APUSH Period 3 Hot Seat Terms

Newburgh conspiracy

A plot hatched in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years., The new nation under the Articles of Confederation was in a financial crisis. Through the Newburgh Conspiracy, which was engineered by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris, the army, whose pay was overdue, threatened to force the states into surrendering more power to the national government.George Washington heard about it and stopped it. But it showed how weak the new national government was and showed its lack of finances.

Quartering Acts

Issued in 1765 This act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies. It ordered the colonists to pay for certain goods for the British soldiers. ( Most of the soldiers that were in the colonies at the time were patrolling the Proclamation Line of 1763.)

Writs of Assistance

It allowed revenue officers to search buildings and ships for illegally imported goods without evidence or probable cause. Enacted with the Townshend Acts.Boston merchants hired James Otis to argue against it in Parliament, and he did not win.

John Wilkes

he wrote on behalf of the colonists in British newspapers stated that parliament wasnt really helping actions in colonies. He was viewed as a hero in the colony. He was an influence because he spoke out against King George's policies in the colonies and in England. rebellion ally He visits the colonies and when he returns he is arrested. after his release he moves to Boston

Stamp Act

1st direct tax (collected from those who used the goods as opposed to the taxes on imported goods, which were mostly paid by merchants). Effort to raise funds to support British military forces in the colonies. Lord Grenville turned to a tax used for a long time in Britain. Enacted by Parliament in 1765. Required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies including legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements. If you didn't use this you had to face a vice admiralty court. The Britons said that the Americans had virtual representation- claiming that the Parliament knew what was best for them. People in the colonies reacted with indignation to news of the Stamp Act. ex: Patrick Henry urged Hose of Burgesses to refuse tax .James Otis called for cooperative action among colonies to protest the Stamp Act. Representatives from 9 colonies met in NY to form Stamp Act Congress. (resolved only their elected representatives had legal authority to approve taxes) Protest took violent turn with formation of Sons and Daughters of Liberty (they sometimes destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered revenue officials) Boycotts against British imports were most effective form of protest. In 1765 and 1766 many did not purchase any items of British origin. Because of a sharp drop in trade London merchants put pressure on Parliament to repeal controversial Stamp Act. Repealed in 1766 and the Declaratory Act was passed with it.

john adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation" His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

Iroquois

A Native American tribe that sided with the British in the French and Indian War. They helped stop the French from taking over the Ohio River Valley and eventually aided with British victory.

George Rogers Clark

A frontiersman who led the seizing of 3 British forts along the Ohio River (1778-1779). This later led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States (possibly).

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams was the wife of John Adams, who was George Washington's Vice President. She had a huge influence on Adams's decisions during the presidency. She was a champion for women's rights she also was against slavery and always told her husband in their many letters to "keep the ladies in mind." Although her role in politics was great, she was not publicly involved.

Atricles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

citizen genet

After Washington issued a policy of neutrality when it came to European conflicts, French minister Edmond Genet went to SC and appealed directly to the American people to support the French cause in the French Revolution. This was appalling conduct and even Thomas Jefferson thought Washington should remove him. He was reccalled by his government he chose to remain in the US where he married and became a US citizen

Declaration of Independence

After meeting for more than a year, the congress gradually began to favor independence rather than reconciliation. On June 1776 Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution declaring the colonies to be independent. The declaration drafted by Jefferson listed specific grievances against George III's government and also expressed basic principles that justified revolution Congress adopted Lee's resolution calling for independence on July 2 and Jefferson's work the Declaration of independece was adopted on july 4th 1776.

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of Treasury of Washington's Cabinet. He was also the mortal enemy of Thomas Jefferson. He was charming, sexist, and power-hungry. He was also a huge nationalist. He had served as Washington's staff in the Continental Army. He worried that people would be more loyal to their local governments than to their national government. He was also very concerned with finances and issued the Report on the Public Credit in 1790.

Sugar Act

Also known as the Revenue Act of 1764 it placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. Ended the British policy of exempting the colonists from revenue-raising measures. Its chief purpose was to raise money for the crown because of debts from the French and Indian War. Sugar act was also a companion law also provided for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop smuggling. Those accused of smuggling were to be tried in admiralty courts by crown appointed judges without juries.

xyz affair

Americans were angry with reports that US merchant ships were being seized by French warships and privateers. Pres John Adams sent a delegate to France to work the situation out. Certain french ministers only known as xyz requested bribes as basis for entering into negotiations. American delegates refused. "Millions for defense but not one cents for tribute" Hamilton hoped that by going to war the US would gain french and spanish lands in NA. Instead of going to war with the French, he sent new ministers to Paris.

advantages and disadvantages for americans and brits?

Americans--- advantages- they used guerilla warfare, which the British had not seen before so it was successful -supreme leadership of George Washington -home advantage (familiar with the terrain and land) -they didn't actually have to win the war to get what they wanted, they just had to tire out the British so much that they would surrender Americans---disadvantages- they lacked unity -lack of professional training -lack of sufficient supplies -economic difficulties due to inflation -loyalists British---advantages- strongest navy in the world -huge army British---disadvantages- not all British people supported the war -generals were not as good -did not know the terrain -not used to Americans informal strategies -soldiers were treated brutally

alien and sedition acts

Anger against france streghtned the federalists in the congressional election on 1798 to win majority in both houses. Federalist took opportunity to restrict the Democratic republicans. Most citizens voted democratic republican, so the federalist passed the naturalization act which increased from 5-14 number of years it required to qualify for citenzship. Alien acts: president could deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens in time of war. Sedition act: made it illegal for newspaper editors to critisize either the president or congress and imposed fine or improsonment for those who violated the law.

Townshend Duties

British gov need new revenues so Charles Townshend proposed another tax measure. In 1767 parliament adopted Townshend's program which enacted new duties to be collected on colonial importants of tea, glass, and paper. Law required that the revenues raised be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, making them independent of colonial assemblies that had previously paid their salaries. Also provided for search of homes for smuggled goods, all official needed was a writ of assistance. Also suspended NY's assembly for the colony's defiance of Quartering Acts. Colonists at first accepted the act because it was indirect tax paid by only merchants. However soon leaders began protesting the duties. John Dickinson wrote the "Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" as a response. He argued Parliament could regulate commerce, but because duties were a form if taxation they could not be levied on colonists without consent of their representative assemblies . James Otis and Samuel Adams wrote the Circular Letter which condemned taxation without representation. Urging colonists to petition Parliament to repeal the acts. In response colonists boycotted british gods and merchants increased smuggling to avoid Townshend duties. Lord Frederick North urged Parliament to repeal the act because it damaged trade and generated small amount of revenue, The repeal of the act in 1770 ended colonial boycott, and except for the Boston Massacre there was a 3 year period of respite from political troubles as colonies entered a period of economic prosperity. however parliament still retained a tax on teas symbol of its right to tax the colonies.

proclamation of 1763

British issued this proclamation in order to stabilize the western frontier, proclomation forade colonists from settling west of appalachian mountains. Colonists reacted with anger and defiance. because after their victory in the war colonists hoped to reap benefits in form of acess to western lands. Thousands streamed westward beyond the imaginary boundary line drawn by british.

shays rebellion whiskey rebellion

Captain Daniel Shays, a Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran led an uprising against high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and the lack of paper money. They managed to stop the collection of taxes. The Massachusetts militia later stopped the rebellion in 1787. this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working When Hamilton issued a tax on whiskey, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled. They attacked the revenue collectors. Washington had Hamilton stop the rebellion and almost no blood was shed. Some colonists liked Washington's reaction contrasting it with helpness of Shay's rebellion but some did not, like use of force against common people

virginia and KY resolutions

Democratic republicans argued that the alien and sedition acts violated rights guranteed by 1st ammendment of costitution. In 1799 however supreme court had not yet established judicial review. leaders challanged the legislation of federalists by enacting nullyfing laws of thier own in state legislatures. Kentucky legislature adopted resolution by Thomas Jefferson and Virginia adopted resolutions by James madison. Both resolutions declared that the states had entered a compact in forming national government and if any act of the federal government broke the compact a state could nullify the federal law. (set forth argument and rationale to be used in nullification controversy of 1830)

constitutional convention

In response to the Annapolis Convention's suggestion, Congress called for the states to send delegates to Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. Delegates came to the convention in May 1787, and drafted an entirely new framework that would give greater powers to the central government. This document became the Constitution.

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

Events leading up to the war- King George's war was the French vs. Great Britain, and Austria had sided with the French. Great Britain was aligned with Prussia. The war would determine who was the main power in the Americas- the French or the Britons. The main territory in question was the Ohio River Valley, which many groups were vying for (Virginia, Pennsylvania, French, and the Iroquois) The war really started when the French started building forts and drove out the traders from Virginia and Pennsylvania. George Washington was sent to persuade the French to leave. Alliances- The French and the Huron Indians were in alliance during the war. The British were in alliance with the Iroquois Indians. Eventually the British won under Prime Minister William Pitt. The Indians later un-aligned themselves with the French because they were afraid that the French would get too much power. Consequences- In the Treaty of Paris the French gave up all of their land east of the Mississippi River (except for New Orleans). This became the Proclamation Line of 1763. Spain was also given Louisiana. During the war the Americans and the Britons bonded.

federalist and antifederalists

Federalists-- supporters of the Constitution supporters of a strong national government had persuasive essays called the Federalists papers the federalists won the votes for the ratification of the constitution emphasized the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Anti-Federalists-- did not support the Constitution did not support a stronger national government, thought that it would destroy what the revolution had created argued that the constitution gave the central government more power than the British had had appealed to the popular distrust of the government based on colonial experiences

treaty of grenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

General Cornwallis

General Charles Cornwallis was a British general. His army was defeated and forced to surrender by George Washington's Army at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. Cornwallis had established a base there.It was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War. His defeat made the war even more unpopular in Britain.

Declaratory Acts

In 1766 Grenville was replaced by another prime minister and Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act. When the colonists heard of this news they were very happy. Few colonists actually knew that Parliament had also enacted the Declaratory Acts. This act asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (americans ignored it, would soon lead to conflict between B and A)

Northwest Ordinance of 1785 and 1787

In 1785 Congress established a policy to pay off debts for surveying and selling lands in the west. lands divided into 36 sections or townships.It set aside one section of land in each township for public education. In 1787 the Northwest Ordinance set rules for establishing new states. It granted limited self-government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region. Once 5,000 people lived in a region they could have their own government and legislature. 60,000 could apply for statehood. (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin)

proclomation of neutrality

In 1793, the French Revolution was going on in Europe and Washington faced the option of whether or not he wanted to help his allies. He believed the young nation was not stroung enough to engage in european war. in 1793 he issued a proclamation of US neutrality in conflict. jefferson resigned from the cabinet in disagreement with washington's policy.

republican motherhood

It was a woman's selfless devotion to her family and children, cited as the very model of proper republican behavior. Women were supposed to raise boys who will be involved in their gov. It elevated women to the role of the nation's conscience keepers.

fugitive slave law

It was enacted by Congress in 1793. It provided the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The southerners did not like how relaxed the northerners were about enforcing the law.

impressment

It was the British practice of taking any soldiers from any place and forcing them into the British navy. It angered Americans, who responded with the Jay Treaty.

james madison

James Madison was the author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. He was also the father of the federalist party and was a huge nationalist. He based the new Constitution document on the idea of checks and balances. He was the one who proposed the Virginia plan, which favored large states.

James Otis

James Otis helped write the Circular Letter with Samuel Adams. They sent copies to every colonial legislature. He also sued Parliament on behalf of the colonists after the writs of assistance became policy, saying it went against rights established for British citizens in the colonies,he did not win (but it proved that the Parliament separated the colonists from British citizens.)Argued against many acts such as the sugar act saying it was just a revenue bill and not fair.

Common Sense

January 1776 Common Sense was written by an English immigrant named Thomas Paine. It argued that the colonies should become independent states and break all political ties with GB monarchy. He said that it was contrary to common sense for a large continent to be run by a tiny island miles away and who had unreasonable laws and whose governement was corrupt at times.

John Hancock

John Hancock was a Boston smuggler. Wealthiest man in New England at a time. Used his wealth and influence to aid the movement for American independence. He was president and leader of the Second Continental Congress. He was also the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. He also served on the Boston Assembly. first governor of Massachusetts. He was the wealthiest merchant and was seized because he was a leading opponent of British taxation. He became a symbol of the rebellion.

federalist party democratic party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution., Led by Alexander Hamilton, they believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. Their influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.

Loyalists/torries/Patriots

Loyalist/Tories-The Loyalists/Tories were people who lived in the colonies that were still loyal to GB. They fought for the British side and helped their cause by supplying by food and supplies. They were mostly in New York, Georgia, and New Jersey. Many of them were forced to emigrate to Canada or Britain rather than face persecution at the hands of the victorious patriots.They were usually more conservative and wealthier than the Patriots. Patriots- Patriots were colonist who supported the war against the British and fought against them in battleLargest number from New England and Virginia . Most of the soldiers were reluctant to travel outside of their own region. They would serve in militia units for short periods, leave to work farms, and then return to duty.The soldiers were untrained and used methods that the British had never seen before such as guerilla warfare and sharpshooters. They were undersupplied, undertrained, and lacked sufficient supplies. (even though several hundred thousand fought angainst Bitain general washington never had more than 20,00 troops under his command at once.

Boston Masacre

Many Bostonians resented the British troops who had been quartered in their city to protect customs officials from being attacked by the Sons of Liberty. In March 1770 a crowd of colonists were protesting and harassed the guards near the customs house. The redcoats were trying to maintain peace, then felt threatned guards shot fires in to the crowd. killed 5 people including Crispus Atticus first casuality of the American Revolution an African American. At trial for murder the soldiers were defended by colonial lawyer John Adams. Adams' more radical cousin Sam Adams angrily denounced the shooting incident as a masacre and used it to inflame anti british feeling.

Intolerable Acts

News of Boston Tea Party angered King North and Parliament. In retaliation British gov enacted series of punitive acts the Coercive acts and also a separate act dealing with French Canada. Colonists were outraged by these laws and nicknamed them intolerable acts. The acts were directed mainly as the people of Massachusetts and Boston, getting the dissidents under control. 1. Port act closed the port of Boston prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. 2. The Massachusetts Government Act reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. 3. The admiration of Justice Act allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in great Britain instead on in the colonies, which usually they were let free in Britain. 4. The fourth law expanded the Quartering Acts to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes. Applied to all colonies. Quebec Act of 1764- law organizing Canadians land gained from France. accepted by most french canadians resented by most in 13 colonies. established Roman Catholicism as official religion of Quebec, set up gov without representative assembly and extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River. colonists viewed act as direct attack on American colonies because it took away lands they claimed along Ohio River. Also feared British gov would attempt to enact similar laws in america and take way representative gov. The predominantly protestant americans also resented recognition given to catholicism.

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

Protest letters. A series of 12 essays published by John Dickinson of Massachusetts (anonymously at first) in response to the Townshend Acts, criticizing the acts. It said that the legality of an external tax was its intent. Parliament had no right to tax colonists. It also said that taxes should not be raised unless elected officials from that area vote for it.

Sam Adams, Sons of Liberty

Samuel Adams helped write the Circular Letter in response to the Townshend Acts and he urged a petition to repeal the taxes. Samuel Adams also was the person who denounced the Boston incident as a massacre and used it to fuel anti-British feelings. He also initiated the Committees of Correspondence, which organized committees that exchanged letters about suspicious British activities. Sam Adams was also a delegate at the first Continental Congress and he represented Massachusetts with John Adams. Sons of Liberty founded by SA and John H. The Sons of Liberty was a protest group which largely reacted to the Stamp Act. They focused primarily on destruction of property. They did not carry weapons and did not want to alienate wealthier members of the group. They also knew the importance of martyrdom. fought for the rights of british colonists.

first bank of US

The Bank of the United States was first chartered by the US Congress on February 25, 1791 after being proposed by Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury) in 1790. The purpose for the bank was to handle the financial needs and requirments of the new central government of the newly formed United States. This is significant as previously the 13 colonies each had their own banks, currencies, financial institutions, and policies. Set for a 20 year charter.

Continental Association

The Continental Association was created at the First Continental Congress in 1774. It was made to enforce the decisions put into place by the Suffolk Resolves, which called for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts and the resistance of British troops.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress was in 1774 and had representatives from every colony except for Georgia. The Congress was in Philadelphia. It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts. They wanted to respond to Britain's alarming threats to their liberties. (At this time most didnt want independence, but to restore the relationship with the crown that had existed before the 7 years war). sent ideas to the king Some of the delegates , radical: Patrick Henry, Sam and John Adams. conservative: John Jay and Joseph Gallows. The delegates voted on several measures. (Joseph galloway proposed a plan similar to the Albany plan that would have reordered relation with Parliament and form union of colonies within British empire) Adopted these measures: 1. Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves which called for immediate repeal of intolerable acts and for colonies to resist the act by making military preparations and boycotting British goods. 2.passed declaration of rights and grievances, which urged the king to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights (the colonists tried to recognizr Parliament's authority to regulate commerce) 3. Created continental assocaiation, network of commites to enforce economic santions of Suffolk Resolves. 4. Decided that if colonial rights were not recognized they would meet again in May 1775

2nd Continental Congress?

The Second Continental Congress took place three weeks after the first one. The delegates were split, some thought that they should declare independence and others thought the relationship with GB could be improved if changes were made.George Washington was sent to be commander in chief of new colonial army. They sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, in which they demanded the repeal of the Intolerable Acts, a cease-fire in Boston, and the guarantee of American rights.

Tea Act

The Tea Act of 1773 eliminated all remaining import duties on tea entering England, lowering the price to consumer. It allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to the colonists to help with their financial problems. The plan was to lower the prices, but keep the tax. Colonists were unhappy with this and had the Boston Tea Party. Colonists dressed up as American Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor... many colonists applauded the Boston tea party as justifiable defense of property, while others though the destruction of private property was far too radical.

Treaty of Paris 1783

The Treaty of Paris determined four things: 1. Britain would recognize that the United States of America was an independent nation. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of that nation. 3. Americans could have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war.

Boston Tea Party

The colonists were boycotting tea because they did not want to pay the tax that the British were demanding. Hoping to help the British India Company out of its financial problems, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, which lowered price of tea (even with the tax this tea was cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea). In 1773, a group of Boston citizens disguised as Mohawk Indians climbed onto a ship containing a new shipment of tea and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor.

pickney's treaty

The effect that Jay's treaty had on Spain's policy towards its territories in the Americas was unexcpected. Seeing the treaty as a sign that the US might be drawing closer to Britain, Spain decided to consolidate its holdings in NA. Concerened about colonies in the southeast, thomas pickney US minister to Spain negotiated a treaty in which spain agreed to open the lower Missippi river and new orleans to american trade. The right of deposit was granted to americans so that they could transfer cargoes in NO without paying duties to the spanish gov. Spanish further agreed to accept the US claims that Florida's northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel

Taxation without representation

The idea of taxation without representation first appeared in Samuel Adams's Circular Letter, which was written in protest of the Townshend Act. Even though Parliament claimed that the colonists had "virtual representation" they were unhappy that no one who actually lived in America and experienced their point of view was sitting in Parliament and helping make the decisions that would shape their lives.

jay's treaty

Washington sent cheif justice john jay on a special mission to britain to talk the country out of its offensive practice of searching and seizing American ships and impressing seamen into the british navy. After a year of negotions Jay brought back a treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US frontier. The treaty did not mention anything about British seizures of American merchant ships. jay's treaty was narowly ratified by senate and angered american supporters of France, but it did maintain washington's policy of neutrality.

washington's farewell adress

assisted by alexander hamilton the retiring president wrote a farewell address for publication in newspapers in 1796. He warned americans to: not get involved in european affairs not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs not to form political parties not to fall into sectionalism

Committees of Correspondence

commitees of corespondance Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Pontiac's rebellion

first major test of the new british imperial policy. 1763 chief pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier. Indians angered by growing westward movements of European settlers and british refusal to offer gifts as the french had done. Pontiac's alliance in Ohio valley destroyed forts and settlements from ny to va. Rather than relying on colonial forces to retaliate, the british sent regular troops to put down the uprising.

george washington

nitially the commander of Virginia's frontier troops, he was a colonel military leader for the British in the French and Indian War (Fort Necessity). Later, he was Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His greatest achievements were: (1) his surprise victory at Trenton, (2) holding the army together at Valley Forge, and (3) his major victory at Yorktown.