indian raids on white communities.

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.

Native American Gender Roles

WOMEN: The Native Americans had a matrilineal society which meant that if a man and a woman marry, the man would move into the women's family. Sexual Relationships and divorce was ok for them and Women could own their own home, tools, etc. They had a division of labor which meant that women would take care of the agricultural labor and the men would be the hunters and fishers. Men were often tribal leaders and part of religious warfare as well as part of political meetings (where women were allowed to sit in).

Spanish-American War

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism

Washington's Farewell Adress

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Simon Patten

Was an economist who wrote two books explaining that the normal conditions of civilization was scarcity; but, industrialization changed that and now modern society can provide for both wants and needs.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Stamp Act of 1765

Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Was signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense.

Grant's Strategy

Wear down the confederacy by constantly engaging Lee's confederate army

Humoralism

Western physiological theory speculated that one of the four fluids of the body determined a person's temperament and features

Lincoln's 10%

When 10% of a rebellious states voters had taken an oath of loyalty he proposed the state would be restored to the union, if they abolished slavery

Banking Crisis

When individuals and companies lose confidence in the banking system and withdraw their deposits in what is called a 'run on banks.Crisis swept the nation at the very end of Hoover's administration. 5000 banks failed between 1929-1933

Proprietary Rule

Where the colony was owned by a group of people and ruled by them, although paying a tribute to the king.

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Veracruz

Wilson orders troops to land here, after Mexico refuses to apologize for the arrest of American sailors in 1914

Maternal Opposition to War

Women peace activists shared many of the political and economic objections to the war of the Socialist Party (to which some of them belonged). But some criticized the war on other grounds as well, arguing that as "the mother half of humanity," they had a special moral and maternal basis for their pacifism.

Ironclads

Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War.

Sit-Down Strike

Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Gaspee

a British ship called the Gaspee had been chasing down an American ship that was smuggling goods and ran aground. A few days later, colonists looted and burned the Gaspee

McKinley Tariff

a Republican Congressman (& future president) wrote and engineered the passage of this 1890 tariff that bears his name; the act raised protective tariffs by nearly 50 percent—the highest ever tariff at that point

Trent Affair

a Union warship intercepted Trent, the British ship that the two men were on and arrested them. Britain demanded the release of the two men and threatened war

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geo-strategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History. Believed a strong navy was necessary for asserting global power and protection

Charter of Liberties

a charter, signed by Penn, which established a representative assembly in Pennsylvania, and stated that the lower counties (Delaware) of the colony could establish their own representative assembly.

Patriarchy

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

Unemployment Insurance

a government program that partially protects workers' incomes when they become unemployed

Margaret Fuller

a journalist, critic, and women's rights activist associated with the American transcendental movement. She was the first full-time female book reviewer in journalism. Her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century is considered the first major feminist work in the United States.

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Holding Company

a new form of business organization that owned enough stock in various companies to have a controlling interest in the production of raw material, means of transport, the factory itself, and the distribution network of that product

Second New Deal

a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days.

Civilian Conservation Corps

a public work relief program for unemployed men so they have jobs. the men worked on jobs related to conservation and development of natural resources

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Radar

a system for detecting the presence, direction, distance, and speed of aircraft, ships, and other objects, by sending out pulses of high-frequency electromagnetic waves that are reflected off the object back to the source.

Hindenburg

a. Famous German blimp that made headlines by exploding and killing everyone on board. Caught on the radio, famously broadcasted as "Oh the humanity!".

Public Health Service

aids the development health services for all Americans and conducts research in public health problems, enforces quarantines and examines immigrants

Tom Johnson

an American politician of the Democratic Party from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He headed relief efforts after the Johnstown, Pennsylvania floods of 1889, was a U.S. Representative from 1891-1895 and the 35th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio between 1901 and 1909. In 1903, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Ohio. Johnson's brother, Albert, was the financial backer and organizer of the Players League, a one-year experimental major baseball league which sought to treat players as partners, rather than laborers.

Rural Electrification

an administration to create affordable electricity would improve the standard of living and the economic competitiveness of the family farm; created to bring electricity to rural areas like the Tennessee Valley; many opposed

Securities Exchange Commission

an agency created in 1934 that monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Oneida Community

an ideal community that allowed planned reproduction and communal child rearing. Was criticized but prospered economically due to a successful silverware business

Congress of Racial Equality

an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality, a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement from its foundation in 1942 to the mid-1960s. Membership is stated to be open to anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world; connected with the Freedom Riders

Immigration Restriction League

an organization that believed that immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were racially inferior to Anglo-Saxons, threatening what it saw as the American way of life and the high wage scale. It worried about immigrants bringing in poverty and organized crime at a time of high unemployment.

Lester Frank Ward

argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence; the people through the government could intervene in the economy and adjust it to serve their needs

Robert LaFollette

as governor of Wisconsin he fought against political machines and corruption by establishing the direct primary

Importance of Buffalo

buffalo provided the Natives with a source of food, clothing, shelter, and traditions and ceremonies

Flapper

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Relocation Centers

centers where Japanese Americans were put because there was a fear of hidden spies

Intiative

citizens collect signatures to get issue on ballet

Land-Grant Institution

colleges and universities established with large tracts of land granted to states by the federal government under the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862. "The act fostered 69 'land grant' institutions."

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Myth of Self-Made Man

defenders of industrial economy say it gave everyone the opportunity to be rich

Nativism

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people

New Nationalism

federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)

Platt Amendment

forced into Cuban Constitution. Cuba could not make treaties with other nations; US had right to intervene in Cuba; US naval bases on Cuban land

Farmers' Holiday Association

formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure.

A. Philip Randolph

founder of the first successful large black labor union: The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which represented railroad workers. Provided a rare entry to the middle class.

Farmers' Alliances

groups of farmers, or those in sympathy with farming issues, who sent lecturers from town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues

Boss Rule

immigrants, many who could not speak English, turned to urban "bosses" and their urban machines; main purpose of these men was to win votes for their cause; they would help immigrants and would bribe their vote, by bringing them food, finding them jobs, and helping them in minor legal situations and often gave them patronage jobs in the city government or city agencies.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Mulatto

in Spain's colonies in the Americas, person who was of African and European descent

Massachusetts Bay Company

joint-stock company chartered by Charles I in 1629. It was controlled by Non-Separatists who took the charter with them to New England and, in effect, converted it into a written constitution for the colony.

Turner's Frontier Thesis

lack of frontier would lead to social conflict like seen in Europe

Dwight D Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

General John Pershing

led the American Expeditionary Force; urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force, under American command; was made General of the Armies of the United States, which is the highest rank given to an officer

Jefferson Policies

lower national debt, cut military spending, reduce government jobs, eradicate most federal taxes

Social Gospel Movement

movement created by reform minded Protestant ministers seeking to introduce religious ethics into industrial relations and appealing to churches to meet their social responsibilities

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Hill People

non-slaveowning whites who lived in the Appalachian ranges cut off from the plantation system, subsistence farming, animosity towards planter aristocracy

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Horizontal Integration

ownership of the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain

Morrill Land Grant

passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.

Indentured Servitude

person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america.

Albany Plan

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Cash-and-Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Hegemony

political domination; complete authority

Tammany Hall

political machine that controlled politics in NYC in the late 1800s. Controlled by Boss William Marcy Tweed who was exposed by the political cartoons of Thomas Nast in Harpers Weekly. Nast is the father of the symbols of political parties, the modern image of Santa Claus.

Chartered Companies

private investors with trade monopolies in colonies

Asylum Movement

reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Repeating Weapons

repeating pistols (revolver), Samuel colt, repeating rifle- Winchester, repeating machine guns, changed fighting styles

Virginia Resolves

saying americans have same rights as englishmen, including taxation by their own representation, VA should not pay taxes except house of burgesses; anyone advocating parliaments right to taxation was an enemy

Colored Alliances

separate farmers alliance for colored people

Plantation Model

separate society for English immigrants, separate from the natives

Bacon's Rebellion

settlers in western Virginia rebel against gov. Showed frustration over govt. control by wealthy planters, willingness to fight

Plymouth Plantation

site of the first Thanksgiving in 1621. the first permanent European settlement in southern New England. Separatists were here.

Susan B Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Strategic Bombing

strategy favored by Americans; daytime bombing that required lots of planning and math; more moral strategy; very high casualty rate for bombers however because they flew at a constant speed and altitude (sitting ducks) to destroy Germany's capacity to make war

Concentration Policy

strategy that would provide white settlers with the most productive lands and relocated Indians to areas north and south of white settlements. Settlers were not satisfied, the wanted to restrict Indians to even smaller areas through relocation.

Factory System

system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.

Western Progressives

the Federal government still had extraordinary power over Western lands/resources, political parties in the West were weak

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Cult of Domesticity

the belief that women should stay at home to manage the household, educate their children with strong moral values, and please their husband.

Feminism

the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Skyscraper

the high rise, architectural development which came from the invention of steel and the Otis elevators. More prevalent in the United States than in Europe.

Chisholm Trail

the major long drive route north from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, where cowboys drove herds of cattle to the railroads to be shipped back East for huge profits

Taylorism

the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task

Chicago Race Riots

the worst races riots; During the Great Migration, many blacks went to the North seeking factory positions. Several race riots broke out in big northern factory cities.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

they were both abolitionists and involved in women, wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the equality of the Sexes

Prohibitory Act

this document cut off all trade between the colonies and England AND removed the colonies from the "King's Protection"

Section 7a

this part of the national industrial recovery administration legislation formally guarnateed organized labor the right to collectively bargain & organize; unions could actively recruit & they had gained legal acceptance

Crime of '73

through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

George Calvert

title was Lord Baltimore; founded Maryland as a haven for Catholics

Black Cabinent

unofficial advisers to the president

Municipal Reforms

urban political reformers started to focus on municipal misgovernment, including the private monopolies that ran municipal water, gas, electricity, and transit systems

People's Party

wanted coinage of silver, gov ownership of railroads and telegraphs, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, and shorter workdays, had convention in 1892

John D. Rockefeller

was a man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by it's large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger.

Midwives

were women who traditionally attended at childbirth, treated the ill, and prescribed herbal remedies.

Navigation Acts

• Passed under the mercantilist system, these acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.