apush period 5 exam

*** In the Oregon treaty with Britain in 1846, the northern boundary of the United States was established to the Pacific Ocean along the line of

49º

Which of the following was a consequence of the shift to sharecropping and the crop lien system in the late nineteenth-century South?

A cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers

Alfred R. Waud, "The Freedmen's Bureau," 1868. During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South?

African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

In the late nineteenth century, state governments in the South were largely successful in restricting

African Americans' voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment

How did Hayes' election effectively end Reconstruction?

Federal intervention ended in the South.

*** "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." - Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988. Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify Foner's main argument in this excerpt?

After 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote.

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." -- George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." -- Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Which of the following is a similarity between Rable's and Foner's arguments in the excerpts?

Both focus on many Southerners' opposition to racial equality.

The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT:

Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base.

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,... Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." - Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following was the most significant impact of the South's expansion described in the excerpt?

Conflict over the future of slavery

*** "Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . . "Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." - Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867. Which of the following developments could best be used as evidence to support Stevens' claim about African American suffrage in the last paragraph of the excerpt?

Democrats dominated the Southern states after suppressing African American voting rights.

*** "Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . ."Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." - Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867. Which of the following developments could best be used as evidence to support Stevens' claim about African American suffrage in the last paragraph of the excerpt?

Democrats dominated the Southern states after suppressing African American voting rights.

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." - David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001. Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight?

Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve.

The Compromise of 1850 did which of the following?

Enacted a stringent fugitive slave law.

*** Which of the following achievements of the "carpetbag" governments survived the "Redeemer" administrations?

Establishment of a public school system

Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct?*

For most of the war, they were paid less than White soldiers of equal rank.

*** Which of the following statements best summarizes the views of Andrew Johnson on Reconstruction?

He believed that Reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former Confederate states to the Union.

The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following?

Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories

"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. . . . It is for us, the living . . . to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us . . . that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." - President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 1863. The excerpt is most directly a result of which of the following?

Lincoln's attempts to reunify the country

*** Storming Fort Wagner, July 8th, 1863. The scene depicted in the image was most directly a result of

Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! . . ."On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" -- Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871. The advice in the excerpt most directly reflects the influence of which of the following prevailing American ideas?

Manifest Destiny

In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called

Manifest Destiny.

"The federal government never acknowledged that a Conservative insurgency was underway in the South [after 1865]. . . . [It] simply divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, each commanded by a major general. . . . "Army officers had neither the orders nor the desire to provide military protection for the fledgling Republican state governments created by the Reconstruction Acts. Like any other states in the Union, these were expected to provide for their own security. Anxious to gain political legitimacy in the eyes of a white population who largely regarded them as 'regimes,' these state governments had strong reasons to downplay the subversive activities within their borders. Instead, . . . they respected the civil liberties of ex-Confederates and, with only a few exceptions, permitted their bitterest foes full participation [in] the political process. They treated the Ku Klux Klan's extensive campaigns of murder, assault, and intimidation as mere criminal activity. Those accused of such acts therefore enjoyed full access to the courts—and often dominated them." - Mark Grimsley, historian, "Wars for the American South: The First and Second Reconstructions Considered as Insurgencies," Civil War History, 2012 Which of the following arguments most directly contradicts Grimsley's argument in the excerpt?

Many African Americans in the South felt politically empowered after the end of slavery.

Which of the following groups was most likely the intended audience of the image?

Moderate Republicans

*** The most brazen scheme for territorial expansion in the 1850s was expressed in the

Ostend Manifesto.

"Your Memorialist . . . represents to your honorable body, that he has devoted much time and attention to the subject of a railroad from Lake Michigan through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and that he finds such a route practicable, the results from which would be incalculable—far beyond the imagination of man to estimate. . . ."It would enable us, in the short space of eight days (and perhaps less) to concentrate all the forces of our vast country at any point from Maine to Oregon. . . . Such easy and rapid communication with such facilities for exchanging the different products of the different parts would bring all our immensely wide spread population together. . . ."[W]ith a railroad to the Pacific, and thence to China by steamers, can be performed in thirty days, being now a distance of nearly seventeen thousand miles. . . Then the drills and sheetings of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, and other manufactures of the United States, may be transported to China in thirty days; and the teas and rich silks of China, in exchange, come back to New Orleans, to Charleston, to Washington, to Baltimore, to Philadelphia, New York, and to Boston, in thirty days more." -- Asa Whitney, merchant, "National Railroad, Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean," memorial to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, 1845. The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments?

Popular support for the idea of Manifest Destiny

*** The United States gained which of the following from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848?

Possession of California and most of the Southwest

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." -- George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." -- Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Which of the following describes a difference between Rable's and Foner's arguments in the excerpts?

Rable asserts that violence in the South achieved its political goals during Reconstruction, whereas Foner asserts that this violence was suppressed at the time.

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." - Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863. After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to?

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." -- Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to?

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

What did Republicans gain from the Compromise of 1877?

Rutherford B. Hayes became president.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the presidential election of 1876?

Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote.

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." -- George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." - Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Based on their arguments in the excerpts, both Rable and Foner would most likely agree with which of the following claims?

Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction.

*** Section 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, that no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer. . . .Section 3. . . .no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish. . . .Section 4. . . . Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro. . . .Section 7. . . . No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish. . . .Section 11. . . . It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall immediately be handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol. - The Louisiana Black Code, 1865. The excerpt is most directly a result of

Southern resistance to Radical Republicans' efforts to change Southern attitudes.

*** "With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." --Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 Evidence in the excerpt best corroborates which of the following broader historical contexts?

Southern states sought more proslavery seats in the United States Congress.

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." - Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The provision above overturned the

Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." -- United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?

The Fourteenth Amendment

*** "The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." - United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857. Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?

The Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following factors best explains the territorial expansion of slavery in the middle of the nineteenth century?

The Mexican-American War incorporated extensive new lands into the United States.

Why did Congressional Reconstruction end in 1877?

The Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential election.

Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?

The formation of the Ku Klux Klan

The final Union war strategy included all the following components EXCEPT

guerrilla warfare.

7 of 16 points "GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders. . . . We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey. . . . You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it. . . . But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. . . . We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States. . . . I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter. Now you must go, and take with you the old and feeble, feed and nurse them and build for them in more quiet places proper habitations to shield them against the weather until the mad passions of men cool down and allow the Union and peace once more to settle over your old homes at Atlanta." - Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta mayor and city council, 1864. Which of the following most directly resulted from the excerpt?

The South's environment and infrastructure were increasingly destroyed.

"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers." Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." - Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 The position expressed by Clay in the excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following?

The acquisition of new territories created disputes over the expansion of slavery.

Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend depicted in the map?

The belief in White cultural and political superiority

*** By the end of the 1860s, Northern support for Reconstruction had faded because

The cost of military operations in the South worried many people.

*** "Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . . "Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." -- Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to refute Stevens' claim in the excerpt that the Union had done little for formerly enslaved people by 1867?

The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people

*** "Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . ."Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." - Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867. Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to refute Stevens' claim in the excerpt that the Union had done little for formerly enslaved people by 1867?

The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people

"The Vigilance Committee of Boston inform you that the MOCK TRIAL of the poor Fugitive Slave has been further postponed.... Come down, then, Sons of the Puritans: for even if the poor victim is to be carried off by the brute force of arms, and delivered over to Slavery, you should at least be present to witness the sacrifice, and you should follow him in sad procession with your tears and prayers, and then go home and take such action as your manhood and your patriotism may suggest. Come, then, by the early trains on MONDAY, and rally.... Come with courage and resolution in your hearts; but, this time, with only such arms as God gave you." -- Proclamation addressed "To the Yeomanry of New England," Boston, 1854 The proclamation most clearly provides evidence for which of the following?

The failure of the Compromise of 1850 to lessen sectional tensions

*** "Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." - David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001. Which of the following best characterizes the "sectional reunion" Blight describes?

The federal government removed troops from the South and eliminated aid for former slaves.

Which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the Civil War?

The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters.

"We are just now making a great pretense of anxiety to civilize the [American] Indians. . . . As we have taken into our national family seven millions of Negroes . . . it would seem that the time may have arrived when we can very properly make at least the attempt to assimilate our two hundred and fifty thousand Indians. . . . "The school at Carlisle is an attempt on the part of the government to do this. . . . Carlisle fills young Indians with the spirit of loyalty to the stars and stripes, and then moves them out into our communities to show by their conduct and ability that the Indian is no different from the white or the colored, that he has the inalienable right to liberty and opportunity that the white and the negro have." -- Richard H. Pratt, founder, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, "The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites," 1892 Which of the following developments would the author have been most likely to use to support his assertion that African Americans had joined the United States "national family"?

The ratification of constitutional amendments during Reconstruction

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever...."[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." - Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777. Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do. Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, Go West! . . ."On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and Go West!" -- Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871. Which of the following late-nineteenth-century federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The sale of land to settlers at low cost

Which of the following was true of the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases and the 1883 Civil Rights cases?

They weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Slavery was legally abolished in the United States by the

Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

*** "Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation . . . on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate, . . . and to give unto said Freedmen . . . one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen's labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen . . . agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866. . . . We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer. . . . We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages." - A labor contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866. The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following?

Unchanged social and economic patterns in the post-Civil War period

The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because

Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed.

The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the Mexican War included

United States payment of $15 million for the cession of northern Mexico.

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." -- Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Westward expansion

"In the spring of 1853 we grew tired of our diggings because we were entirely dependent on the rains for water and determined to seek a better place to mine. So James, Rezin Anderson, and I took our respective rolls of bedding on our backs and our rifles on our shoulders and started for Rabbit Creek in Sierra country. We arrived at Rabbit Creek when the snow was sixteen feet deep. All of the miners' cabins had steps cut in the snow down to the doors. . . . The mines were all deep gravel channels from 25 to 125 feet deep on mountain spurs and ridges, and were worked by hydraulic pipes in which water was piped down into the cuts and thrown against the banks which were composed of quartz, gravel and sand. These immense gravel beds were once ancient river beds before the mountains and ridges upheaved, and all contained enough fine gold to pay richly for washing them away by hydraulic process. Through lines of sluice boxes the sand and gravel was dumped into the surrounding canyons which drained into the North fork of the Yuba River. Here the claims were 200 feet square. No man could have more than one claim. Every mining district in California in those days had their own laws made by the miners and by them enforced." - Granville Stuart, A Memoir from California, 1852-1853. The excerpt best reflects which of the following historical trends or patterns?

Whites, Asians, and African Americans seeking new economic opportunities

The cartoon below is intended to express

a critique of Reconstruction

*** Of those people going to California during the gold rush,

a distressingly high proportion were lawless men.

Methods used by Ku Klux Klan members to achieve their goal of white supremacy included

all options are correct

The fate of the Confederate leaders after 1865 was that

all were eventually pardoned.

The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed

citizenship to freed slaves.

The controversy highlighted in the image was most directly a result of

determined Southern resistance to Northern efforts to reorder the South.

*** Congress's impeachment of President Johnson and attempt to remove him from office were directly precipitated by his

dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton in 1867

*** The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in

education.

*** "Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." - David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001. One key change immediately following the Civil War aimed at achieving the "racial justice" that Blight describes was the

establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights

*** The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the

expansion of federal power

The nomination of James K. Polk as the Democrats' 1844 presidential candidate was secured by

expansionists.

A significant result of the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was that the United States

experienced increasing tension over the issue of slavery

In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following EXCEPT

internal improvements.

One success of Reconstruction was the

introduction of a tax-supported public school system in the South.

*** The North's "victory" at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to

issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

****The election of 1852 was significant because it*

marked the end of the Whig party.

All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measured EXCEPT the

massive exodus of former slaves from the South

***One argument against annexing Texas to the United States was that the annexation*

might give more power to the supporters of slavery.

*** "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. . . . It is for us, the living . . . to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us . . . that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." -President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 1863. The ideas expressed in the passage most directly led to political controversies in the 1870s and 1880s over

new definitions of citizenship.

The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the

passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act

All of the following contributed to Northern fear of a slave power conspiracy in the 1840s and 1850s EXCEPT the

passage of the Wilmot Proviso

The Black Codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were intended to

place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities open to Black people

Political corruption during Reconstruction was

present in both North and South.

In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with

protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves

In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised

rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union.

"The slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; . . . they are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep. . . . They are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together." -- Theodore Dwight Weld, Slavery As It Is, published in New York, 1839 "Slaves of the South are the happiest, and in some sense, the freest people in the world. . . . They enjoy liberty because they are oppressed by neither care nor labor. . . . The women do little hard work. . . . Men and stout boys work, on the average, in good weather, not more than nine hours a day." -- George Fitzhugh, Slaves Without Masters, published in Richmond, Virginia, 1857 The issue being debated in the two excerpts was most directly resolved by the

ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

Under congressional Reconstruction, Southern states were required to

ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

Many northern states passed "personal liberty laws" in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regarding

runaway slaves.

During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the

spread of sharecropping

At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners

still believed that their view of secession was correct.

The goals of the Ku Klux Klan included all of the following except to

support efforts to pass the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, which would force blacks away from the polls.

Alfred R. Waud, "The Freedmen's Bureau," 1868. The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction

temporarily altered race relations in the South

*** President Polk's claim that "American blood [had been shed] on the American soil" referred to news of an armed clash between Mexican and American troops near

the Rio Grande.

*** In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico for all of the following reasons except

the impulse to satisfy those asking for "spot" resolutions.

"I stand before you under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted in the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus doing, I not only committed no crime, but instead simply exercised my citizen's right, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution beyond the power of any State to deny. . . . If once we establish the false principle that United States citizenship does not carry with it the right to vote in every state in this Union, there is no end to the petty tricks and cunning devices which will be attempted to exclude one and another class of citizens from the right of suffrage. . . . Establish this precedent, admit the State's right to deny suffrage, and there is no limit to the confusion, discord, and disruption that may await us. There is and can be but one safe principle of government—equal rights to all." - Susan B. Anthony, speech, 1873. The excerpt is best understood in the context of

the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.

*** "Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation . . . on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate, . . . and to give unto said Freedmen . . . one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen's labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen . . . agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866. . . . We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer. . . . We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages." - A labor contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866. The practices described in the excerpt most directly led to

the progressive stripping away of the rights of African Americans.

The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for

the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War

"GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders. . . . We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey. . . . You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it. . . . But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. . . . We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States. . . . I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter. Now you must go, and take with you the old and feeble, feed and nurse them and build for them in more quiet places proper habitations to shield them against the weather until the mad passions of men cool down and allow the Union and peace once more to settle over your old homes at Atlanta." - Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta mayor and city council, 1864. The excerpt would be most useful to historians analyzing

the strategies and leadership of the Union army.

What did the Enforcement Act of 1870 make illegal?

the use of force or coercion to prevent citizens from voting

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the withdrawal of federal troops from the South

In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was

to be decided by popular sovereignty.

President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction

took away the right to vote from Confederate leaders and wealthy planters.

During Reconstruction, groups such as the Ku Klux Klan

used violence to prevent freed people from voting.

The Black Codes provided for all of the following except

voting by blacks.