APUSH Period 4,5, & 6

Horace Mann

"Father" of education, believed education was important for democracy

John C. Calhoun

"Positive good" Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. Wrote South Carolina Exposition in 1828, Document that protests against the Tariff of 1828 and stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede; led to Calhoun's Doctrine of Nullification which had the same idea as the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) sent natives out forcefully to west of the Mississippi river.. led to trail of tears

Battle of the Alamo

(1836) - Settlers rebelled and declared independence from Mexico in Texas/Southwest (CA)

James K. Polk

13th President. Dark-Horse (1844) whose four pronged approach to presidency was: reestablish the independent treasury system, reduce tariffs, aquire Oregon, and acquire California and New Mexico from Mexico.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

American Colonization Society

1817 - reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement inteded as a haven for emancipated slaves

Missouri Compromise

1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states from LA purchase north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. 36'30 latitude line.

Underground Railroad

1830 - Method 3 of Resistance against slavery --> Assistance to help slaves escape to the North

Oregon Treaty

1846 between England and the US- signed in DC. Treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling US and British claims to the Oregon country. Negotiated by Buchanan who at the time was secretary of state. Set at 49th parallel exception of Vancouver Island. Washington territory formed from it in 1853.

John Quincy Adams

6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history.

Samuel Slater

A British mechanic(AKA "Father of the Factory System in America") that invented the first American machine for spinning cotton, Spinning Jenny.. designed the first American textile mills.

"Corrupt Bargain"

A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

AKA Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional (Calhoun)

American System

Also known as the Nationalists Program; Proposed and promoted by Henry Clay. Three Parts Included: 1) 2nd BUS, also advocated for 3rd Bus though vetoed, 2) Infrastructure (Inter vs. Intra State Trade), internal improvements funded by Tariffs. 3) Tariffs (tax on imported goods), caused Nullification Crisis, necessary in early 19th century because American industries were young.. etc. Supported by Federalists

"54º40' or Fight!"

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.

John Marshall

Chief of Justice that came up with Judiciary Review

Republic of Texas

Country of Texas when it was independent from Mexico, admitted in 1845 (delayed admittance because of issue of slavery)

William Lloyd Garrison

Creator of the "The Liberator" 1831 - 1865 which was a weekly newspaper calling for immediate and uncompensated end to slavery, against colonization, criticized the constitution because it was complicit with slavery

Second Great Awakening

Early Social reform movements, period of religious revival among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. "Perfectionism" peaked in 1820s- 1830s, church membership increased. movements like womens rights, temperance, and abolition arose

"Boom and Bust"

Economy changes, such as Panic of 1819, 1837, etc. US made a rapid transition from a subsistence economy to a market economy, which caused "Boom and Bust"

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition. helped national economy (INTERSTATE)

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments"-declared "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them. (1848) led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

Manifest Destiny

God Given Destiny to expand from coast to coast (reason for Western Expansion)

Utopian Communities

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.

Worcester v. Virginia

In 1832, when the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee counrty. Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.

Henry Clay

Three Compromises .. Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. (REFER TO ADAM NORRIS GUIDE)

Spoils System

Trading jobs for political favors.. EX: Jackson replaced government officials and replaced them with political supporters.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

War of 1812

War between US and Britain; America declared war in 1812 because of trade restrictions, impressments, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and humiliation of American honor.

Seminole Wars

Wars against Natives (Seminoles) in early mid 19th century.. 1st- Seminole Natives in FL were forced to move to Central Florida. 2nd- Federal gov sought to remove Seminoles from Florida

Andrew Jackson

a Democratic-Republican who was voted into office in 1828. The people wanted representation and reform from the administration of John Quincy Adams. Jackson believed that the people should rule. He was the first president from the west, and he represented many of the characteristics of the west. Jackson appealed to the common man as he was said to be one. He believed in the strength of the Union and the supremacy of the federal government over the state government.

William Henry Harrison

a Virginia-born, already a veteran Indian fighter, went to Washington as the delegate from the Northwest territory in 1799, he was a fierce advocate of development in the western lands, and was largely responsible for tricking Indians into transferring their lands to white men.

Panic of 1837

a major depression that lasted from 1837 to 1844; crop failures, European financial troubles, and the Specie Circular all contributed to the crash, which helped ruin the presidency of Martin Van Buren.

Nullification Crisis

a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared, by the power of the State itself, that the federal Tariff of 1828 and the federal Tariff of 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. The controversial, and highly protective, Tariff of 1828 (also called the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. (led by Calhoun)

Brook Farm

a utopian society in Massachusetts, community members shared in the work and leisure

a) Briefly explain why ONE of the following periods best marks the beginning of the Western Frontier. Provide ONE example of an event or development from the same period to support your explanation . -1600s-lands not along the Atlantic coast -1700s-lands west of the Appalachian Mountains -mid-1800s-lands west of the Mississippi River b) Provide ONE example of an event or development that supports explanation in (a) c) Briefly explain why ONE of the other options is less convincing as the possible beginning of the western Frontier in the United States.

a) In the 1700's in the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, and increase of settlers began to migrate here and explor. b) The US purchased most of the land through the Louisiana Purchase, and developed the Missouri Compromise and Land Ordinances. c) The 1600s is not a great representation of the beginning of the Western Frontier because at the time many were not focused on expanding westward.

a) Briefly explain ONE part of Henry Clay's proposed American System, a comprehensive plan to bring about economic improvement. Provide at least ONE piece if evidence to support your explanation -Protective tariffs -National Bank -Internal Improvements b) Briefly explain a criticism of ONE part if Clay's plan cited above c) Identify and briefly explain the role played by ONE individual or group that was critical f one of the parts or the entire plan for an American System

a) Internal improvements, improved canals and roads to make transportation easier and more pleasant. b) In the end, the National Bank put the US in a state of panic, and vetoing the charter of the bank ruined the economic status of the US, and by no means improved it. c) Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States

a) Choose ONE of the choices below, and explain how your choice had an impact on the industrial growth during this period from prior to the War of 1812 to the middle of the 19th century. -factory system -inventons -labor unions b) Contrast your choice against on of the other options, demonstrating why that option i not as good as your choice. c) Briefly explain whether there were any variations in industrial growth in different sections of the country

a) Inventions like the cotton gin by Eli Whitney helped cotton production in the south, just as interchangeable parts helped the north, it helps the economy and industries of America grow. b) Unlike labor unions, who increased cost and wasted time complaining, inventions help push industries forward, rather than backward. c) South farming, North industrialist

Martin Van Buren

created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. (Jackson's sucessor)

David Walker

creator of Am Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World wanted to mobilize blacks in the Abolitionists movement critic of colonization used the Bible and DOI in his writings

Era of Good Feelings

demise of the Federalists --> United States have only one political party --> period of union --> nationalism

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Democrat Party

emerged from supporters of Jacksonian Democracy, favored more power for states and opposed the American System, did not support tariffs, wanted interstate not intra

Judicial Review

established by the case Marbury v. Madison. Argued against the Judiciary act, which said Supreme Court had the authority to order federal appointees to deliver appointments such as William Marbury's.. Marshall decided this to be unconstitutional. ** gave the Supreme Court the responsibility for reviewing the constitutionality of Congressional acts. **

Marbury V. Madison

established the principle of Judicial Review

Aaron Burr

Killed Alexander Hamilton, tried to create his own America

Revivalism

Leader was Charles Finney, Protestant Movement during the era of the Second Great Awakening, every individual is capable of salvation

Democratic-Republic Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank different that Democrats believed in unviersal manhood suffrage

Hartford Convention

Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded:-Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos; -Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared; -The abolition of slavery; -a President could only serve 1 term; -the abolition of the 3/5 clause; -the prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. Lasting impact on whites: fear of their own nat turner = tightening of grip on slavery

Tecumseh

Native chief who united area tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois, both before and during the war of 1812. British armed these natives. His brother is known as the Prophet who led an extensive revival of traditional Native American culture and religion... his coalition fell apart after he was killed in battle

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Oregon Territory

Oregon Territory- Oregon stretched from the north tip of California to the 54 40 line. England and the U.S. claimed it. England had good reasons for its claims north of the Columbia River. Americans also had good reasoning because they populated it much more.

Universal manhood Suffrage

Proposed and advocated by Andrew Jackson; idea that all white men are granted suffrage, regardless of whether one owned property or not

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Sent by Jefferson to investigate Western territories, led to influx of pioneers wanting to expand west for new riches. brought awareness that there existed the presence of British and French forts that still dotted the territory.

War Hawks

Southern and Western who saw war as an opportunity to grab new territories to the west and southwest, want to confront the British, wanted to gain canada from the British. leaders were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

"Pet" Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank in an effort to destroy the bank.

Embargo Act

The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.

Federalist Party

favored the American System (ex. BUS); led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution., Led by Alexander Hamilton, they believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. Their influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.

Hudson River School

focused on landscape paintings; believed that nature was a great source of wisdom and intelligence

Trail of Tears

forced Indian Removal to west of Mississippi River, killed many Natives

Frederick Douglas

former slave from Maryland, incredible orator, supporter of women rights and staunch abolitionists, Creator of North Star, 4th of July Speech - "What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July?"

Mormons

founded by Joesph Smith in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, smith's announcement that god sanctioned polygamy split the mormons and let to an uprising against mormons in 1844; translated the book of mormon and died a martyr.

American Antislavery Society

founded in 1833 by william lloyd garrison and other abolitionists. garrison burned the constitution as a proslavery document. argued for "no union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Harriet Tubman

helped over 70 slaves escape, founded the Underground Railroad

Transcendentalism

ideas that emerged mainly in literature in the mid-19th century centered around individualism and the rejection of traditional religion. Ralph Waldo Emerson..

States' Rights

issue of nullification (?)

Whig Party

leader was Henry Clay, favored stronger central gov. formed in response to "King Andrew 1st" after Andrew vetoed the 3rd BUS, believed in tariffs, and federal funded improvements.

Second Bank of the United States

national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819

Impressment

occurred during the War of 1812, British would stop American ships and claim that its sailors had deserted from the British Navy without little/no proof, and re-enlisted them by force... tensions arose after British attacked an American ship in American waters

Mulattoes

one white parent and one black parent. Mulattoes were found primarily in the South, where White and African-American populations were in closer proximity and thus the odds of having a mixed-race child increased. During the slave trade, a slave master could have children with a slave and consider the child a slave or pass for white.

McCulloch v. Maryland

upheld constitutionality of 2nd BUS, federal government given more power of states

Shakers

utopian group that splintered from the quakers, very ahead of their time and supported equal rights between sexes (gender equality) and practiced celibacy. revival ended in 1840 and 50s. wanted to focus on the afterlife

Henry David Thoreau

wrote Civil Disobedience - a government that violates morality has no authority inspired Gandhi, MLK

"Caucus System"

In the National Nominating Convention, delegates voted on the results of a primary. In the Caucus System, candidates were elected by small, secretive party groups and the public had little say in the process

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

In this court case in 1831, the Cherokees fought for defense against the Indian Removal Act and against the Georgia Legislature's nullification of Cherokee laws. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but that they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Although this was a blow to the Cherokee case against Georgia, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of the Indian Removal Act.

Specie Circular

Jackson was suspicious of paper money, preffering "hard currency" such as gold and silver. ended the policy of selling gov land on credits (buyers had to pay hard cash), caused a money shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasure, triggered Panic of 1837

Freedmen

The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees.First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.

a) Briefly explain one specific reason given by those in the United States who opposed the War of 1812. b) Briefly explain one specific reason given by those in the United States who supported the War of 1812. c) Briefly explain how one of the reasons for or against the War of 1812 would continue after the war to play a major role in the politics and the policies of the United States.

a) Many New Englanders opposed the conflict on political, economic, and religious grounds. b) One of the main reasons for the war had to do with the rights of sailors on the high seas and the protection of American shipping. America did not want to deal with the British impressment of US sailors. c) Britain with their Indian and Spanish allies stopped America from expanding, though not for long. Soon Americans push the Indians further west, and sign a treaty with Spain, forcing them out of America.

a) Briefly explain why ONE of the following best supports the view that by the mid-19th century, the antislavery movement had gradually become more radical. - American Colonization Society - The Liberator - Nat Turner b) Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice. c) Briefly explain ONE critical response to the changes during this period.

a) Nat turner: most radical, killing white people during this rebellion b) The liberator was not as radical because it was through newspapers, not in your face against whites c) in response to all of the killings, many more were killed afterwards due to their rebellion

a) Choose ONE of the actions listed below, and explain how this best demonstrates the argument that the Age of Jackson saw a shift of political power from the ruling elite to the common man. - popular election of the President - rotation in office - universal male suffrage b) Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice. c) Briefly explain ONE critical response to the political changes during this period.

a) Universal male suffrage meant that any man, regardless of land or economic status could vote. By enacting this, it lessened the lines between the common man and the richer man b) rotation in office less direct than universal male suffrage and popular election of the president, and didn't stand as prominently during the time period and the question of universal male suffrage. c) critical response: by allowing the common man to vote, it allowed anyone, even those lacking in experience to run for office. It also meant the US was one step closer to equality for men and women.

a) Choose one of the choices below, and explain why your choice best demonstrates how Presidents Jefferson and Madison largely relied on economic policies to carry out their foreign policies. - Louisiana Purchase - Embargo Act - Macon's Bill No. 2 b) Contrast your choice against one of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice. c) Provide one piece of evidence involving one of the choices provided or another situation during this period of Presidents Jefferson and Madison that either supports or contradicts their reliance on economic policies to carry out their foreign policies.

a)Embargo Act attempts to economically pressure France and/or Britain to comply with our demands, we use our trading partnership to force them to do what we want, though it doesn't work, it shows our willingness to defend ourselves from international difficulties. b) The Louisiana Purchase, though an economic deal with France, does not really effect our foreign policy. The Embargo Act tries to protect ourselves from foreign nations, whereas the Louisiana Purchase only shows our willingness to buy new tracts of land. c) Although Jefferson and Madison used economic policies extensively, the most important event that occurred during this time period was the War of 1812. Madison's reliance on economic policies was significantly less than Jefferson, due to the fact that he brought America to war. Because the policies were not getting the results that we wanted, Madison resorted to going to war, stopping economics from shaping foreign policies.

a) Choose ONE of the reforms listed below, and explain how it best demonstrates the influence of economic changes during the first half of the 19th century. · - public education - temperance - women's rights b) Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice. c) Briefly explain ONE government response to the reform movements of this period.

a)womens rights: women now working in factories because of industrialization and booming economy due to manufacturing, so want rights now cause they are bigger part in society b)temperance not as good because focusing on not letting people get as drunk c)government response: after killing 55 white men in protest of slavery, whites killed so many people, prison movement, another one in NY Auburn

Lowell, Massachusetts

became a place for Lowell Factory, transitioning from work in the home to work outside the home

Labor Unions

began to form in North and American cities fought to bring improvements in the lives of working people, they had limited success.

Erie Canal

connected Albany to Buffalo, paid for by NYS. example of intrastate (1 single State)

Eli Whitney

created Cotton Gin and Interchangeable parts, contributed to the Market Revolution

Jacksonian Democracy

organizations and people who campaigned for Andrew Jackson as a part of his support network became the Democracy; replaced Jefferson Republicanism. Jacksonian Democracy benefited from universal white manhood suffrage - extension of voting to ALL white males even without property - (in contrast to Jefferson's farmers with land). also characterized by strong presidency.. Jacksonian democrats saw themselves as champions of liberty, but didn't act as such. Is not a coherent vision of how a gov should function. Events under Jackson: Trail of Tears (1830) Issue of Nullification Issue of Slavery Distrust of both big government and Northeastern power brokers... downsized the federal government and strengthened the office through his extensive use of the presidential veto.

Charles G. Finney

preacher, massive sermons to convert individuals, father of revivalism

Temperance

prohibition of alcohol (advocated by Protestant churches & reformers). 18th amendment in 1919 - nationwide prohibition

Lydia Maria Child

published An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (1833) advocated immediate end to slavery without compensation Believed women's rights and abolitionism were intertwined

Ralph Waldo Emerson

published Self Reliance individuals should follow their own self interest

Monroe Doctrine

reflected the idea that America should assert itself over the Western Hemisphere. policy of mutual non-interference, essentially said that America will stay out of Europe's business if Europe stays out of America's. Also claimed America's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere, if it felt its security was threatened. KNOW THIS. example of how to use Doctrine on AP: in 1823, President Monroe warned European nations that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization. This policy, together with Washington's Fareware Address, secured American neutrality al the way until World War 1.

Dorothea Dix

reformed and advocated for the conditions of prisons and mental institutions.. debtors could be thrown in jail for not paying off debts. new penitentiaries were built as old prisons were unsafe and dangerous

Cult of domesticity

role of women is to keep house and raise children, supported by popular magazines and noels that glorified home life.

Panic of 1819

severe depression that followed the economic boom of the post-War of 1812 years; the Second National Bank, trying to dampen land speculation and inflation, called loans, raised interest rates, and received the blame for the panic. All this helped divide commercial interests of the East from the agrarian interests of an expanding West

Gag Rule

suppressed any discussion of slavery in Congress, prevented Congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery. lasted from 1836 - 1844, as well as Southern restriction on free speech