APUSH Period 4
Key pieces of technology reshaping agriculture and industry
Growth of infrastructure (turnpikes, roads - National Road) 1. Steam Engine 2. Factory system 3. Cotton gin 4. Interchangeable parts
Growth of transportation infrastructure
More efficient transportation connected the nation and made regional economies possible • Steamboat • National Road • Erie Canal • Turnpikes
The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon no longer wants the land and Jefferson sends a delegation to France to see if they can buy land on river and the city of New Orleans. The official offer is 2 million. Livingston and Monroe are the ones that go to negotiate. Livingston has been instructed to go as high as 10 mil for the city. Napoleon offers the whole land for 15 mil. Monroe and Livingston almost freak out and send word to Jefferson. BUT... Jefferson now has a conscience problem Eventually, they authorize the purchase in 1803 (Spain transferred the territory to France and France to US)
Causes of Panic
Resulted from irresponsible banking practices- second national bank gave out huge loans and didn't obtain collateral- assumed that economic growth would ensure repayment Decreased international demand for American goods, such as cotton
Urbanization
Rise of cities and development of manufacturing go hand in hand - market revolution leads to urbanization - led to further economic growth and innovation
The Prophet and Tecumseh
Shawnee chief and his brother who organize Native American resistance and reject white culture. They were very successful in uniting very different, individualistic Native tribes and groups in order to form a unified resistance. They end up in battle with American general William Henry Harrison. The Natives are devastatingly defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe. As a result, the prophet supposedly put a curse on him.
Waltham Plan (Lowell System)
Strategy for cheaper source of labor in the 1820s; recruit thousands of young women from farm families to work in textile factories, provide them with room and board, evening lectures, etiquette classes, and cultural activities with strict curfews, no alcohol and regular church attendance - Initially, pay was tolerable, but soon got worse (immigrants took over the job)
Treaty of Velasco
Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign it recognizing the Republic of Texas.
Alamo
Texas fort captured by General Santa Anna on March 6, 1836, from rebel defenders. Sensationalist accounts of the siege of the Alamo increased popular support in the United States for Texas independence.
Tariff of 1816
The tariff of 1816 is notable because it is the first protective tariff passed in the history of the US. Protective tariff = high tariff that keeps people from buying foreign, thus protecting domestic manufacturing. Revenue tariffs do the opposite (low tariff that makes people buy more foreign, thus increasing government revenue).
Lower class women
The women who cannot afford to stay at home and create this wonderful refuge, she must be employed just like the husband; they need both incomes to make ends meet.
Why is the election of 1800 so important?
There is a peaceful transfer of power from federalists to democratic-republicans that sets a precedent for the country. - The federalists 'accept defeat' and though it leads to their downfall, they still had an attitude of accepting lost - The riots on Jan. 6, 2021 are so damaging because they counteract this precedent through normalizing the accusation of fraud for every lost election
Market Revolution
These forces all collide simultaneously leading to the Market Revolution: Linking northern industries with western farms and southern plantations with roads and canals fueled a market revolution - War of 1812 has created a demand. Britain not supplying stuff now (greatest manufacturing supplier). Must have the ability to feed workers and be able to get the products out to the public. Post-war of 1812, Henry Clay develops the American system and a push for infrastructure (roads and canals) to move people and product - Demand for workers in cities (leads to influx of immigration) - Increased populations led to increased demand for goods - Cotton, lumber, and flour mills were constructed near waterfalls for power (steam engine)
Where were Native Americans forcefully moved to?
West of Mississippi - Kansas and Oklahoma
Rio Grande River, Nueces River
When Texas won its independence from Mexico, we claimed all the land down to ________________, but Mexico claimed our border was the _______________.
Monroe establishes...
the nation's first peacetime army
Lowell Girls
young women who worked in the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution
Effects of Panic
• caused bankruptcies, foreclosures, unemployment, and poverty • panic subsided by 1823, but it increased skepticism of federal authority and banks (Andrew Jackson)
Piety
•Belief that women had a propensity for religion; •Woman is the new Eve (Puritans did not like the old, seductress Eve), working with God to save the world through her pure, passionless love.
War Hawks
•Henry Clay - KY (western states feeling the heat from Native Americans from NW territory) •John C. Calhoun - SC (close to Florida where Seminole Native Americans are resisting) •Felt that only way to resolve Indian problems in West and South was to conquer Canada and Florida •Pushed Madison for war in 1812 (they really just wanted more land, but disguised this goal by blaming Native Americans coming from the frontier into Florida and 'harassing' settlers; Britain and Spain really are not very involved) - Madison's response: Macon Bill No. 2
Purity
•Her greatest treasure •Once married, she has no legal or emotional existence •Her purity is a weapon, to keep men in control of their sexual needs •19th century purity fetish •Limbs, not legs •White meat, not breast •Stork and cabbage patch stories of babies
Domesticity
•Housework is an uplifting task •Needlework and crafts approved duties; •Women make the home a refuge for men so that they can escape from the immoral world of business and industry - Home is meant to be a refuge for men coming from the world outside the home (sinful, vile) - women create a sphere of peace, love, religion, solace (made women feel lucky to be at home) - Used against men: how do we expect men to clean up the nastiness if they made it themselves? We are the only ones who know how to clean up the world because we have come from a sphere of purity.
Back to economic growth...
•INFRASTRUCTURE to allow movement: The invention of the steamboat spurred trade along the Mississippi River, hurting trade on overland routes, so the government began construction on the Cumberland Road to reestablish overland trade (part of nationalistic post-war euphoria) •Trade with the British resumed after the War of 1812; to make up for lost profit, British importers sold goods at low prices •To protect American manufacturing, Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 •First protective tariff •Henry Clay came up with a plan called the American System •Envisioned a self-sufficient US
Proposed constitutional amendments of the Hartford Convention
•No trade embargoes to last more than 60 days •Successive presidents could not be from same state (jab at Virginia) •Removal of 3/5th Clause (gives the South less representation in the House •Limit president to one term •2/3 majority to declare war
Division over tariffs
•The Democratic Party was made up of people with many different opinions about tariffs •Many southerners hoped that Jackson would reduce what they called the Tariff of Abominations •Jackson avoided the issue, and southern agriculture was negatively impacted •Vice President John Calhoun favored nullification and President Jackson did not; this furthered divided the Democrats
Was the US prepared for war with Britain
•The U.S. was not prepared to launch a major offensive after cuts in federal spending, falling tax revenues, and diminished military resources - Literally no sufficient army or navy •The U.S. faced a lack of credit, as Democratic-Republicans did not recharter the Bank of the United States (established a national bank with the stipulation that they would reanalyze if they needed it in 20 years - 1811 - and they decided that because the bank was doing so well, they didn't need it) •The U.S. faced Britain and their allies, American Indians, who were initially successful
Deteriorating working conditions
•Wages cut •Longer hours •Improved machinery sped up the work
Jefferson's Inaugural Address
"We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" Jefferson (a Republican) declared that he wanted to keep the nation unified and avoid partisan conflicts - This gutted the federalist center by being moderate - Even though Jefferson stands for everything the feds oppose, he was able to use moderate language and strayed from extremism (didn't reinvent the wheel or change the framework) - Many federalists realized that he was not that bad, so the federalist party lost a lot of loyalty - Used power of patronage as a political weapon (used this to replace about half of the federal office holders; president could re-appoint people)
4 major African American-led Rebellions in America pre-Civil War
1. Stono Rebellion 2. Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion 3. Denmark Vesey's Rebellion 4. Nat Turner's Rebellion
Corrupt Bargain
Agreement between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election that Clay would withdraw from the race in exchange for an appointment in Adams's cabinet. -Jackson alleges that they made a backdoor deal so Henry Clay could be secretary of state (steppingstone to president)
Judicial review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws - This grants much power to the court (Jefferson has to accept its authority to determine when laws are unconstitutional) - So, even though Jefferson got his way for MvM, he loses in the long-term because the Supreme court gains so much power - The court has the power to keep the govt in check (not really necessary for this presidency - Dem Reps are lying low) - Nonetheless, Jefferson is furious and goes to 'war' with the federal judiciary
Which country is more threatening to the US?
Britain - has a larger navy
Impressment
British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service - Hated practice (bad pay, harsh conditions, bad food) - Leads to big problem with deserters and being undermanned in the British navy
12th Amendment
Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket with defined positions (separation of votes for P and VP). Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.
Election of 1800 Results
Burr and Jefferson repeatedly tie, Hamilton tells his supporters to vote for Jefferson and Jefferson becomes President, Burr becomes vice-president - Often considered the most important election in history
Who's at war again?
England and France - Initially, the US enjoys this because both countries funneling money in for US (buying everything at high prices) - However, they refuse to recognize US neutrality - France passes Berlin and Milan Decrees (part of Napoleon's attempt to blockade England) - England passes Orders in Council
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction; Supreme Court ruling denied the Cherokee claim to be a separate independent nation, ruling that all American Indian nations were "domestic dependent nations" rather than fully sovereign governments. - Subject to US law and treaties - Jackson, however, continues to authorize the Westward push (Supreme Court does not have enforcement powers)
Battle of San Jacinto
(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas - Santa Anna's defeated by Sam Houston's forces
Social changes
*Growth of middle class* - prior to this: rich v. poor - emerged mostly during IR with growth of American markets: included farmers, mechanics, shopkeepers, manufacturers, traders, "who carry on professionally the ordinary operations of buying, selling, and exchanging merchandise. This reflected a growth in prosperity *Supposedly more egalitarian marriages due to the workload in the home* - still patriarchal and male-dominated *Wealthier households utilized servants and enslaved labor for domestic tasks*
German immigrants
- 1.5 mil in the US - Germans do not encounter the same stigma - They are not coming because of a financial crisis; they are in the crossfires of war (unification of Germany) - They leave willingly and with money - They can pay for transportation and can buy land in upper Midwest (Wisconsin, Michigan inundated with Germans) - They stay in farms, spread out, not clustered like Irish in cities (impact seems far less significant) - They are not all Catholic; mixture of Protestant-Catholic - They drink - breweries now in the upper midwest - Germans grow wheat and grains and make beer - Numbers are still large, but impact and experience is different - Also, Germans are more educated than Irish (bring the concept of kindergarten); this changes the perspective of them in American public
Debate in Missouri
- 1819: Missouri Territory applied for statehood (meets requirements) - Debate ensues: 22 states in the Union (11 are slave states and 11 are not) - Missouri's application presents a problem; would give one side an advantage (tips the balance of congressional power) - James Tallmadge of NY realized this and proposed an amendment that any slaves in Missouri would be freed by age of 25 and no new slaves could be brought in. This brings the issue to everyone's attention. Ultimately, the solution is the Missouri Compromise. Missouri comes in as slave state and Maine (part of MA) now becomes its own state. This balances it out.
Impacts on Native Americans
- Expansion of cotton production led to more expansion of white Americans into native lands - Larger plantations - Leads to new conflicts (given "choice" to move, adopt to white ways, or be forcefully moved)
Irish immigrants
- 2 million (more in US than in Ireland) - Came (stuck in) to larger cities (couldn't afford to move out West) - Also do not want to compete with slavery system - Came because of the Potato Famine - Boston and NY had the most Irish - Form ethnic enclaves in the cities (makes their impact more heavy) - Become targets of stereotyping (drinkers), xenophobia, religious persecution (Catholics in a Protestant country) - Stigma and persecution - Viewed to be "taking away jobs" because they would work so cheaply - Later, Southern and Eastern Europeans come - arguments against Irish are targeted towards these people now; same type of criticism
Fall of the Whigs
- 4 years of Tyler - Lose the next election
Effects of the Hartford Convention
- Arrived in DC with proposals at about same time as news of Treaty and victory at New Orleans - This makes the federalists look bad (makes them seem like they were not supporting the war, not patriotic, plotting secession during a war). - Paints them as a party of traitors - This is devastating for the federalist party. Run one more person for president, then the party disappears.
Treaty of Ghent
- Both sides suffering and decide to meet in Ghent, Belgium; in agreement that the war is a waste of time, resources, and humans - Treaty of Ghent signed on December 24, 1814 - However, the Battle of New Orleans still took place
Growth of leisure and entertainment
- Businesses focused on leisure flourished - Theater - Entertainment becomes a lucrative industry - Young, single men and women and newly married couples flocked to the cities - Lure of city life (excitement)
Denmark Vesey Revolt
- Charleston, SC - 1822 - African Americans are "feared" in the south due to the overwhelming number of enslaved people. Southerners concerned by Toussaint L'Ouverture and the message the Haitian Revolution sent. - In 1822 officials in Charleston, South Carolina accused Denmark Vesey, a free black, of following the revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture's lead and plotting a conspiracy to free the city's enslaved inhabitants (rumored to be up to 9000 involved in the revolt, though this is hard to accept due to the lack of communication methods). Vesey had helped to organize churches, mutual aid societies, and other black institutions. His accomplishments were considered threatening to the future of slavery by challenging assumptions about black inferiority. Vesey may have organized a plan to free enslaved people in the city, but it is also possible that white officials concocted the plot to terrorize African Americans. The revolt never actual happened; it was thwarted days before (an enslaved person tipped off a white man). White militia formed. Despite scant evidence, Vesey and thirty-four of his alleged co- conspirators were found guilty and hanged. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where they supposedly planned the insurrection was demolished.
National Road (Cumberland Road)
- Congress approved funds for National Road in 1815 - Runs from western Maryland (Cumberland) to Wheeling, WV - Cuts through Appalachians - Part of a larger push to improve nation's infrastructure - Moving people westward --> helps move people eastward - Completed in 1818 (post-war of 1812, period of nationalist pride which leads to National Road to unify the country) - However, by the time it is completed, sectionalism and regionalism is on the rise (north vs south distinction) - Indicates national unity
Non-Intercourse Act
- Congress replaces the Embargo Act with this in 1809 - Due to people being angry about Embargo Act and economic restrictions - States that Americans could trade with any country but Britain and France (this is dumb because vast majority of US trade is with these 2 countries; people still angry)
Effects of religious, racial, and ethnic diversity in cities
- Cultural diversity aroused anxieties among white Protestants - Start to dislike the growing irish Catholic population (ethnic enclaves) and the growth of entertainment industry - Racial and ethnic minorities faced discrimination and hostility
What does depleted soil in the Chesapeake region cause?
- Decline of agriculture in the region - Forced to move - Secondary market of selling slaves who are no longer needed/not economically beneficial: Some sold enslaved people to planters further south and west, and others began growing wheat
Split of the Democratic-Republicans
- Dem-reps disagreed over the power of the fedgovt. - During the election of 1824, they split into 2 factions (Democrats and National Republicans) - Andrew Jackson = leader of Democrats - Henry Clay, JQA = leaders of National Republicans
Causes of War of 1812
- Democratic-Republicans were convinced that British officials in Canada fueled Native American resistance - Merchants in the Northeast (mostly federalists) wanted to renew trade with Britain - Madison tried diplomacy, but eventually asked Congress for a declaration of war - Felt pressure of War Hawks from the West and South within the Democratic-Republican party
Jackson's view of Native Americans
- Despised them - Grew up on western frontier, fighting Natives - •Some Americans and American Indian nations favored assimilation to "American" ways, but Jackson preferred to move American Indians westward instead - Some Americans and American Indian nations favored assimilation to "American" ways, but Jackson preferred to move American Indians westward instead - Jackson refused to allow Native Americans to participate in US - Wanted to push them west of Mississippi River - Also an economic bonus: the white people wanted the land which was now valuable to them
Effects of Panic of 1837
- Economic disaster - Worst panic the country had seen so far - Whigs harness the opportunity to blame Van Buren and the Dems and start the whole "We have a better plan" routine - Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison (mild person) for the next election
Social changes for enslaved people
- Enslaved people were able to fish, hunt, or farm to improve their diet - Enslaved people also developed more extensive kinship networks - Herbert Gutman The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 1750-1925 - Written in response to Time on the Cross (statistically and economically justified slavery using racist logic and tried to downplay the situation) - This response argued that it was despicable to narrow slavery down to the numbers and try to justify it - Shows development of communities - When slavery ended, many Black people stayed in the south, and Gutman pointed out that moving to the North reduced chances of forming networks and reconnecting (despite the fact that the North was much safer)
Rise of the middle class
- First developed in the North - Businessmen, shopkeepers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, journalists, ministers, other salaried employees - Also had to fit indicators (education, Protestant religion, sober, etc.); allowed for stigma and discrimination; status symbols - Triggers Cult of Domesticity
Cherokee
- Formed republican government based on US Constitution in 1827 - Viewed themselves as a sovereign nation within the borders of the US - The Georgia legislature rejected Cherokee independence and said they were simply guests of the state - Led to Supreme Court cases
Growth in production of cotton
- Giant cotton plantations emerging - Work in the deep south is significantly more hard and dangerous - also farther from freedom
Inner-city flight
- Horse drawn streetcars allowed more affluent to move to outskirts of the city - Creates a lot of sanitation issues - white people leave to fringe while minorities inhabit dilapidated cities
French and British response
- If Britain repeals their act, they can trade with France. If France repeals Berlin and Milan decrees, they'll trade with England. As a reward, they would resume trade with said country that repealed their restrictions. - They are hoping that both sides drop the restrictions, and everyone will be able to trade with everyone. Napoleon figures this out and repeal the Berlin and Milan Decrees and they're fine with the US trading with anyone. The British, however, refuse to take the bait. - So, Berlin and Milan Decrees repealed, and we start trading with France. This is an issue with England (still have Orders of council in place; we have the right to seize ships if they do not come through England). Legally, they do not have the right, but they have the navy so they can anyways.
Effects of Embargo Act on manufacturing
- Increases domestic production - Couldn't trade with Europe so had to rely on US production - Even though North did not like the Embargo Act (specifically merchants), it still benefited their manufacturing industry
Plan to capture Baltimore
- Invade through Chesapeake Bay and go up - Burn down Washington, DC - then go to Baltimore entrance at Fort McHenry - Francis Scott Key was on a ship of US that got intercepted and he was taken prisoner by British. - There was a battle between British ships and guns at Fort McHenry. He is watching the shells exploding on the top of the British ship. Key is looking for the flag because it shows the Americans have not defeated. Take down flag if defeated. The flag never came down. Wrote the Star-Spangled Banner - Baltimore not burned like DC.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- James Madison (Jefferson's secretary of state) refused to deliver the appointment papers to several of the appointed judges - William Marbury was one judge who did not get his papers, so he and three others sued Madison - The Supreme Court ruled that it could not force the executive branch to give Marbury his commission - Invalidated that portion of the Judiciary Act of 1798 - The Court also claimed the duty "to say what the law is" - The Court also declared that federal laws took precedence over state laws
How does the Jefferson administration deal with the Barbary pirates?
- Jefferson refused to continue to pay the Barbary States for protection for American merchant ships, which sparks a 4-year undeclared war (triggered by American flagpole being chopped down in 1801) with the Barbary pirates. It ended in 1805 when an agreement was reached. Both sides no longer wanted to fight, so US paid one-time payment of $60,000 to release US prisoners held by Barbary pirates. This was basically a bribe lol
William Henry Harrison
- Made governor of Indiana territory in 1801 by Jefferson - Offered Native Americans an ultimatum (become farmers and assimilate or move west of Mississippi) - Later became president briefly
Election of 1812
- Madison (demrep) vs Clinton (federalist) -James Madison wins because the majority wanted a war with Britain (War Hawks) and did not want to change presidents in the middle of a war
Election of 1816
- Madison stepped down after 2 terms - Monroe, his secretary of state, runs - Monroe defeated Rufus King (partially due to federalist party's traitorous symbol of Hartford Convention; Federalist Party ceased to exist
Decline of craftwork
- Many tasks become mechanized - Decreased the need for men who performed skilled single tasks, like attaching soles to shoes - Mechanization allowed manufacturers to make items less expensively and in mass quantities, - Trade off was that final products became less distinctive - Mind-numbing, robotic tasks - Less pride in creating goods - Has adverse effects on the mindset and mentality of the working public
Dilemma of MvM
- Marshall does not have enforcement powers (executive branch does), otherwise he would have ruled in Marbury's favor - If Marshall issues the ruling and Jefferson "vetoes" this, it will seem like the Supreme court has no credibility --> Judicial review
Political effect of the Panic of 1819
- Most people participated in political activities at the state and local levels instead of voting in presidential elections - Due to panic: Laboring men demanded the right to vote and wanted to hold politicians accountable - Many states began to lower or eliminate property qualifications for white male voters - This changes the dynamic of society - People cherish their right to vote (have a stake in society) - Some newly established western states would try to attract people to settle by not having any property requirements for voting - Many of these states were the first to grant women the right to women (attracted them to the state); Wyoming being the first
Effects of the war of 1812
- No land changes (useless war) - England opens up trade and ends impressment - Causes nationalistic pride - New England still unhappy
Eli Whitney
- Northerner that visited the South and met with people who expressed frustration with the time-consuming task of harvesting cotton - He comes up with an invention, the cotton gin - Also invents the system of interchangeable parts
Resistance to slavery
- Note: emergence of separate slave quarters - Passive resistance: working slowly (gang labor tasks, repercussions cannot targeted), breaking tools (enslaved people "play dumb" which plays into racist ideology of plantation owners - makes them feel better about themselves; used as fake rationalization), faking illness or injury - Running away was significantly more dangerous and harder - Often not possible for those with families - Often not possible for enslaved people in the deep south; usually had to be close to freedom
Petticoat Affair (Peggy Eaton Affair)
- Peggy O'Neal helped her dad run a tavern in DC (where many congresspeople stayed) and had a promiscuous reputation (captivated many people including Jackson) - Married John Timberlake who committed suicide; rumors of Peggy's infidelity - Peggy then married John Eaton leading to many accusations - Jackson related to this situation Jackson appointed Tennessee senator John Eaton as secretary of war. Eaton had had an affair with a woman thought to be of questionable character and later married her. When Jackson announced his plans to appoint Eaton to his cabinet, congressional leaders urged him to reconsider. When the president appointed Eaton anyway, the wives of Washington's leading politicians (especially Floride Calhoun) snubbed Mrs. Eaton. - Martin Van Buren (secretary of state) is a widower and becomes friends with Peggy; Jackson then moves him - Meanwhile, Calhoun (VP) and his wife were accused of ostracizing her which left John Calhoun with little chance of becoming president - There was also a meeting to discuss Peggy's morals (accepted testimonies from men in DC who would attest to her high moral character) - Led to much conflict - All of the Cabinet resigned and Jackson had to find a new cabinet - This time Jackson was outmaneuvered in what became known as the Petticoat Affair, and Eaton was eventually forced from office - Eaton died and Peggy had an affair with a young man that then ran off with her daughter - Shows Jackson's character - if you're loyal, he's got your back no matter what
Growth of infrastructure
- People moving westward, but they also need to move goods, crops, and products back eastward - Too far to use the Mississippi - Started using turnpikes that were owned by private companies (toll roads that were paved, maintained and passable) - Roads --> National Road
Interchangeable parts
- Prior to this, each part was specific to the whole (time-consuming and economically deficient) - Whitney developed this blueprint system - Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing (standardization of machines and individual products) - Becomes model for American system of manufacturing - British did not have this
Cult of Domesticity (1820-1860)
- Prior to this: Republic of Motherhood stressed women's role in raising and educating sons - This is replaced by the cult of domesticity which stresses the importance of separate spheres of work and home (women were supposed to make the home a haven of purity in comparison to the big bad world outside that men ventured into) - Middle class women who has the luxury of staying home - Portrays the ideal lady; ties into status element; meant to be an aspiration of all women - All women should dream about becoming a member of the cult - Magazines and newspapers would sell this image - Key values: piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity
Jefferson and Burr
- Received the same number of electoral votes in 1800 - Burr challenged Jefferson's presidency - When Jefferson goes up for re-election, he does not want Burr on the ticket
Review: Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
- Replaced Embargo Act (causing tension due to economic restrictions) - Restricted trade with France and Britain and their colonies - This was stupid because the vast majority of their trade was with Britain and France, so this doesn't solve any problems and people are still angry - Jefferson's out of office and now Madison is left to deal with this problem
Roger B. Taney
- Replaced the late John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - Appointed by Jackson - Very Jacksonian (contrasts with Marshall)
Panic of 1819
- Resulted from irresponsible banking practices (banks not protected by fed govt - Banks were not protected by federal government. If a bank was thought to be unstable, people would demand their money back and the bank had to give it back (when it ran out of money, banks had to close). People oftentimes did not get there money back. People would panic, triggering collapse of bank. - Decreased international demand for American goods, such as cotton
Slater Factory System
- Samuel Slater worked in an English mill that used a yarn-spinning machine - Factory system info was guarded heavily in England, but Slater memorized everything - Migrated to America (Pawtucket) and built a factory there from memory - Leads to the growth of the factory system in America (prior to this was all homemade system)
Racial restrictions
- Schools, transportation, and accomodations were segregated - African Americans could not become citizens through naturalization - Could not enroll in federal militias - Not allowed to settle in some (even Northern) states - Faced mob and state-sanctioned violence
Treaty of Big Tree
- Seneca Indians petitioned the federal government to stop their removal, and Congress approved a new treaty in 1842 that allowed the Seneca to keep two of four reservations - Despite this, Jackson continued to force American Indians westward
Danger of Nullification
- Severely weakens the fedgovt - Gives states too much power - Destroys union - Continued ideas about secession even currently (*cough* Texas)
Why did US reject Texas's state application?
- Slavery imbalance - Jackson did not want to take on the issue of slavery (conflict and vitriol) - led to Gag rule
JQA Presidency
- Started with Corrupt Bargain allegations - Adams spends 4 years as president in pure purgatory; he is a nationalist, yet the country has moved on. He even wanted to establish a University of the United States. Very miserable 4-year term, just like his dad, John Adams. - Supported nationalist policies such as federal funding for internal improvements (expansion of Cumberland Road), higher tariffs - Met with a lot of resistance - This sets up our first father-son combo (like Bush-Bush) and we've had grandfather and grandson (William Harrison and Ben Harrison)
Native American problems continue
- US believed because of British influence (argument was that British were coming down from Canada to incite Native Americans) - Figured capturing Canada and removing British influence was the only way to solve the problem - Also continued problems with Native American raids in Florida (war fever)
"Indian Problem" and the British
- US still had problems with Native Americans in the NW territory (Great Lakes) and Florida - Americans think that the British (and their allies like the Spanish) are instigating these problems - However, Native Americans are independently angry enough - Thomas Jefferson issues ultimatum: forces them to move west or to assimilate - The Native Americans decide to reject this ultimatum and fight back (British may have colluded a bit after the Chesapeake-Leopard affair in order to protect Canada) - Native Americans led by The Prophet and his brother Tecumseh - Led to the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811
John Marshall's philosophy
- Very federalist - Always votes in favor of businesses (respects sanctity of contracts) and strengthening the national government
Election of 1840
- William Henry Harrison (WHIG): "self-made" man who lived in a log cabin and drank hard cider, war hero (Battle of Tippecanoe) and friend of the "common man," moral and religious "superiority" to Democrats. - Martin Van Buren (DEM): out of touch aristocrat who did not get the economy back on track with his "independent treasury." - Whigs portrayed him as being born with a gold spoon in his mouth - Result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system; Whigs gained majority in Congress - AKA "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign - Harrison portrayed as "self-made" man who lived in log cabin and drank hard cider (actually a descendent of First Families of Virginia) - Slogan: Tippecanoe and Tyler Too - Whigs portrayed Van Buren to be an aristocrat - Modern campaigning: Whigs organized rallies, barbecues, parades, mass meetings - Welcomed women into campaign who embodied moral force
Outcomes of the Election of 1840
- William Henry Harrison wins - But he delivers a 3.5 hour inauguration speech in a blizzard in DC --> catches pneumonia --> coma --> dies 35(ish) days into his presidency - Starts the 20-year curse - Tyler takes over after Harrison dies
Collapse of National Republican Party
- collapsed after election of 1832 (Jackson won over Clay) - Leads to 2nd Party System
Judiciary Act of 1801
- created 6 circuit courts and 16 new judgeships (essentially to pack the court with federalists) - prior to this, judiciary branch was pretty weak - President John Adams appointed Federalists to each judgeship ("midnight" appointments) right before he left office - Adams then left them in James Madison's office (who would be the secretary of state -very coveted position -under TJ) - Adams then left the city (huh...sounds familiar)
2nd Bank of the US
- created as part of Henry Clay's American system to stabilize businesses - created in 1816; 20-year charter - lent huge sums to settlers seeking land and merchants - didn't obtain collateral (where bank holds title until they made the last payment) - assumed that economic growth would ensure repayment - foreclosure (took land if they couldn't pay it back during the Panic of 1819) - Leads to people (including Andrew Jackson) to question the legitimacy of banks
Whig Party
- emerges in 1833 - initial focus was simply Anti-Jackson (referred to him as King Andrew I and used propaganda cartoons of him in royal robe with crown) - Name "whigs" alluded to anti-monarchy party in England - They initially did not have a party platform; solely based on hatred of Jackson which led to intra-party dissent and division - party then developed a platform - attempted to forge a diverse coalition from around the country by promoting commercial interests and moral reforms
Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812
- general; hero of the Battle of New Orleans - Became very popular - eventually became president
Review: Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
- guaranteed Spanish control of Texas - Gave Florida to US - Mexicans overthrew Spanish rule and claimed Texas as part of the new Republic of Mexico in 1821 - Invite settlers (wanted to create a buffer against the Comanche Natives who frequently raided Texas settlements) under 2 conditions: no slavery, must convert to Catholicism (Americans don't abide by either) - U.S. planters and enslaved people moved into Texas, outnumbering Mexicans living in the area - U.S. settlers in the region demanded independence - Mexican President Santa Anna tried to calm Tejanos who were angered by US settlement - Santa Anna brings an army into Texas to reclaim it - U.S. settlers organized a rebellion and Santa Anna defeated them first at the Alamo, then at Goliad
Andrew Jackson's Presidency
- inaugurated in 1829 (wife died soon after) - tense relationship with the leaders in the capital (Petticoat Affair) - Relied on the Kitchen Cabinet - Spoils System
Increase in immigration
- leads to increased population and diverse cities 1) Irish 2) German + Scandinavian - Immigrants provided cheap labor and skilled artisans who fueled northern commerce and industry - Mainly cheap labor
President Monroe's borders
- negotiated treaties with Great Britain - cleans up boundaries between US and Canada - Established the U.S.-Canadian border at the 49th Parallel and - Establish British-U.S. occupation of the Oregon Territory
New England's struggle
- no official party, but still angry and frustrated (despite the "era of good feelings") - hard to focus criticism
Election of 1810
- off-year election (house and 1/3 senate) - Large group of young Democratic-Republicans called War Hawks are elected - Madison is also democratic-republican (same party), so they can put more pressure on Madison and get more legislation passed
Texan independence
- recognized by Comanche (developed trade relations) - Santa Anna refused to recognize Texan independence - The U.S. government did not add the new territory as a state to avoid war with Mexico, as well as inevitable debates about whether Texas would be a free or slave state
Macon Bill No. 2
- replaced Non-Intercourse Act - Would resume trade if England and/or France repealed their restrictions
Truisms about women
- try to paint women to fit the image of domesticity - "A woman has a head almost too small for intellect but just big enough for love." - "True feminine genius is ever timid, doubtful, and clingingly dependent; a perpetual childhood."
Change in society due to growth of factories
- work used to be done in the home (piecemeal system) - allowed for more free time; women able to watch over children and manage house duties at the same time - Growth of factories led to everything being done in the factories (Waltham Plan) - This transition occurs at the same time that farms in New England are economically struggling. People have moved west of Appalachians and new inventions allow for large scale farming. These farmers need money, so they send their daughters into the cities to get job in the factories (make money and help family).
Benefits of Louisiana Purchase
1) Doubled the size of the US (more farmland) 2) Guaranteed US had Mississippi and New Orleans (very important for trade) 3) Removed major threat from western boundary (paves the way for more expansion) - territory is set up like the old NW territory and all future territories are the same
Jefferson's juxtaposing views of France
1) He and the dem-reps were pro-France (during French Revolution) 2) Then Napoleon came into power; Jefferson realized early on that Napoleon would be an authoritarian dictator so he became cautious "The day France becomes our western boundary we must wed ourselves to Great Britain"
Why did Jefferson eventually approve the Louisiana Purchase?
1) Needed a place to remove Native Americans from their own land 2) End European influence in the region
American reactions to Haitian Revolution
1) Some believed that it didn't really impact them, but were like "Good for Haitians" 2) Southern whites feared that the revolution might incite rebellions among the enslaved - afraid of the message it sent
Key 3 cases of Marshall Supreme Court
1. McCulloch v. Maryland 2. Dartmouth College v. Woodward 3. Gibbons v. Ogden
Other societal changes
1. Mutual aid societies provided assistance in times of illness, injury, or unemployment 2. Expansion of voting rights in the 1820s also provided workingmen with another avenue for action --> Created political parties and supported politicians sympathetic to their needs; offered them the ability to hold politicians accountable --> If issue drew support, major parties might actually adopt the issue to win support in election; VOTING CAN HAVE AN IMPACT --> Parties typically called Workingman's Party - very original 3. Workingmen formed unions to demand better wages and working conditions --> Unions very unpopular with the public - viewed as unfair 4. Working people were still divided; --> Workingmen feared that women and immigrant workers would undercut wages (white men vs everyone else) --> Skilled workers viewed unskilled workers as competitors (skilled vs unskilled) --> Hard to create an agenda within these parties that everyone is happy about
Groups left out of the new Democracy
1. Native Americans 2. Women 3. African Americans (most states excluded them)
Causes of Panic of 1837
1. The British invested heavily in cotton plantations in the 1820s and 1830s - In 1836, the Bank of England was faced with bad harvests at home and tightened credit to limit the flow of money out of the country - British investors called in their loans, driving up American interest rates as cotton prices were declining 2. Jackson's Specie Circular (had to pay for government land with hard currency; sucked money out of the economic circulation) 3. Bug issue (destroyed wheat crops causing prices to skyrocket) 4. Banks making poor investments; Many in the North blamed Jackson's war against and the subsequent collapse of the 2nd Bank of the US; state banks were not regulated - Americans all over were angry with Van Buren for refusing to intervene in the crisis - Though it was not technically his direct fault, he was still blamed because he was the one in power at the time
Burr Conspiracy
1806, Burr attempted to separate western part of US and unite it with to-be-conquered Spanish territory west of Louisiana Territory (essentially attach Western US to Mexico so they could rule over it). Burr initially supported by James Wilkinson, military governor of upper Louisiana. Wilkinson later exposed plot to Jefferson (pretended as if he was acting undercover). Burr arrested in 1806 and tried the following year. John Marshall dropped the case when 2 witnesses for government could not be found and they only had Wilkinson (sets precedent that there must be 2 independent witnesses to corroborate evidence). Eventually, Burr just disappears.
Collapse of Federalist Party
1820 (Monroe is re-elected in this re-election, almost unanimously)
Jacksonian Era
1820-1840 Also known as the Era of the Common Man (broadened voting rights) One of the most colorful periods in the history of American politics, this era was a time during which sectional differences (states' rights, protective tariffs, and national bank) disrupted America's spirit of unity.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
1830 act, supported by President Andrew Jackson, by which American Indian peoples in the East were forced to exchange their lands for territory west of the Mississippi River. - Land granted to Native Americans by treaties became extremely valuable for whites so they forcefully pushed the Natives out - Forced into Kansas and Oklahoma - Jackson sent troops to Illinois to enforce the Act - Sauk and Fox nations went to Wisconsin territory instead (faced US troops but were defeated and forced to move west)
Ordinance of Nullification
1832 law passed by South Carolina proclaiming several congressional tariff acts null and void (Tariff of 1832) within the state and threatening secession if the federal government attempted to enforce the tariffs.
Force Bill
1833 bill passed by Congress in response to South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification. It gave the president the authority to use military force to enforce national laws. - Jackson supported lower tariffs but opposed nullification - Convinced Congress to pass this bill to enable the fedgovt to enforce existing tariffs in SC - This Bill relied on a big if (if SC refuses to accept the Compromise Tariff) - South Carolina then accepts the compromise tariff but then nullifies the Force Bill
Second Seminole War
1835-1842 war between the Seminoles, including enslaved African Americans who had escaped captivity and had joined the tribe, and the U.S. government over whether the Seminoles would be forced to leave Florida and settle west of the Mississippi River. Despite substantial investments of men, money, and resources, it took seven years for the United States to achieve victory - Even so, the US govt never really "got a hold on" the Seminole Natives - Were not fully successful in forcefully relocating - Seminoles used fierce, guerilla-warfare type-tactics
Treaty of New Echota
1836 treaty in which a group of Cherokee men agreed to exchange their land in the Southeast for money and land in Indian Territory. Despite the fact that the treaty was obtained without tribal sanction (Cherokee leaders lobbied Congress to reject the treaty), it was approved by the U.S. Congress - US govt establishes this faulty treaty nonetheless - Leads to the Trail of Tears
Party Systems so far
1st Party System: Federalists vs Dem Reps (federalists died out after the war of 1812 and the Hartford Convention) - 1.5 Party System: National Republicans vs Dem Reps (really just 2 factions of the same democratic party with slightly differing viewpoints) 2nd Party System: Whigs vs Dem Reps
Election of 1824
4 Democratic-Republican candidates, eventually split into the 2 parties listed above 1. John Quincy Adams - MA - Northeast 2. Andrew Jackson - TN - Southwest 3. Henry Clay - KY - Northwest 4. William Crawford - GA - Southeast - William Crawford gets the official nomination, but state legislatures nominate the other candidates - Represented the 4 geographic sections of the country - Country was increasingly sectionalist (southerner vs new englander vs westerner); exacerbated by racial conflict in Missouri - As the race developed, Adams and Jackson emerged as the two strongest candidates. John Quincy Adams's stature rested on his diplomatic achievements (Monroe Doctrine; secretary of state) and the reputation of his father, former president John Adams. He favored internal improvements and protective tariffs that would bolster northern industry and commerce. Jackson, on the other hand, relied largely on his fame as a war hero and American Indian fighter to inspire popular support. He advocated limited federal power. - Henry Clay known for American system, manufacturing, supportive of national bank, self-sufficiency - Crawford was secretary of the treasury - All 4 men were prominent political figures - To become president, one must have majority of electoral votes (meaning more than half not just more than anyone else) - This creates an issue because none of the 4 candidates get more than half of the votes; Jackson won in terms of plurality but not majority - So the vote goes to House of Reps and the top 3 choices are chosen - Adam, Jackson, and Crawford (had a stroke so out of the game) - So, it's really a 2-man race d the House decides the election - Henry Clay was speaker of the house and thus had much influence; he emulates Hamilton and convinces his friends in Congress to vote for Quincy Adams (closer in belief; both Nationalists) - Quincy Adams wins and Jackson is pissed (feels cheated) - QA appoints Henry Clay as secretary of state which leads to Jackson's accusation of the corrupt bargain
Essex Junto
A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase (more cheap land meant less workers in factories; they did not want to hurt their profits) and because they were anti-dem reps (did not like Jeffersonian beliefs) - Key members: Timothy Pickering, George Cabot, Fisher Ames - However, their plan required the support of NY (large state with banking industry and trade) and NJ - Group approached Hamilton to try and convince him to run for governor of NY and then make an agreement to take NY out of the union, who rejected them (he desires a strong fed govt) - They turned to Aaron Burr, who agreed to run for governor - Hamilton recognizes this and accuses Burr of treason and campaigns for his opponent - Burr loses the election and is pissed
Cotton gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 - Problem with raw cotton: seeds spoil it - Need manpower to pick and deseed cotton which was intensive - This new machine helped significantly speed up the process - Could clean as much cotton fiber in one hour as several workers could clean in a day - HOWEVER, also guaranteed the continuation of slavery
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
A naval engagement between the British warship HMS Leopard and American frigate USS Chesapeake during which the crew of the Leopard pursued (told Chesapeake to stop for inspection but they wouldn't), attacked (fired on them) and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from the British Navy (impresses 4 people). *Historical Significance:* Americans are so angry, they even want to go to war. Led to the Embargo Act of 1807.
Compromise Tariff of 1833
A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 (20%) over the next 10 years; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.
Kitchen Cabinet
A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. So, Latin American countries that have already obtained freedom and decolonized, Spain does not get to recolonize. If they do, this will be considered an act of war (threat to the US). US promises not to colonize Europe. Europe doesn't have any resources, its overpopulated, it wouldn't happen anyways.
Pet Banks
A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States - Spread out national money in a bunch of state banks that demonstrated loyalty towards him - This creates a big problem; fedgovt. running out of money and states banking irresponsibly - Leads to bank note crisis
Francis Scott Key
A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem (Star Spangled Banner)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
A. Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 B. State of Maryland taxed the bank (national bank branch in Maryland) C. Supreme Court ruled that the creation of a national bank was "necessary and proper" for the functioning of the national government and that 1) Maryland did not have a right to tax the bank a) "Power to create implies the power to preserve" b) "The power to tax implies the power to destroy"
Hamilton-Burr Duel
After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When he lost, he blamed Hamilton (a successful Federalist politician) of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804. Burr was worried about getting arrested for dueling so he flees west.
John Tyler's Presidency
After Harrison dies, John Tyler becomes President, essentially without a party. Tyler ran as the Whig VP but was a Democrat at heart (he had previously left the democrat party but was now coming back to his old beliefs). He vetoed bills from Whigs (including 3rd Bank of the US). He was hated by Whigs and not trusted by democrats. He had no political allies, not successful. Left partyless and gets nothing accomplished.
Right of deposit
Americans reached an agreement with Spain that would allow free navigation along the Mississippi River - Allows them to access New Orleans - Very important for western settlers - When Spain revokes this in 1802 (Pinckney Treaty), US is very threatened
Tariff of 1828
An extreme protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products - Extended duties to include raw materials (wool, hemp, molasses) - Passed by JQA
Orders in Council
An order issued by the British that ruled that the neutral ships could only enter European ports if they first stopped in England. Basically doing the same thing as the Berlin and Milan decrees except for Britain, not France.
Temperance movements
Anti-drinking campaigns - often stood for the complete abolition of alcohol - convinced the public that alcohol was the source of all problems in the US - becomes an amendment, but is later repealed because it is not effective in "solving the country's problems" - immigrants portrayed as drinkers
Impacts of cotton gin
Astronomical increase in cotton production. This is a phenomenal revolution, but an unfortunate one. The invention of the cotton gin guarantees the continuation and expansion of slavery in America. By the time Whitney is coming up with this invention, the plantation-slavery system in the South is on life support, but the cotton gin revived this. So many historians believe that without the cotton gin, slavery would have died out in about 10 years. Now, enslaved people are in high-demand. Increasing the size of the plantations meant that they would also increase the number of slaves they had. This creates impactful ramifications (expansion of slavery, Civil War).
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. - Harrison victorious and confederacy destroyed
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by Adams - also a distant relative of Jefferson - justice during Marbury v. Madison - VERY federalist - Voted for anything that extended power of fed govt of businesses/banking industry (firm believer in contracts; doesn't even make exceptions for fraud) - Ends up serving as chief justice for over 34 years - Very powerful figure, the rest of the court would often align with his beliefs - Continued to protect the federalist party's principles even after they lose power
Danger of cities
Cities became known for crime, vice, disease (lack of sanitation and clean water) - Squeezing people together in cities leads to tension and friction.
Module 4-5
Conflicts of the Jacksonian Era
After purchasing the land, what did Jefferson/fedgovt do next?
Congress funded the Corps of Discovery to explore and map the new territory
Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. They complain about the Dem-Reps and how their economy has been hurt by them (they remember they tried to secede before but Hamilton vetoed their plan). This was right around the time the treaty was being signed. They do not know that there is a treaty though.. So, they draft constitutional amendments that they plan on proposing. If they are rejected, they plan on seceding. The amendments (demands) are very focused on themselves. Trying to get power away from Dem-Reps.
Downfall of the Federalists
Early 1801, federalists realized that they had lost control of the Senate and the White House, so they decided to pack the courts with the Judiciary Act
Panic
Economic depression - cyclical part of country's economy
Berlin and Milan Decrees
France passes Berlin and Milan Decrees: any ship going to Europe has to set to port in a French port first before going anywhere else. This gives them first dibs on anything on board the ship. No ship can leave and go to England first. - Part of Napoleon's attempt to blockade England
What does Thomas Jefferson do?
He does not make any systemic change, just tinkering with the system. This was important in offering the young country more unity. Nonetheless, he sought to implement the Dem-Rep vision of limited federal power: - Repealed the whiskey tax (helps his supporters, farmers) - Let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire - Reduced government expenditures - Cut the national debt by half - Reduced size of army and navy - Felt that they threatened civil liberty and civil government - Curbed the powers granted to the Bank of the United States and the federal court system
More info on Jackson
He generated the image that he was the man who represented poor people in the US. The poor, normal people loved him; they crowded in the refined, prim, proper city of Washington, DC. - Invites his fans to the White House after being elected and almost suffocated - Some, including Jackson, viewed the event as a symbol of a new democratic spirit, while others called Jackson "King 'Mob'" Jackson was engaged in 15 duels throughout his life; 13 was to defend Rachel. He was extremely distraught with the scandalous accusations. Dueled with John Dickinson (best shot in Tennessee); shows his vile, ambitious, determined nature First president to face an assassination attempt by Richard Lawrence (had grievances about employment); Jackson, out of sheer luck, is not shot and then starts beating Lawrence Reputation of being King Andrew the 1st (viewed to be very tyrannical --> leads to development of Whigs)
What were the 2 notable characteristics of Harrison's presidency?
He only stayed 31 days as president. He gave a 3 hour inaugural address during a blizzard and then got pneumonia and went into a coma (this was supposedly fulfilling the Prophet's curse). This began the "20-year" curse that continued with frightening consistency. Every president elected in the years ending in multiples of 20 (1820, 40, 60, etc.). By the time of 1980 of Reagan's presidency - reporters actually asked about this. Reagan was shot, but he didn't die. This 'broke the 20-year curse' that started with William Henry Harrison. - Harrison's VP candidate was Tyler. Tippecanoe and Tyler too was their slogan.
American System
Henry Clay's vision for a self-sufficient US (was possible back then but no longer is now - oil) - South = raw materials - North = manufacturing - West = food - They do not want to have to rely on foreign trade/industry (helped cause the War of 1812) - Infrastructure to allow efficient movement
How to remove a federal judge
Impeachment - only impeached if a crime is committed. - House charges, Senate can try to convict, and if convicted (supermajority), judge is removed
Haitian Revolution
In 1791 enslaved people on the island of Saint Domingue (later known as Haiti) launched a revolt against French Rule - Established the first Black-led nation in the Americas in 1803 - Haitian Revolution was inspired by American DOI
When was the Monroe Doctrine first violated?
In 1960, Cuba became communist and jumped into bed with the Russians (under Khrushchev). Eisenhower administration discussed driving the Russians out of Cuba. Supposedly, Eisenhower said in one of his meetings "Cuba is not worth WWIII" Russia formed an alliance where Cuba was in Khrushchev's back pocket. Remember Bay of Pigs (bad attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro). Then Cuban Missile Crisis in '62 due to the '61 failed Bay of Pigs.
How does Monroe limit Spain's power in NA?
In Florida, they view the Seminole Natives as a problem; but they have the protection of Spanish Florida. US cannot invade Spanish territory. Settlers down in Georgia and the South are upset by the Seminole Natives. The government sends Andrew Jackson to try and push the Seminoles back into central Florida. US brings American army (flying American flag) and crosses into Florida boundary. Spain is pissed. Spanish Ambassador to the US, Onis: why is an American general flying an American flag and invading foreign territory? They assume that the US will be contrite and apologetic. But the US (John Quincy Adams, secretary of state) instead says: give us Florida. Spain is pissed. Onis (Spanish ambassador) is shocked, but they would be fine if it was a trade-off. So, US offer sTexas. Onis is like, well Texas is already ours. Adams goes like- well we actually think that Texas was part of Louisiana Territory when they made the purchase in 1803. Onis ultimately agrees (distance is an issue); Spain takes Texas and gives Florida to US - Spain reacted to this invasion
Population growth and urbanization in the US
Increased population and exhaustion of farmland in the east fueled migration to the West as well as growth of cities - Remember, this country was settled in the 1600s and everyone packed in the coast, but the soil is being exhausted now (people had no knowledge of replenishing soil). So, people start to move west (this further disrupts Native Americans). People start moving west of the Appalachians to look for fresh soil. - Leads to the development of roads and turnpikes that made migration and transportation of goods more efficient
Specie Circular
Issued by Jackson - State banks failing and giving out bank notes rather than money - People would use these banknotes to buy western land from fedgovt - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver - Eventually starts to constrict cash flow and starts a depression (Jackson's successor has to deal with it)
Battle of New Orleans
Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. This battle changes nothing; however, it does allot the Americans some pride and nationalism. This was labeled as the "2nd war for American independence" by historians at the time - Devastating battle for the British - General Jackson received help from pirates seeking US citizenship
Election of 1832
Jackson vs. Clay - Jackson wins - first 3rd party candidate: William Wirt of the Anti-Masonic party
2nd Party System
Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs
How did the US acquire the Louisiana Territory?
Jefferson began to hear rumors that the Louisiana Spanish territory had been transferred to France (the rumors stated that Spain had agreed to give it away to appease the insatiable Napoleon - Napoleon had a vision of establishing an empire in the Western Hemisphere - Eventually, Spain rescinded America's use of the right of deposit in 1802 - This was very threatening for the US - Eventually, things de-escalated due to Napoleon's plans changing - This leads to him being willing to sell the Louisiana Territory
Embargo Act of 1807
Jefferson passed in response to the backlash and desire for war from American public (which they did not have the capacity for) after the Chesapeake-Leopard Incident. Prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed restrictions on U.S. trade. This act was not really enforceable. But, if a US ship decides to go anyways and the ship gets intercepted and cargo gets stolen, they cannot report it (they were not supposed to be in the waters anyways). This defangs the complaints because people CAN'T complain. They can complain and grumble, but they really cannot do anything. It was meant to prevent war but... Act enraged New England merchants, who began sending goods to Europe via Canada. It also hurt the national economy (deepening of the economic recession), so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
Election of 1808
Jefferson stayed for 2 terms, but then does not run again (reinforces 2-term precedent). The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.
Review: Election of 1808
Jefferson steps down (2 term precedent) - Madison is elected (3rd Virginian) - He has to deal with animosity towards the Non-Intercourse Act
Duration of the War of 1812
June 1812 to December 1814 - Federalists continue to oppose the war - Only war fought on American soil (we do not have the ability to fight elsewhere) - Does not go well for US in initial stages - However, the British start to become preoccupied; same time as Napoleonic Wars - The U.S. was successful in battles such as the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, which led to gained territory, but led to more opposition of the war (800 Creek Warriors killed in the battle) - British invaded and burned Washington, DC; almost captured the president - Tried to invade Baltimore but failed
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
MA state govt had given the Charles River Bridge Co. the right to build a bridge on the Charles River. This was the only bridge that could be crossed to get from one side to another. This is lucrative. However, another bridge company, Warren Bridge builds another bridge down the river. Charles River Co. releases that this is lost money. Their argument is that they had a federal charter so they should have the right. (Remember Gibbons v. Ogden; Charles River thinks they have a lock on it ). The Taney Court says that there is no "Only" so they cannot limit it to just one bridge. This contrasts with Marshall's ruling. These Jacksonians are all about encouraging competition and startups. So Charles River Bridges loses the case. Marshall's ruling.
Jefferson's reactions to the letters
Madison asks TJ what to do and TJ says to throw it away (despite the presidential seal) - So, these last few appointments do not get received - William Marbury was one of the judges who was cheated out of his seat and sued Madison
Tejanos
Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home
Election of 1828
National Republican Party Candidate: John Quincy Adams - Nationalistic - Accused of being a pimp by the opposing party Democratic Republican Party Candidate: Andrew Jackson - "Man of the People" - Accused of being an adulterer by opposing party - Jackson actively campaigned by "running" for office and Adams was traditional in "standing" for office - Notorious for mudslinging campaign on both sides - Jackson beats Adams handily - Rachel, however, dies soon after and Jackson blamed this on the comments and scandal perpetuated by the Adams people - Initiated the 2nd Party System
Revolt of New England
New Englanders are super angry about Embargo Act, Non-intercourse act, Macon, etc. All had significant impact on economy (merchants, manufacturing). Everyone in the country is suffering, but NE is suffering more. Also, they do not know that the Treaty of Ghent has been passed. The angry federalists then decide to meet in Hartford
Can we enforce the Monroe Doctrine?
No, but we don't have to, Great Britain does it for us. They're mad about it, but its money. If it became colonies of Spain, they can't trade with them; if it is independent, they can trade with any country - independent countries will not import goods from Spain; they will buy from the cheapest manufacturer WHICH IS BRITAIN - Great Britain is willing to sell cheaper than anyone else. They can undersell anyone and make money. - Smart decision by Quincy Adams; makes the US seem strong
Corps of Discovery
Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Members of the expedition: 1) Meriwether Lewis 2) William Clark 3) Sacagawea (and her husband who died); was hired by Lewis and Clark 4) York (only African American on the trip; he was granted his freedom as a result of his contributions during the expedition) Path: left STL (at gateway to the west) in 1804 and reached Pacific Ocean (Oregon) in 1805
Election Day in Philadelphia, 1815
Painting by German immigrant John Lewis Krimmel - election-day celebration in Philadelphia - highlights the widespread popular participation of men, women, and children in political events even before the expansion of voting rights for white men in the 1820s - voting back then was a prideful, auspicious thing
Spoils System
Patronage system introduced by Andrew Jackson in which federal offices were awarded on the basis of political loyalty. The system remained in place until the late nineteenth century - Rewarded those who were loyal to him even if not qualified - Replaced about 20% of the appointments - Ex. William Swartout (collector of customs/tariffs for the port of NY) - Supposedly stole around 1 mil from the govt which was uncovered after Jackson's presidency; ended up only paying 150k and was allowed to live in the states again
Module 4-1
Political and Economic Transformations
Tariff of 1832
Reduced the Tariff of 1828, but was not sufficient enough for Southerners - Lowered from 50% to 35% - Eventually, SC votes to nullify this tariff (elected more radical govt who were very upset about the tariff)
Nicholas Biddle and the Bank Wr
President of the Second Bank of the United States - Requested an early recharter (1832; election year) - Starts boasting about the power of the bank - Biddle, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster (bank's lawyer) submitted for renewal during election year - Jackson would either have to accept or reject the bank; they thought this would ruin him either way - Congress approved the new charter and Jackson vetoes it - In the election, Jackson knows what Biddle is up to. His quote: "The bank is trying to kill me, but I sir, will kill the bank" - Surprisingly, Jackson's veto actually gained enormous support from voters, thereby leading to Jackson's reelection and the death of the Second Bank of the United States
American system of manufacturing
Production system focused on water-powered machinery, division of labor, and the use of interchangeable parts - Coined by Henry Clay (during post-war euphoria) who has a vision for an interconnected, self-sufficient America - South provides cotton - North provides manufactured goods - West provides food
Review: Tariff of 1828
Protective tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners - The South were extremely opposed to it - John C. Calhoun (V) even wrote a document called the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (written anonymously)
"5 Civilized Tribes"
Pseudoscientific white standard of describing Native American tribes that had adopted American ways--Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Chickasaw, Seminole
Jefferson's reaction
Starts impeaching - first, he starts with John Pickering (not well-liked and borderline deranged); this helps clarify the principle of removing someone (charging, prosecuting, convicting) - then, Samuel Chase (he was a die-hard federalist and was not a criminal by any means); Jefferson labels it as "high crimes and misdemeanors" against the federal government; he is not convicted though - This sets the important precedent that impeachment cannot purely be a political weapon
Goliad
Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.
Describe the situation with the Barbary states.
The Barbary pirates were attacking ships in the Mediterranean and if a country wanted to be protected from these raids, they had to pay a bribe. The US under Washington and Adams were making these payments.
Subsequent relationship with Native Americans
The Native Americans continue to be screwed over. The US government 'negotiates' treaties with the Native Americans (they had good land), and oftentimes, Native Americans would honor this agreement, but as soon as this land became valuable for white people to settle on, the US govt. breaks this treaty. Native Americans are the recipients of this corruption. This scenario happens very often. Sometimes, native Americans would refuse treaties, but the US govt. would resort to forceful measures to steal the land.
Effect of Petticoat Affair
The Petticoat Affair reinforced concerns that the president used his authority to reward his friends, as did his reliance on an informal group of advisers, known as the Kitchen Cabinet. While his administration opened up government posts to a wider range of individuals, ensuring more democratic access, Jackson often selected appointees based on personal ties. He believed that "to the victor goes the spoils," and the resulting spoils system—continued by future administrations—assigned federal posts as gifts for partisan loyalty rather than as jobs that required experience or expertise.
Module 4-4
The Second American Party System
Election of 1836
The Whigs tried to split up the votes so they would get it voted on in the House of Reps (this was really their only hope). The strategy failed. Martin Van Buren, who was handpicked by Jackson and thus had much power, defeated the three Whig candidates combined. - Van Buren, however, is not a great president (he is used to doing the backdoor deals, not the outward work of a president) - Van Buren immediately faced the Panic of 1837
Trail of Tears
The forced march of some 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia to areas west of the Mississippi River that were designated as Indian Territory, beginning in 1831. Inadequate planning, food, water, sanitation, and medicine led to the deaths of thousands of Cherokees. - Journey took 5 months of limited supplies, harsh weather conditions, etc.
Plurality vs Majority
The majority is more than half, plurality is most votes
Was the War of 1812 necessary?
This war was totally unnecessary. If we had better technology, it would have never been fought. While we were declaring war, we are sending notification to English ships. At the same time, England says that they will stop restricting trade and stop impressing (2 major grievances).
Jefferson's Moral Quandary
Thomas Jefferson now has a conscience problem; nothing in the Constitution says that he can purchase land (remember, he's a "strict constructionist"). Livingston and Monroe realize that Napoleon might change his mind and urge TJ to authorize it. So how does he justify it? Necessary and proper clause. So, he authorizes it. Notice that when he was out of power, he argue for strict constructionism, but now that he is in power, he takes extra power. He makes the purchase.
Presidential election of 1804
Thomas Jefferson: Democratic- Republican Charles Pinckney: Federalist Thomas Jefferson is re-elected, confirming that most of the country supports the Louisiana Purchase (even MA).
Why did Marshall rule the way he did in McCulloch v. Maryland?
Topic of banks+taxation Purpose of bank is to invest money and make a profit. In MD, the branch bank was making money, so when MD state taxed it, it was interfering with federal government - Giving the state the right to tax part of the federal government gives them a lot of power (even to destroy) - Rules in favor of fed govt
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Topic of charters Dartmouth given a right to exist under a colonial charter. Now, the state of NH wants to make it a public school. Dartmouth says, "no, we're a private school. We have a charter for that. You cannot make it public because that contradicts our charter." It ends up before the Supreme court. Marshall upholds the contract (binding) clause of the US Constitution, but what about the American Revolution? Every colonial charter was voided. Marshall makes no exceptions (he does not want the wishy-washy image of contracts). Upholds the sanctity of contracts (the sacred part of doing business).
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Topic of interstate commerce. States of NY and NJ: The federal govt gave Gibbons the right to run a ferry service from NY to NJ across the Hudson. The state of NY turned around and issued a similar contract to Ogden (can also have the same ferry service). Gibbons doesn't like this; he got it from the fed govt. Goes to Supreme Court. According to the Constitution, who has the right to manage interstate commerce? Fed govt (never explicitly states that its only - Marshall acts as if its implied). Ogden and NY lose. Gibbons wins. Marshall is going out of the way to rule in such a way that the federal government or business interests are being enhanced.
Factory towns
Towns sprung up around the factories like in Lowell, MA - Every part of these towns (factories, government offices, boardinhouses, churches) was planned - Women living there were watched over by landladies, managers, and foremen - Many young women flocked to these towns from surrounding farms to help their families bring in income (Lowell Girls) - Working conditions begin to deteriorate during the 1830s and strikes follow - Many of these changes coincided with influx of immigrants who did work more cheaply
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S
Result of Burr Conspiracy
US control of Western territories is very tenuous. Not many people settling there yet; lots of land there; nothing anchoring it to the US. They realize they need to be cautious and keep an eye on what is going on out there.
Platform of Whig Party
VERY SIMILAR TO FEDERALIST PLATFORM! - Centered around Clay's American System - Promote manufacturing thru protective tariffs - Monetary policy based on another Bank of the US - Vigorous program of internal improvements - Different from Federalists under Hamilton (wanted kids working in factories): Promoted public schools, charities and cultural institutions
Napoleon's vision for the Americas and his change of heart
Wanted to establish an empire - He planned to make the area west of the Mississippi a food source for the buildup of a massive army in Santo Domingo (Haiti) - He had the intent of using this army to take over large portions of the Americas And then...he has a change of heart; why? 1) Yellow fever strikes his army and damages the numbers 2) At the same time, the Haitian Revolution under Toussaint L'Ouverture happens and they overthrow the French Napoleon knows his plans are done for, so he stops caring for the Americas which leads to the Louisiana Purchase
Why does Marshall refuse to leave his position on the Supreme Court?
Wants to preserve federalist ideals (power of businesses and fed govt)
Submissiveness
Women to be passive, submissive to fate, duty, God and men; - Clothing emphasized passivity - Corsets closed off lungs and pinched inner organs - Large numbers of undergarments and weight of dresses limited mobility - "A really sensible woman feels her dependence. She does what she can, but she is conscious of her inferiority and therefore grateful for support."
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Written in 1828 by Vice President Calhoun of S. Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which seemed to favor Northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition & became the basis for S. Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833. - Built off of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (states can nullify federal laws that they did not like; just a theoretical pontification) - Calhoun, in this exposition, explains the process that a state can follow in order to do what Jefferson and Madison theorized - Procedure: calling for a state convention that delegates could vote for if people found it oppressive; if majority voted against, they could nullify it. - Actually set up how the theory can be used
Anti-Masonic Party
a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party - Focused on abolishing secret societies in the US - William Wirt
Fulton's steam engine
an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power - Allows for the Mississippi River to be 2-way (can now go uphill - NOLA and up) - Facilitates widespread trade (and settlement)
Review: 2nd Bank of the US
chartered in 1816 with a 20-year charter - up for renewal in 1836 - Jackson was very concerned about banks; viewed the 2nd bank as a bank for the rich (wealthy business interests of the east; these are opposite of Jacksonians); he believed that banks were catering to this part of society. - Opponents decided to make the bank the leading issue of the election; puts Jackson in a tough place and they think that this will cause his downfall
Worcester v. Georgia
declared that the state of Georgia couldn't impose state laws on the Cherokee, as they were protected by the federal government - Murky positioning on authority over Native Americans
Missouri Compromise
determined that Maine would be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state; also, the boundary between slave and free states throughout the Louisiana Territory would be 36°30 - Slavery below, no slavery above - Contributes to growing sectionalism - This leads to Missouri being paranoid - Missouri is a thumb stuck in North territory; most paranoid state. Slaves have 3 avenues of escape (north, west, east) and can run into freedom. Missouri is paranoid to no end. Later, Missouri cheat and vote in other places.
Supporters of Whigs
evangelical Protestants who objected to Jackson's American Indian policy, financiers and commercial farmers who advocated internal improvements and protective tariffs, merchants and manufacturers who favored a national bank, and southerners who were antagonized by the president's heavy-handed use of federal authority
Zebulon Pike
led an expedition in the southern part of the Louisiana territory in 1806 - 2 expeditions to Rocky Mt area - Pike's Peak in Colorado
Gag Rule
made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress