APUSH Period 2 SFI

New Amsterdam

Dutch colony that was later renamed New York after Duke of York (James II) took control from its Dutch governor

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch governor of New Amsterdam who was "overthrown" by Duke of York

Walter Raleigh

English explorer who attempted to establish colony at Roanoke but failed

John Smith

English sea captain who "whipped" the men of Jamestown into shape and just barely helping the colony to survive barely, but still helped it to survive and eventually become permanent

Jonathan Edwards

Expressed Great Awakening ideas in a series of sermons, such as "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," which argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness and only those who were penitent could be saved by God's grace

Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur

French writer and naturalist who traveled to America in the 1700s and wrote "Letters from an American Farmer"

Buffer Colony

Georgia- used to create border between valuable carolinas and Spanish Florida or French Louisiana

Anne Hutchinson

Intelligent, well-spoken woman who led Bible studies, didn't believe in predestination, and believed in antinomianism, that people didn't need a pastor to tell them how to interpret the Bible (banished to Rhode Island)

Germans

Made up a fairly large portion of non-English immigrants - settled chiefly in Philadelphia, maintained culture, and had little interest in English politics

New England Towns

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine

Carolina

Proprietary colony that was eventually split into north and south--> rice was primary export

Nathaniel Bacon

Puritan farmer who formed an army to lead a rebellion consisting of raids and massacres against natives and governor Berkeley, due to the fact that Virginia's political decisions were made upon the basis of large planters versus the majority- small farmers

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who founded Boston and who is known for his use of the bible verse, "a city on a hill" to portray his goal for Massachusetts- to be an example for the other colonies

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who was exiled from the MA Bay colony because of his progressive disagreements with the Puritan church (rights for natives and full break from Anglican church)--> went on to establish Providence settlement and Rhode Island colony where there was great political freedom

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania and who instituted friendly relations with natives, religious freedom, unrestricted immigration, as well as providing Frame of Government/Charter of Liberties (written constitution)--> smart proprietor who crossed the ocean to watch over colony as well as attracting settlers via ads and such

The "Sewer Colony"

Rhode Island colony in which several puritan rebels migrated to due to liberal beliefs; Puritans viewed it as the colony in which unbelievers and religious dissenters were "dumped"

Primogeniture

Right of succession by firstborn child (almost always son due to patriarchy)

"Grandparents"

Some say that the Puritans/New England colonies "invented" these in the Americas because their colonies were the first to be stable enough to be multi-generational

Spanish Armada

Spanish naval fleets--> beaten by English navy, establishing England as grand naval power

Tobacco

Virginia's Cash Crop--> ultimately saves the colony by bringing in income to the colonists due to such high demand

King Philip's War

Wampanoags united many tribes in Southern New England against the English settlers, who were encroaching on the natives' lands; war lasted from 1675-1676; colonial forces prevailed, killing the chief (Metacom) and ending most American Indian resistance in New England

Pequot War

Whites, along with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked a very powerful tribe in the Connecticut River Valley, virtually annihilating the tribe and causing an uneasy peace for the next few decades

Mayflower Compact

a building-block of self-government via the form of a written contract that the Pilgrims would abide by, so they could establish order, goals, and a semblance of unity--> primitive constitution

Royal Colony

a colony that is subject to the direct authority of the crown

Proprietary Colony

a colony under the authority of individuals who the king has granted power to

Act of Toleration

acts put in place by Lord Baltimore for the original purpose of protecting Catholics from the Maryland majority Protestants by grating religious toleration to all sects/denominations of Christianity; however, it was eventually repealed after civil war in which Catholics lost voting rights

John Peter Zenger

brought to court in 1735 for criticizing New York's royal governor; the law was against him, but the jury ignored it and acquitted him, which encouraged other newspapers to take more risks in criticizing the government

Chesapeake Bay

colonies of Maryland and Virginia whose economy relied on tobacco--> location good for trade purposes and easy to defend

Pennsylvania

colony founded by William Penn that offered religious and political freedom, as well as a representative assembly under Frame of Government

Plymouth Colony

colony founded by pilgrims who were originally aiming for MA Bay colony--> got along with natives mostly aka Thanksgiving

Massachusetts Bay

colony founded for the religious purpose of Puritan freedom to worship w/o persecution, after a group of Puritans, including John Winthrop, gained a royal charter to construct such a colony--> eventually conjoined with Plymouth to form Massachusetts

Massachusetts Bay Colony

colony founded for the religious purpose of Puritan freedom to worship w/o persecution, after a group of Puritans, including John Winthrop, gained a royal charter to construct such a colony--> eventually conjoined with Plymouth to form Massachusetts

Joint-Stock Company

companies given a charter to start a colony, pooled the savings of many investors to minimize the risk of financing colonies-->Virginia Company who started first real colony

Tobacco

crop that really kept Virginia alive during its hard times- basically VA relied on this cash crop for its prospering economy... introduced by John Rolfe

Pilgrims

dissenters to the Anglican church who wanted to split completely from the church; also known as separatists

Fundamental Orders

first real constitution drawn up by Thomas Hooker in order to give the colony of Connecticut an elected legislature who would choose a governor

Half-Way Covenant

form of partial church membership that allowed those who hadn't felt a conversion to be members of the Puritan Church

House of Burgesses

governing assembly of Virginia that was the first of its kind and set the pace for future acts of self-government

William Bradford

governor of Plymouth colony who helped it to survive first winter

Middle Passage

horrendous part of the triangular trade in which enslaved Africans were shipped from Africa to the West Indies in horrible, cramped conditions aboard a ship

John Rolfe

husband of Pocahontas who introduced new type of tobacco to VA-->became most successful cash crop that put VA on the map and helped it survive

Scots-Irish

immigrants from Northern Ireland who had little respect for the British government, who had pressured them to leave Ireland

Virginia Company

joint-stock company who founded Virginia with royal charter--> charter guaranteed colonists would have the same rights as if they were in England (important later on)

Lord Baltimore

lord proprietary of Maryland colony who wanted to protect outnumbered Catholics from Protestant farmers with Acts of Toleration--> beginning of religious freedom

Puritans

more moderate dissenters to the Anglican church who believed that it could be reformed

Powhatan

native tribe who originally peacefully coexisted with English, as Pocahontas married John Rolfe but eventually broke out into war and series of attacks/uprisings

The "elect"

people, who according to puritans/John Calvin's doctrine of predestination, were destined before birth to go to Heaven

Starving Time

period of time in Jamestown in the early 17th century in which many immigrants and colonists died for a variety of reasons- lack of food, disease, winter, etc.

James Oglethorpe

philanthropist who established first colony in Georgia: Savannah--> first governor who tried to make it thrive as proprietary colony, but didn't so turned into royal colony

"City Upon a Hill"

phrase that is directly from the Bible, but was used by John Winthrop to describe his goal for MA to be an example colony of how to live a pious life--> Reagan used it in his farewell speech and its modern meaning lies in the U.S's attempt to be the definitive example of a democracy

Bacon's Rebellion

rebellion against Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia; also known as the Chesapeake Revolution; highlighted two lasting disputes in colonial Virginia that would continue into the next century (sharp class differences and colonial resistance to royal control)

Salem Witch Hunt

series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts from 1692 to 1693

Slave Codes

series of laws enacted by the House of Burgesses that made blacks and their children property for life of their white masters (entrenched African slavery in the Americas) they couldn't be taught to read or write, and they had no citizen rights

Stono Rebellion

slave rebellion in South Carolina in 1739---> largest slave uprising in the British colonies

Jeremiads

speech or literary work expressing bitterness or lament

George Whitefield

spread Great Awakening ideas throughout colonies; preached rousing sermons which stressed that God was all-powerful and would only save those who openly professed their belief in Him, as well as that ordinary people could interpret the Bible

Headright System

system used in Chesapeake to attract more workers, aka immigrants at the time, by offering 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for their (or their own) passage to the colonies

Benjamin Franklin

the most successful and popular American writer of the 18th century, who wrote the Poor Richard's Almanack, did extensive work with electricity, and developed bifocals and a type of stove

Visible Saints

the only people, according to Separatist beliefs, who would be accepted as members of the church because they lived out their "elect" status

Triangle Trade

three-part trade route that brought rum to West Africa from New England, slaves to the West Indies from West Africa, and sugarcane to New England from the West Indies

Slavery

what the colonists, specifically southern colonists, turned to for cheap labor after natives and indentured servants didn't work

Indentured Servants

workers who agreed to work for 5-10 years in exchange for paid transportation to America, food and board, and a grant of land at the end of their time serving

1619

year in which first shipment of African slaves introduced to colonies, specifically Jamestown; also, House of Burgesses was formed