APUSH Period 6 Progress Check+Daily Video Questions

"The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 Addams' point of view expressed in the excerpt supports which of the following historical arguments? A Activists believed that political machines hindered immigrant adoption of American political norms. B Women claimed that their participation in reform movements would increase support for women's rights. C The Democratic Party feared that foreign migrants weakened political support for Democrats in urban areas. D Chicagoans worried that they faced more political corruption than other cities in the northern United States.

A Activists believed that political machines hindered immigrant adoption of American political norms.

"The purpose of this article is to present some of the best methods of performing this duty of administering surplus wealth for the good of the people. The first requisite for a really good use of wealth by the millionaire who has accepted the gospel [of wealth] . . . is to take care that the purpose for which he spends it shall not have a degrading, pauperizing tendency upon its recipients, and that his trust should be so administered as to stimulate the best and most aspiring poor of the community to further efforts for their own improvement. . . . "The result of my own study of the question 'What is the best gift which can be given to a community?' is that a free library occupies the first place, provided the community will accept and maintain it as a public institution, as much a part of the city property as its public schools. . . . "Many free libraries have been established in our country, but none that I know of with such wisdom as the Pratt Library, of Baltimore. Mr. [Enoch] Pratt presented to the city of Baltimore one million dollars [for the library]. . . . It is safe to say that the 37,000 frequenters of the Pratt Library are of more value to Baltimore, to the State [of Maryland], and to the country than all the inert, lazy, and hopelessly-poor in the whole nation. . . . ". . . The problem of poverty and wealth, of employer and employed, will be practically solved whenever the time of the [wealthy] few is given, and their wealth is administered during their lives, for the best good of that portion of the community which has not been burdened by the responsibilities which attend the possession of wealth." Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 The creation of libraries in the late 1800s as described in the excerpt best reflects which of the following developments? A Attempts to provide opportunities for people to fill their leisure time B Challenges to the system of settlement houses in major cities C Efforts to provide formerly enslaved people with education D Undertakings to assimilate Native Americans into United States culture

A Attempts to provide opportunities for people to fill their leisure time

"Senator Henry H. Blair: Won't you please give us . . . your idea in regard to the establishment of a postal telegraph for the purpose of supplanting or rivaling the existing telegraphic systems of the country now controlled by private ownership? "[Industrialist] Jay Gould: Well, I think that control by the Government in such things is contrary to our institutions. A telegraph system, of all businesses in the world, wants to be managed by skilled experts. . . . If the Government controlled the telegraph, the heads of the general managers and the superintendents would come off every four years, if there was a change in politics . . . and you would not have any such efficient service as you have now. "Blair: . . . Do you think there would be any opposition made to a general national law regulating the fares and freight charges upon inter-state commerce? "Gould: Well, I don't know about that. I think the freer you allow things to be the better. They regulate themselves. The laws of supply and demand, production and consumption, enter into and settle those matters. . . . "Blair: There has been testimony before us that the feeling generally between employers and employees throughout the country is one of hostility, especially on the part of employees toward those whom they designate as monopolists. From your observation, what do you think is really the feeling as a general rule between those two classes? "Gould: I think that if left alone they would mutually regulate their relations. I think there is no disagreement between the great mass of the employees and their employers. These societies that are gotten up to magnify these things and create evils which do not exist—create troubles which ought not to exist. "Blair: Of the men who conduct business enterprises and wield the power of capital in this country today, what proportion do you think are what are called 'self-made men'? "Gould: I think they are all 'self-made men;' I do not say self-made exactly, for the country has grown and they have grown up with it. In this country we have no system of heirlooms or of handing down estates. Every man has to stand here on his own individual merit." Jay Gould, telegraph and railroad company owner, testimony before a committee of the United States Senate, 1883 Which of the following can most accurately be concluded about the broader economic conditions of the period described in the excerpt? A Businesses made use of new management structures to increase the production of goods. B Agricultural production continued to be the primary economic activity in the South. C The economic gap between the social classes narrowed as standards of living improved. D Large-scale industrial production was accompanied by anticapitalist government policies.

A Businesses made use of new management structures to increase the production of goods.

Which of the following explains a connection between the ability of Americans to gain access to natural resources in the early 1800s and in the late 1800s? A In both periods, the expansion of power over western North America gave the United States control over more natural resources. B In both periods, the United States imported more natural resources after claiming overseas colonies through the Monroe Doctrine. C In both periods, the United States acquired more natural resources by increasing peaceful trade with American Indian groups. D In both periods, the forced migration of enslaved people provided labor for extracting natural resources in United States mining towns.

A In both periods, the expansion of power over western North America gave the United States control over more natural resources.

"The Thirteenth Amendment does not permit the withholding or the deprivation of any right necessarily inhering in freedom. It not only struck down the institution of slavery as previously existing in the United States, but it prevents the imposition of any burdens or disabilities that constitute badges of slavery or servitude. It decreed universal civil freedom in this country. This court has so adjudged. But that amendment having been found inadequate to the protection of the rights of those who had been in slavery, it was followed by the Fourteenth Amendment, which added greatly to the dignity and glory of American citizenship and to the security of personal liberty. . . . "These two amendments, if enforced according to their true intent and meaning, will protect all the civil rights that pertain to freedom and citizenship. . . . "These notable additions to the fundamental law were welcomed by the friends of liberty throughout the world. They removed the race line from our governmental systems. They had, as this court has said, a common purpose, namely to secure to a race recently emancipated, a race that through many generations have been held in slavery, all the civil rights that the [White] race enjoy.'" John Marshall Harlan, United States Supreme Court Justice, dissenting opinion in the case Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 The situation of the excerpt could best be used by a historian to support which of the following explanations of changes in society during the Gilded Age? A New scientific theories of race emerged to justify segregation. B Businesses and government generally limited workers' rights. C Nativists were effective in enacting limitations on immigration. D Westward mobility improved through the construction of rail networks.

A New scientific theories of race emerged to justify segregation.

Which of the following best explains a connection between the economic productivity of the United States in the mid-1800s and in the late 1800s? A The application of new technologies expanded large-scale industrial manufacturing. B Labor unions sought to improve conditions in factories and wages for workers. C The use of sharecropping in the South expanded cotton agricultural production. D Corporations' need for managers fostered the growth of a large middle class.

A The application of new technologies expanded large-scale industrial manufacturing.

The necessities of our altered relationship to the Pacific Ocean [after the late 1840s] found expression in a comprehensive treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the sovereign kingdom of Hawaii. . . . "[The line] from San Francisco to Honolulu [in Hawaii] marks the natural limit of the ocean belt within which our trade with [eastern Asia] must flow. . . . When we survey the stupendous progress made by the western coast during the thirty years of its national life as a part of our dominion, . . . it is not easy to set a limit to its commercial activity or foresee a check to its maritime supremacy in the waters of [eastern Asia], so long as those waters afford, as now, a free and neutral scope for our peaceful trade. . . . "[The United States] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific demands their neutrality, to which end it will earnestly cooperate with the native government. And if, through any cause, the maintenance of such a position of neutrality should be found by Hawaii to be impracticable, this government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an avowedly American solution for the grave issues presented." Secretary of State James G. Blaine, letter to James M. Comly, United States ambassador to Hawaii, 1881 Which of the following historical contexts contributed most directly to the diplomatic development represented in the excerpt? A The extension of United States influence into the Pacific B The declining influence of European powers in East Asia C The enforcement of Supreme Court rulings on segregation D The enactment of isolationism in the Western Hemisphere

A The extension of United States influence into the Pacific

Which of the following contexts best explains the increase in violent conflicts in the western United States in the late 1800s? A The increase in migration by White settlers B The regulation of industrial production by the federal government C The recognition by federal courts of labor union bargaining rights D The ban on immigration from eastern Asia

A The increase in migration by White settlers

"Why is it that the middle class has a monopoly of the real enjoyment in Chicago? . . . "Theoretically, at least, there are no classes in Chicago. But the 'middle class' means all those people who are respectably in the background, who work either with hand or brain, who are neither poverty-stricken nor offensively rich, and who are not held down by the arbitrary laws governing that mysterious part of the community known as society. . . . "It is quite a privilege to belong to the middle class, especially during the warm weather in June. A middle-class family may sit on the front stoop all evening and watch the society people go to the weddings in their closed carriages. Father doesn't have to wear a tight dress coat all evening and have a collar choking him. . . . "In Lincoln Park . . . the young man who drives the delivery wagon sits of an evening and holds the hand of the young woman who addresses letters. They are very happy, as well they may be, for no Chicago millionaire has such a magnificent front yard, with such a large lake and so many stately trees around it. They must feel sorry for the millionaire, who cannot go to a public park in the evening to stroll or sit. . . . It doesn't trouble the delivery boy to have other people present and enjoying themselves." George Ade, journalist, "The Advantage of Being 'Middle Class,'" Chicago Record, 1890 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments for many individuals who amassed great wealth during the period? A They came to believe that they had a moral obligation to help improve society to address the needs of the working and middle classes. B They began to resist and disregard the many social conventions and "arbitrary laws" that defined their class. C They sought to escape the undesirable conditions of city living by moving to the countryside. D They attempted to expand middle- and working-class access to political systems by supporting Progressive reforms.

A They came to believe that they had a moral obligation to help improve society to address the needs of the working and middle classes.

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s? A White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment. B White argues that federal supervision of American Indians decreased, while Hahn argues that the United States came to control all aspects of their lives on reservations. C White asserts that American Indians came to be governed directly by the United States, while Hahn asserts that they remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States. D White contends that American Indians retained possession of much land, while Hahn contends that they lost possession of most of their land to United States settlers.

A White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

"The measures to which we are indebted for an improved condition of [American Indian] affairs are, the concentration of the Indians upon suitable reservations, and the supplying them with means for engaging in agricultural and mechanical pursuits, and for their education and moral training. . . . The light of a Christian civilization seems to have dawned upon their moral darkness, and opened up a brighter future. . . . "It has become a matter of serious import whether the treaty system in use ought longer to be continued. In my judgment it should not. A treaty involves the idea of a compact between two or more sovereign powers, each possessing sufficient authority and force to compel a compliance with the obligations incurred. The Indian tribes of the United States are not sovereign nations. . . . Many good men, looking at this matter only from a Christian point of view, will perhaps say that the poor Indian has been greatly wronged and ill treated; that this whole county was once his . . . and that he has been driven from place to place until he has hardly left to him a spot where to lay his head. This indeed may be philanthropic and humane, but the stern letter of the law admits of no such conclusion, and great injury has been done by the government in deluding this people into the belief of their being independent sovereignties." Ely Parker, commissioner of Indian affairs, report to the secretary of the interior, 1869 "My friends, I have been asked to show you my heart. I am glad to have a chance to do so. I want the white people to understand my people. . . . I will tell you in my way how the Indian sees things. . . . "[In 1863] a chief called Lawyer, because he was a great talker, . . . sold nearly all the Nez Percés country. . . . In this treaty Lawyer acted without authority from our band. He had no right to sell . . . [our] country. That had always belonged to my father's own people. . . . "In order to have people understand how much land we owned, my father planted poles around it and said: 'Inside is the home of my people—the white man may take the land outside. Inside the boundary all our people were born. It circles around the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man.' . . . ". . . I was granted permission to come to Washington. . . . I have shaken hands with a great many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. . . . Too many misrepresentations have been made, too many misunderstandings have come up between the white men about the Indians. . . . You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. . . . I have asked some of the great white chiefs where they get their authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in one place, while he sees white men going where they please. They can not tell me." Chief Joseph, chief of the Nez Percé American Indian nation, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," published in the North American Review, 1879 Unlike Commissioner Parker, Chief Joseph supports the claim that American Indians A sought to preserve their culture B wanted better compensation for their land C sought access to boarding schools for their children D wanted to permit railroad construction through reservations

A sought to preserve their culture

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a similarity between White's and Hahn's overall arguments in the excerpts about interactions between American Indians and the United States in the late 1800s? A Both argue that the United States government desired to recognize the sovereignty of American Indians. B Both claim that United States officials sought to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals. C Both assert that American Indian community connections strengthened because of United States assistance. D Both contend that new United States laws caused American Indians to abandon their tribal identities.

B Both claim that United States officials sought to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals.

While it is apparent that immigrants were not free to move into the industrial economy wherever they desired, they were able to remain within the confines of small groups and networks, which assisted them tremendously. Such groups could mass around links of friends, villages, or regions but were mostly held together by ties of blood. Kinship [family relationships] formed the stable core of immigrant groups as they flowed into the [economic] opening available to them in particular times and places. . . . ". . . The . . . discovery of modern historical scholarship . . . has made it quite clear that immigrant families did not whither in their encounter with American capitalism. Immigrant kinship associations . . . continued to perform indispensable functions in the industrial city. . . . ". . . The immigrant family with its essential ingredients of sharing and reciprocity was found wherever immigrants settled. . . . Family goals came to supersede individual goals, and parents and children both worked vigorously to contribute to familial welfare." John Bodnar, historian, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America, published in 1985 "Family celebrations [were] the main form of recreation for [immigrant] women. . . . For poor communities with scant resources, these celebrations also provided a . . . mode of redistributing what little wealth there was throughout the community. While Americans watched with disapproval or envy, the new immigrants [at the end of the nineteenth century] found ways to maintain culture and create community. "Here, . . . however, there was a conflict between the old ways and the new, between the parental wish to preserve the customs of the old country and the younger generation's desire to be free of these restrictions and adopt a more 'modern' outlook. Old-world conventions concerning love and marriage were challenged by the young, who were exposed to different ideas and new passions. In the Old World both Jewish and Italian marriages had been arranged. . . . ". . . In general the institution of matchmaking was losing ground to more social forms of courtship, organized more along lines of individual choice. . . . New ideals of romantic love were taking precedence over customary values." Elizabeth Ewen, historian, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925, study of immigrants in New York City, published in 1985 Which of the following is a similarity between Bodnar's and Ewen's arguments in the excerpts about immigrant families in the late 1800s? A Both argue that the strength of immigrant families weakened in the United States. B Both maintain that immigrant families provided members with economic support. C Both claim that immigrant families were eager to assimilate to American culture. D Both assert that immigrant families primarily valued the advancement of individuals.

B Both maintain that immigrant families provided members with economic support.

"[China] has been separated from [the world] by limitless deserts, and by broad oceans. But now, when the views of men expand, we behold the very globe itself diminished in size. Now, when science has taken away, or dissipated the desert; when it has narrowed the ocean, we find that China, seeing another civilization approaching on every side, has her eyes wide open. . . . She sees a cloud of sail on her coast, she sees the mighty steamers coming from everywhere. . . . She feels the spark from the electric telegraph falling hot upon her everywhere. . . . She tells you she is willing to trade with you, to buy of you, to sell to you, to help you strike off the shackles from trade. She invites your merchants, she invites your missionaries. . . . She offers you almost free trade today. Holding the great staples of the earth—tea and silk—she charges you scarcely any tariff on the exports you send out in exchange for them. . . . But the country is open; you may travel and trade where you like. What complaint, then, have you to make of her? Show her fair play. Giver her that, and you will bless the toiling millions of the world." Anson Burlingame, former United States minister to China, speech given in New York City, 1868 Which of the following contexts contributed most directly to the interest in trade with China as described in the excerpt? A Increased need for laborers on railroad-building projects B Increased demand for resources and markets for goods C Decreased economic competition from European empires D Decreased activity in commercial trade across the Atlantic

B Increased demand for resources and markets for goods

"Senator Henry H. Blair: Won't you please give us . . . your idea in regard to the establishment of a postal telegraph for the purpose of supplanting or rivaling the existing telegraphic systems of the country now controlled by private ownership? "[Industrialist] Jay Gould: Well, I think that control by the Government in such things is contrary to our institutions. A telegraph system, of all businesses in the world, wants to be managed by skilled experts. . . . If the Government controlled the telegraph, the heads of the general managers and the superintendents would come off every four years, if there was a change in politics . . . and you would not have any such efficient service as you have now. "Blair: . . . Do you think there would be any opposition made to a general national law regulating the fares and freight charges upon inter-state commerce? "Gould: Well, I don't know about that. I think the freer you allow things to be the better. They regulate themselves. The laws of supply and demand, production and consumption, enter into and settle those matters. . . . "Blair: There has been testimony before us that the feeling generally between employers and employees throughout the country is one of hostility, especially on the part of employees toward those whom they designate as monopolists. From your observation, what do you think is really the feeling as a general rule between those two classes? "Gould: I think that if left alone they would mutually regulate their relations. I think there is no disagreement between the great mass of the employees and their employers. These societies that are gotten up to magnify these things and create evils which do not exist—create troubles which ought not to exist. "Blair: Of the men who conduct business enterprises and wield the power of capital in this country today, what proportion do you think are what are called 'self-made men'? "Gould: I think they are all 'self-made men;' I do not say self-made exactly, for the country has grown and they have grown up with it. In this country we have no system of heirlooms or of handing down estates. Every man has to stand here on his own individual merit." Jay Gould, telegraph and railroad company owner, testimony before a committee of the United States Senate, 1883 Gould's testimony best serves as evidence for which of the following situations during the late 1800s? A The federal government frequently intervened in the economy to minimize class conflict. B Many businesses owners argued that pro-growth government policies best facilitated economic growth. C Most industrialists in the late nineteenth century were self-made men. D The United States government heavily regulated telecommunications and interstate commerce.

B Many businesses owners argued that pro-growth government policies best facilitated economic growth.

"The purpose of this article is to present some of the best methods of performing this duty of administering surplus wealth for the good of the people. The first requisite for a really good use of wealth by the millionaire who has accepted the gospel [of wealth] . . . is to take care that the purpose for which he spends it shall not have a degrading, pauperizing tendency upon its recipients, and that his trust should be so administered as to stimulate the best and most aspiring poor of the community to further efforts for their own improvement. . . . "The result of my own study of the question 'What is the best gift which can be given to a community?' is that a free library occupies the first place, provided the community will accept and maintain it as a public institution, as much a part of the city property as its public schools. . . . "Many free libraries have been established in our country, but none that I know of with such wisdom as the Pratt Library, of Baltimore. Mr. [Enoch] Pratt presented to the city of Baltimore one million dollars [for the library]. . . . It is safe to say that the 37,000 frequenters of the Pratt Library are of more value to Baltimore, to the State [of Maryland], and to the country than all the inert, lazy, and hopelessly-poor in the whole nation. . . . ". . . The problem of poverty and wealth, of employer and employed, will be practically solved whenever the time of the [wealthy] few is given, and their wealth is administered during their lives, for the best good of that portion of the community which has not been burdened by the responsibilities which attend the possession of wealth." Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 Which of the following can best be concluded about the late 1800s based on the situation in which the excerpt was produced? A Industrialists focused on establishing international markets for their products. B People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities. C Politicians argued about whether to increase taxes on people with wealth. D Workers supported the consolidation of businesses into corporations.

B People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities.

"Most Populists sought economic and political reform, not the overthrow of existing systems. . . . The ethos of modernity and progress swept across the cultural landscape of late nineteenth-century America, driven by the winds of commercial capitalism. The Populists mainly shared this ethos. . . . A firm belief in progress gave them confidence to act. Because they believed in the transforming power of science and technology, they sought to attain expertise and knowledge for their own improvement. Because they believed in economies of scale, they strove to adapt the model of large-scale enterprise to their own needs. . . . Because they believed in the logic of modernity, the Populist[s] . . . attempted to fashion an alternative modernity. . . . ". . . The demands of [Populist] farmers for currency inflation . . . threatened the dogmas and profits of bankers and creditors. . . . The capitalist elite pursued a corporate power that left little room for the organized power of men and women of the fields, mines, or factories. Their corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision of an alternative capitalism." Charles Postel, historian, The Populist Vision, 2007 Which of the following pieces of evidence would refute Postel's claim in the first paragraph of the excerpt about the "ethos of modernity and progress" and the Populists? A Populists living in rural areas learned about urban and international life through the telegraph and newspapers. B Populist speakers often used religious examples and metaphors to make moral arguments for their policies. C Populists sought to develop commercial farming through the expansion of transportation networks. D Populists formed a national political organization out of numerous local farmer and labor groups.

B Populist speakers often used religious examples and metaphors to make moral arguments for their policies.

"The progress of society consists largely in separating . . . people into groups, in giving them different kinds of work to do, in developing different powers, and different functions. . . . This is the method of civilization. . . . "It is a great gain to humanity to have industry specialized if the unity of the spirit is not broken in the process. But this calamity, unhappily, is precisely what we are suffering. The forces that divide and differentiate have not been balanced by the forces that unite and integrate. . . . Social integration is the crying need of the hour. . . . How can all these competing tribes and clans, owners of capital, captains of industry, inventors, artisans, farmers, miners, distributors, exchangers, teachers, and all the rest, be made to understand that they are many members but one body; that an injury to one is really the concern of every other . . . ? "We have, however, in society, an agency which is expressly intended to perform this very service of social integration. . . . It is the Christian Church. The precise business of the Christian Church is to fill the world with the spirit of unity, of brotherhood; . . . to promote unity of the spirit in the bonds of peace. . . . "The spiritual law, the spiritual motive, the loving thought, the kindly purpose govern the whole of life. A factory is never rightly run till the law of love is the supreme motive power. A trades-union is a menace to society until good-will to all men is the guiding principle in all its councils. A corporation without this clause is a curse to society. A railway whose administration sets this law at defiance is a gigantic public enemy. . . . Every one of these departments of life must be brought under this royal law. This is what religion means." Washington Gladden, minister, Social Facts and Forces, 1897 The point of view expressed in the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following historical arguments about the late 1800s? A Manufacturing workers blamed business leaders for class conflict in society. B Reformers sought to use religion to reduce discord between workers and employers. C Labor union organizers championed alternatives to laissez-faire capitalism. D Critics of the Gilded Age economy pointed to social scientific studies about wealth inequality.

B Reformers sought to use religion to reduce discord between workers and employers.

"One-third of the population of the South is of the Negro race. No enterprise seeking the material, civil, or moral welfare of this section can disregard this element of our population and reach the highest success. . . . "To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested. . . . Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South. Casting down your bucket among my people, . . . you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories. . . . [W]e shall stand by you with a devotion that no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives, if need be, in defence of yours, interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1895 "General [Gideon J.] Pillow . . . suggested that a company be formed with a capital of half a million [dollars]. . . . This company is to place reliable agents, one at San Francisco and the other at New York; these agents shall bring into competition the companies engaged in the transportation of immigrants from Europe, and [Chinese laborers from] the Pacific Railroad. If we can command the capital to pay all the charges of the immigrants from their homes to . . . where they are wanted, they will be able to supply the planters of the five States bordering on the Mississippi river with all the labor that they want at 33 per cent less than it could be got by any individual efforts or enterprise. In recommending the inauguration of this system of labor, the committee are moved by no hostility to our former servants. . . . Just one half of the soil is in cultivation that was so before the war, and that [was] because the labor was not adequate to the demands. 'The negroes have taken to other vocations also, and have left the corn and cotton fields. They have [taken] the place of the white man on the river almost entirely, and have supplanted the Irish, Dutch, and Germans on the steamboats. Our cities are full of them.'" General Gideon J. Pillow, southern plantation owner, newspaper report of a speech delivered at a convention of plantation owners in Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis Daily Appeal, 1869 Based on their claims in the excerpts, Washington and Pillow would most likely have taken different positions on which of the following social questions in the 1800s? A Can African Americans continue to be employed in agricultural work? B Should immigrants be used to diversify the southern industrial labor force? C Can wealthy plantation owners promote progress in the South? D Should the southern economy abandon agricultural production?

B Should immigrants be used to diversify the southern industrial labor force?

"The [political] machine represented the dominant urban political institution of the late nineteenth century. . . . Bosses purchased voter support with individual economic inducements such as offers of public jobs. . . . The machine sustained itself by exchanging material benefits for political support. . . . "By 1890 Irish bosses ran most of the big-city Democratic machines constructed in the 1870s and 1880s. . . . By 1886, the Irish held 58 percent of the seats on the San Francisco Democratic party central committee. . . . 61 percent of the Tammany Society [political machine in New York City] were Irish in 1890. ". . . What accounts for their unusually high group political participation rates? The Irish capture of the urban Democratic party depended on a large Irish voting bloc. In city after city the Irish mobilized politically much more quickly than other ethnic groups. Irish naturalization and voter registration rates were the highest of all the immigrant groups. "[In the 1860s] Radical Republicans captured control of the New England and Middle Atlantic states. . . . [They] pursued a program of electoral and institutional reform in the eastern states with urban Democratic (and Irish) strongholds. Rather than weakening the embryonic Democratic city organizations, the Radical attack succeeded in strengthening these machines. The election of pro-machine Democratic governors in states such as New York, New Jersey, and California further aided Irish machine building." Steven P. Erie, historian, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985, published in 1990 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence would best modify the overall argument of the excerpt? A Political machines engaged in active campaigns to naturalize new Irish immigrants as citizens. B Some urban areas with large Irish populations did not develop Irish-dominated political machines. C Irish people received a significant percent of new patronage jobs created in New York City in the 1890s. D The Irish in San Francisco were more likely to vote than other ethnic groups in the late 1890s and early 1900s.

B Some urban areas with large Irish populations did not develop Irish-dominated political machines.

"The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support Addams' argument in the excerpt about politics in the late 1800s? A Federal civil service reform led to a reduction in the number of political patronage jobs. B The allegiance of immigrant voters led to the creation of urban political machines. C Many writers gained a large audience with criticisms of corruption in city politics. D African Americans predominantly identified with politicians of the Republican Party.

B The allegiance of immigrant voters led to the creation of urban political machines.

"Economically speaking, aggregated [accumulated] capital will be more and more essential to the performance of our social tasks. Furthermore, it seems to me certain that all aggregated capital will fall more and more under personal control. Each great company will be known as controlled by one master mind. The reason for this lies in the great superiority of personal management over management by boards and committees. This tendency is in the public interest, for it is in the direction of more satisfactory responsibility. The great hindrance to the development of this continent has lain in the lack of capital. The capital which we have had has been wasted by division and dissipation, and by injudicious applications. The waste of capital, in proportion to the total capital, in this country between 1800 and 1850, in the attempts which were made to establish means of communication and transportation, was enormous. The waste was chiefly due to ignorance and bad management, especially to State control of public works. We are to see the development of the country pushed forward at an unprecedented rate by an aggregation of capital, and a systematic application of it under the direction of competent men. This development will be for the benefit of all, and it will enable each one of us, in his measure and way, to increase his wealth. We may each of us go ahead to do so, and we have every reason to rejoice in each other's prosperity. . . . Capital inherited by a spendthrift [person who spends money freely] will be squandered and re-accumulated in the hands of men who are fit and competent to hold it. So it should be, and under such a state of things there is no reason to desire to limit the property which any man may acquire." William Graham Sumner, university professor, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 1883 The excerpt best reflects which of the following economic developments in the late 1800s? A The growth in support for government regulation of the economy B The consolidation of power over the economy by business leaders C The end of federal support for transportation infrastructure projects D The spread of technological innovations in agricultural production

B The consolidation of power over the economy by business leaders

"The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 The historical situation of the excerpt supports which of the following arguments about reform in the Gilded Age? A The idea of the Social Gospel inspired the development of many new reform movements. B The position of women as prominent leaders in reform movements increased their public role in society. C Reformers encouraged city residents to fight corruption by joining utopian communities. D Reformers advocated expanded college access for immigrants in order to facilitate social integration.

B The position of women as prominent leaders in reform movements increased their public role in society.

"Why is it that the middle class has a monopoly of the real enjoyment in Chicago? . . . "Theoretically, at least, there are no classes in Chicago. But the 'middle class' means all those people who are respectably in the background, who work either with hand or brain, who are neither poverty-stricken nor offensively rich, and who are not held down by the arbitrary laws governing that mysterious part of the community known as society. . . . "It is quite a privilege to belong to the middle class, especially during the warm weather in June. A middle-class family may sit on the front stoop all evening and watch the society people go to the weddings in their closed carriages. Father doesn't have to wear a tight dress coat all evening and have a collar choking him. . . . "In Lincoln Park . . . the young man who drives the delivery wagon sits of an evening and holds the hand of the young woman who addresses letters. They are very happy, as well they may be, for no Chicago millionaire has such a magnificent front yard, with such a large lake and so many stately trees around it. They must feel sorry for the millionaire, who cannot go to a public park in the evening to stroll or sit. . . . It doesn't trouble the delivery boy to have other people present and enjoying themselves." George Ade, journalist, "The Advantage of Being 'Middle Class,'" Chicago Record, 1890 Which of the following can be concluded about the status of middle-class people during the late 1800s when the excerpt was produced? A They grew to be more financially stable than elites. B They experienced a growth of access to leisure time. C They faced declining working conditions. D They sought to minimize the influence of consumerism.

B They experienced a growth of access to leisure time.

"The Thirteenth Amendment does not permit the withholding or the deprivation of any right necessarily inhering in freedom. It not only struck down the institution of slavery as previously existing in the United States, but it prevents the imposition of any burdens or disabilities that constitute badges of slavery or servitude. It decreed universal civil freedom in this country. This court has so adjudged. But that amendment having been found inadequate to the protection of the rights of those who had been in slavery, it was followed by the Fourteenth Amendment, which added greatly to the dignity and glory of American citizenship and to the security of personal liberty. . . . "These two amendments, if enforced according to their true intent and meaning, will protect all the civil rights that pertain to freedom and citizenship. . . . "These notable additions to the fundamental law were welcomed by the friends of liberty throughout the world. They removed the race line from our governmental systems. They had, as this court has said, a common purpose, namely to secure to a race recently emancipated, a race that through many generations have been held in slavery, all the civil rights that the [White] race enjoy.'" John Marshall Harlan, United States Supreme Court Justice, dissenting opinion in the case Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 The historical situation of the court ruling described in the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following claims about African Americans during the late 1800s? A They began to shift away from using the sharecropping system. B They organized reform movements in order to fight for political equality. C They moved westward in large numbers to escape segregationist laws. D They became the largest segment of the industrial workforce.

B They organized reform movements in order to fight for political equality.

"The measures to which we are indebted for an improved condition of [American Indian] affairs are, the concentration of the Indians upon suitable reservations, and the supplying them with means for engaging in agricultural and mechanical pursuits, and for their education and moral training. . . . The light of a Christian civilization seems to have dawned upon their moral darkness, and opened up a brighter future. . . . "It has become a matter of serious import whether the treaty system in use ought longer to be continued. In my judgment it should not. A treaty involves the idea of a compact between two or more sovereign powers, each possessing sufficient authority and force to compel a compliance with the obligations incurred. The Indian tribes of the United States are not sovereign nations. . . . Many good men, looking at this matter only from a Christian point of view, will perhaps say that the poor Indian has been greatly wronged and ill treated; that this whole county was once his . . . and that he has been driven from place to place until he has hardly left to him a spot where to lay his head. This indeed may be philanthropic and humane, but the stern letter of the law admits of no such conclusion, and great injury has been done by the government in deluding this people into the belief of their being independent sovereignties." Ely Parker, commissioner of Indian affairs, report to the secretary of the interior, 1869 "My friends, I have been asked to show you my heart. I am glad to have a chance to do so. I want the white people to understand my people. . . . I will tell you in my way how the Indian sees things. . . . "[In 1863] a chief called Lawyer, because he was a great talker, . . . sold nearly all the Nez Percés country. . . . In this treaty Lawyer acted without authority from our band. He had no right to sell . . . [our] country. That had always belonged to my father's own people. . . . "In order to have people understand how much land we owned, my father planted poles around it and said: 'Inside is the home of my people—the white man may take the land outside. Inside the boundary all our people were born. It circles around the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man.' . . . ". . . I was granted permission to come to Washington. . . . I have shaken hands with a great many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. . . . Too many misrepresentations have been made, too many misunderstandings have come up between the white men about the Indians. . . . You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. . . . I have asked some of the great white chiefs where they get their authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in one place, while he sees white men going where they please. They can not tell me." Chief Joseph, chief of the Nez Percé American Indian nation, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," published in the North American Review, 1879 Which of the following describes a difference between the arguments made by Chief Joseph and Commissioner Parker in the excerpts? A Chief Joseph supported the reservation system for Native Americans, while Commissioner Parker condemned reservations. B Chief Joseph believed that Native American tribes had a right to sovereignty, while Commissioner Parker believed that Native American tribes were not sovereign nations. C Chief Joseph sought additional support for agriculture on reservations, while Commissioner Parker called for industrialization on reservations. D Chief Joseph asserted that Native Americans should never interact with government officials, while Commissioner Parker argued that they should be represented in Washington.

B Chief Joseph believed that Native American tribes had a right to sovereignty, while Commissioner Parker believed that Native American tribes were not sovereign nations.

"The Work Accomplished — Ceremonies at Promontory Summit. "Special Dispatch to the New York Times. "Promontory, Utah, Monday, May 10. "The long-looked for moment has arrived. . . . The inhabitants of the Atlantic seaboard and dwellers of the Pacific slopes are henceforth emphatically one people. Your correspondent is writing on Promontory Summit amid the deafening shouts of the multitude, with the tick, tick, of the telegraph close to his ear. The proceedings of the day are: . . . "Laying of the two rails, one opposite the other—one for the Union Pacific Railroad, and one for the Central Pacific Railroad. . . . "Driving of the last spikes by the two Companies; [the] telegraph [is] to be attached to the spike of the Central Pacific Company, and the last blow to announce to the world by telegraph the completion of the Pacific Railroad. "Telegram to the President of the United States. "Telegram to the Associated Press. . . ." The New York Times, news report, 1869 The development of the railroads as described in the excerpt had which of the following effects on westward expansion in the late 1800s? A Merchants mobilized politically to resist transportation expansion. B New commercial centers and communities emerged along rail lines. C Governments exerted increased control over transportation industries. D New immigrants mostly settled on western farms along rail lines.

B New commercial centers and communities emerged along rail lines.

"The necessities of our altered relationship to the Pacific Ocean [after the late 1840s] found expression in a comprehensive treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the sovereign kingdom of Hawaii. . . . "[The line] from San Francisco to Honolulu [in Hawaii] marks the natural limit of the ocean belt within which our trade with [eastern Asia] must flow. . . . When we survey the stupendous progress made by the western coast during the thirty years of its national life as a part of our dominion, . . . it is not easy to set a limit to its commercial activity or foresee a check to its maritime supremacy in the waters of [eastern Asia], so long as those waters afford, as now, a free and neutral scope for our peaceful trade. . . . "[The United States] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific demands their neutrality, to which end it will earnestly cooperate with the native government. And if, through any cause, the maintenance of such a position of neutrality should be found by Hawaii to be impracticable, this government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an avowedly American solution for the grave issues presented." Secretary of State James G. Blaine, letter to James M. Comly, United States ambassador to Hawaii, 1881 The foreign policy ideas in the excerpt are best explained by which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A A response to changing immigration patterns B An attempt to end Reconstruction policies C A reaction to expanding United States economic activity D An effort to enact political reforms in urban areas

C A reaction to expanding United States economic activity

"The measures to which we are indebted for an improved condition of [American Indian] affairs are, the concentration of the Indians upon suitable reservations, and the supplying them with means for engaging in agricultural and mechanical pursuits, and for their education and moral training. . . . The light of a Christian civilization seems to have dawned upon their moral darkness, and opened up a brighter future. . . . "It has become a matter of serious import whether the treaty system in use ought longer to be continued. In my judgment it should not. A treaty involves the idea of a compact between two or more sovereign powers, each possessing sufficient authority and force to compel a compliance with the obligations incurred. The Indian tribes of the United States are not sovereign nations. . . . Many good men, looking at this matter only from a Christian point of view, will perhaps say that the poor Indian has been greatly wronged and ill treated; that this whole county was once his . . . and that he has been driven from place to place until he has hardly left to him a spot where to lay his head. This indeed may be philanthropic and humane, but the stern letter of the law admits of no such conclusion, and great injury has been done by the government in deluding this people into the belief of their being independent sovereignties." Ely Parker, commissioner of Indian affairs, report to the secretary of the interior, 1869 "My friends, I have been asked to show you my heart. I am glad to have a chance to do so. I want the white people to understand my people. . . . I will tell you in my way how the Indian sees things. . . . "[In 1863] a chief called Lawyer, because he was a great talker, . . . sold nearly all the Nez Percés country. . . . In this treaty Lawyer acted without authority from our band. He had no right to sell . . . [our] country. That had always belonged to my father's own people. . . . "In order to have people understand how much land we owned, my father planted poles around it and said: 'Inside is the home of my people—the white man may take the land outside. Inside the boundary all our people were born. It circles around the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man.' . . . ". . . I was granted permission to come to Washington. . . . I have shaken hands with a great many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. . . . Too many misrepresentations have been made, too many misunderstandings have come up between the white men about the Indians. . . . You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. . . . I have asked some of the great white chiefs where they get their authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in one place, while he sees white men going where they please. They can not tell me." Chief Joseph, chief of the Nez Percé American Indian nation, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," published in the North American Review, 1879 Which of the following best describes a similarity between the arguments made by Chief Joseph and Commissioner Parker in the excerpts? A Both argued that the spread of Christianity was a positive influence on American Indians. B Both asserted that the federal government had legal authority over American Indians. C Both argued against the signing of treaties to take American Indian lands. D Both believed that American Indians required moral training.

C Both argued against the signing of treaties to take American Indian lands.

"One-third of the population of the South is of the Negro race. No enterprise seeking the material, civil, or moral welfare of this section can disregard this element of our population and reach the highest success. . . . "To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested. . . . Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South. Casting down your bucket among my people, . . . you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories. . . . [W]e shall stand by you with a devotion that no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives, if need be, in defence of yours, interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1895 "General [Gideon J.] Pillow . . . suggested that a company be formed with a capital of half a million [dollars]. . . . This company is to place reliable agents, one at San Francisco and the other at New York; these agents shall bring into competition the companies engaged in the transportation of immigrants from Europe, and [Chinese laborers from] the Pacific Railroad. If we can command the capital to pay all the charges of the immigrants from their homes to . . . where they are wanted, they will be able to supply the planters of the five States bordering on the Mississippi river with all the labor that they want at 33 per cent less than it could be got by any individual efforts or enterprise. In recommending the inauguration of this system of labor, the committee are moved by no hostility to our former servants. . . . Just one half of the soil is in cultivation that was so before the war, and that [was] because the labor was not adequate to the demands. 'The negroes have taken to other vocations also, and have left the corn and cotton fields. They have [taken] the place of the white man on the river almost entirely, and have supplanted the Irish, Dutch, and Germans on the steamboats. Our cities are full of them.'" General Gideon J. Pillow, southern plantation owner, newspaper report of a speech delivered at a convention of plantation owners in Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis Daily Appeal, 1869 Which of the following describes a similarity between Washington's and Pillow's arguments in the excerpts? A Both hold that plantation owners exhibit hostility toward formerly enslaved laborers. B Both argue that hiring immigrant workers would be cheaper than hiring native-born workers. C Both believe that southern progress and prosperity depend on addressing a question of labor. D Both assert that encouraging industrialization is essential to creating new jobs for southern workers.

C Both believe that southern progress and prosperity depend on addressing a question of labor.

"The progress of society consists largely in separating . . . people into groups, in giving them different kinds of work to do, in developing different powers, and different functions. . . . This is the method of civilization. . . . "It is a great gain to humanity to have industry specialized if the unity of the spirit is not broken in the process. But this calamity, unhappily, is precisely what we are suffering. The forces that divide and differentiate have not been balanced by the forces that unite and integrate. . . . Social integration is the crying need of the hour. . . . How can all these competing tribes and clans, owners of capital, captains of industry, inventors, artisans, farmers, miners, distributors, exchangers, teachers, and all the rest, be made to understand that they are many members but one body; that an injury to one is really the concern of every other . . . ? "We have, however, in society, an agency which is expressly intended to perform this very service of social integration. . . . It is the Christian Church. The precise business of the Christian Church is to fill the world with the spirit of unity, of brotherhood; . . . to promote unity of the spirit in the bonds of peace. . . . "The spiritual law, the spiritual motive, the loving thought, the kindly purpose govern the whole of life. A factory is never rightly run till the law of love is the supreme motive power. A trades-union is a menace to society until good-will to all men is the guiding principle in all its councils. A corporation without this clause is a curse to society. A railway whose administration sets this law at defiance is a gigantic public enemy. . . . Every one of these departments of life must be brought under this royal law. This is what religion means." Washington Gladden, minister, Social Facts and Forces, 1897 Which of the following arguments about the United States economy during the Gilded Age could the historical situation of the excerpt best be used to support? A The spread of the industrial economy helped to increase social stability. B The increased adoption of the division of labor harmed the living standards of most Americans. C Economic changes produced debates over how to organize the national economy. D Most politicians opposed government intervention in the economy during economic downturns.

C Economic changes produced debates over how to organize the national economy.

"While it is apparent that immigrants were not free to move into the industrial economy wherever they desired, they were able to remain within the confines of small groups and networks, which assisted them tremendously. Such groups could mass around links of friends, villages, or regions but were mostly held together by ties of blood. Kinship [family relationships] formed the stable core of immigrant groups as they flowed into the [economic] opening available to them in particular times and places. . . . ". . . The . . . discovery of modern historical scholarship . . . has made it quite clear that immigrant families did not whither in their encounter with American capitalism. Immigrant kinship associations . . . continued to perform indispensable functions in the industrial city. . . . ". . . The immigrant family with its essential ingredients of sharing and reciprocity was found wherever immigrants settled. . . . Family goals came to supersede individual goals, and parents and children both worked vigorously to contribute to familial welfare." John Bodnar, historian, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America, published in 1985 "Family celebrations [were] the main form of recreation for [immigrant] women. . . . For poor communities with scant resources, these celebrations also provided a . . . mode of redistributing what little wealth there was throughout the community. While Americans watched with disapproval or envy, the new immigrants [at the end of the nineteenth century] found ways to maintain culture and create community. "Here, . . . however, there was a conflict between the old ways and the new, between the parental wish to preserve the customs of the old country and the younger generation's desire to be free of these restrictions and adopt a more 'modern' outlook. Old-world conventions concerning love and marriage were challenged by the young, who were exposed to different ideas and new passions. In the Old World both Jewish and Italian marriages had been arranged. . . . ". . . In general the institution of matchmaking was losing ground to more social forms of courtship, organized more along lines of individual choice. . . . New ideals of romantic love were taking precedence over customary values." Elizabeth Ewen, historian, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925, study of immigrants in New York City, published in 1985 Which of the following describes a difference between Bodnar's and Ewen's arguments in the excerpts about immigrants in the late 1800s? A Bodnar argues that some immigrants embraced modern social values, whereas Ewen argues that most immigrants preserved traditional practices. B Bodnar claims that immigrants were supported by family networks, whereas Ewen claims that immigrants depended mostly on their own initiative. C Ewen asserts that some immigrants sought personal fulfilment, whereas Bodnar asserts that most immigrants focused on supporting their families over individualism. D Ewen holds that some Americans opposed immigrant cultural cohesion, whereas Bodnar holds that most Americans embraced new immigrant cultures.

C Ewen asserts that some immigrants sought personal fulfilment, whereas Bodnar asserts that most immigrants focused on supporting their families over individualism.

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 The claims made by White and Hahn about United States policies toward American Indians in the late nineteenth century are similar in that they both support which of the following arguments? A The federal government sought to grant members of American Indian tribes United States citizenship. B The United States Congress saw treaties as the best way to promote American Indian economic development. C Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians. D The United States wanted to force American Indians to provide labor for agriculture and mining.

C Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians.

Which of the following best explains a connection between the economic development of the West in the mid-1800s and in the late 1800s? A In both periods, the he end of conflicts with American Indians encouraged many Southerners to migrate to the West. B In both periods, the he West offered a large existing labor force eager for work in mining and railroads. C In both periods, the he expansion and improvement of railroads facilitated transportation in the West. D In both periods, the he federal government encouraged immigrants from abroad to settle in the West.

C In both periods, the he expansion and improvement of railroads facilitated transportation in the West.

"[China] has been separated from [the world] by limitless deserts, and by broad oceans. But now, when the views of men expand, we behold the very globe itself diminished in size. Now, when science has taken away, or dissipated the desert; when it has narrowed the ocean, we find that China, seeing another civilization approaching on every side, has her eyes wide open. . . . She sees a cloud of sail on her coast, she sees the mighty steamers coming from everywhere. . . . She feels the spark from the electric telegraph falling hot upon her everywhere. . . . She tells you she is willing to trade with you, to buy of you, to sell to you, to help you strike off the shackles from trade. She invites your merchants, she invites your missionaries. . . . She offers you almost free trade today. Holding the great staples of the earth—tea and silk—she charges you scarcely any tariff on the exports you send out in exchange for them. . . . But the country is open; you may travel and trade where you like. What complaint, then, have you to make of her? Show her fair play. Giver her that, and you will bless the toiling millions of the world." Anson Burlingame, former United States minister to China, speech given in New York City, 1868 Which of the following developments most likely explains the trade policies Burlingame advocates in the excerpt? A Growing influence of populist political arguments B Continuing resistance to the formation of labor unions C Increasing support for laissez-faire economic policies D Developing practices of sharecropping and tenant farming

C Increasing support for laissez-faire economic policies

"Senator Henry H. Blair: Won't you please give us . . . your idea in regard to the establishment of a postal telegraph for the purpose of supplanting or rivaling the existing telegraphic systems of the country now controlled by private ownership? "[Industrialist] Jay Gould: Well, I think that control by the Government in such things is contrary to our institutions. A telegraph system, of all businesses in the world, wants to be managed by skilled experts. . . . If the Government controlled the telegraph, the heads of the general managers and the superintendents would come off every four years, if there was a change in politics . . . and you would not have any such efficient service as you have now. "Blair: . . . Do you think there would be any opposition made to a general national law regulating the fares and freight charges upon inter-state commerce? "Gould: Well, I don't know about that. I think the freer you allow things to be the better. They regulate themselves. The laws of supply and demand, production and consumption, enter into and settle those matters. . . . "Blair: There has been testimony before us that the feeling generally between employers and employees throughout the country is one of hostility, especially on the part of employees toward those whom they designate as monopolists. From your observation, what do you think is really the feeling as a general rule between those two classes? "Gould: I think that if left alone they would mutually regulate their relations. I think there is no disagreement between the great mass of the employees and their employers. These societies that are gotten up to magnify these things and create evils which do not exist—create troubles which ought not to exist. "Blair: Of the men who conduct business enterprises and wield the power of capital in this country today, what proportion do you think are what are called 'self-made men'? "Gould: I think they are all 'self-made men;' I do not say self-made exactly, for the country has grown and they have grown up with it. In this country we have no system of heirlooms or of handing down estates. Every man has to stand here on his own individual merit." Jay Gould, telegraph and railroad company owner, testimony before a committee of the United States Senate, 1883 Which of the following can be inferred about the popular business practices of the late 1800s referenced in Gould's testimony? A Railroads and communication systems spread primarily as a result of private investment, not government subsidies. B Labor and management generally resolved their differences without conflict or intervention by the federal government. C Industry leaders increased profits and concentrated wealth through corporate consolidation into trusts and holding companies. D Producers increasingly looked beyond the United States borders to gain control over natural resources and international markets.

C Industry leaders increased profits and concentrated wealth through corporate consolidation into trusts and holding companies.

"The Thirteenth Amendment does not permit the withholding or the deprivation of any right necessarily inhering in freedom. It not only struck down the institution of slavery as previously existing in the United States, but it prevents the imposition of any burdens or disabilities that constitute badges of slavery or servitude. It decreed universal civil freedom in this country. This court has so adjudged. But that amendment having been found inadequate to the protection of the rights of those who had been in slavery, it was followed by the Fourteenth Amendment, which added greatly to the dignity and glory of American citizenship and to the security of personal liberty. . . . "These two amendments, if enforced according to their true intent and meaning, will protect all the civil rights that pertain to freedom and citizenship. . . . "These notable additions to the fundamental law were welcomed by the friends of liberty throughout the world. They removed the race line from our governmental systems. They had, as this court has said, a common purpose, namely to secure to a race recently emancipated, a race that through many generations have been held in slavery, all the civil rights that the [White] race enjoy.'" John Marshall Harlan, United States Supreme Court Justice, dissenting opinion in the case Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 The opinion in the excerpt can best be used to support which of the following arguments about the Fourteenth Amendment? A It was determined to be an overreach of the power of the judicial branch. B It was not needed because of the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment. C It was necessary to protect the civil rights of African Americans. D It was passed in response to Populist unrest in the Midwest.

C It was necessary to protect the civil rights of African Americans.

The role of new technology in economic change in the late 1800s was most similar to the role of technology in which of the following earlier situations? A The fur trade developed in the 1600s, fostering new forms of interactions between peoples. B Trans-Atlantic commerce grew in the colonial era, taking advantage of navigational innovations. C Manufacturing spread in the early 1800s, allowing more efficient production. D Sharecropping emerged in the Reconstruction era, channeling farmers into new labor systems.

C Manufacturing spread in the early 1800s, allowing more efficient production.

"Most Populists sought economic and political reform, not the overthrow of existing systems. . . . The ethos of modernity and progress swept across the cultural landscape of late nineteenth-century America, driven by the winds of commercial capitalism. The Populists mainly shared this ethos. . . . A firm belief in progress gave them confidence to act. Because they believed in the transforming power of science and technology, they sought to attain expertise and knowledge for their own improvement. Because they believed in economies of scale, they strove to adapt the model of large-scale enterprise to their own needs. . . . Because they believed in the logic of modernity, the Populist[s] . . . attempted to fashion an alternative modernity. . . . ". . . The demands of [Populist] farmers for currency inflation . . . threatened the dogmas and profits of bankers and creditors. . . . The capitalist elite pursued a corporate power that left little room for the organized power of men and women of the fields, mines, or factories. Their corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision of an alternative capitalism." Charles Postel, historian, The Populist Vision, 2007 Which of the following pieces of evidence would refute Postel's claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt that the "corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision" for the United States economy in the late 1800s? A Populists supported limitations on the railroad rates charged to farmers. B Corporations recruited government support to oppose the formation of labor unions. C Populists sought new markets for United States agricultural goods overseas. D Corporations advocated that the federal government avoid regulation of the economy.

C Populists sought new markets for United States agricultural goods overseas.

"When [Robert E.] Lee surrendered . . . the South became, and has since been, loyal to this Union. We fought hard enough to know that we were whipped, and in perfect frankness accept as final the [arbitration] of the sword to which we had appealed. . . . "The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core—a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace—and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age. "The new South is enamored of her new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten." Henry W. Grady, Georgia newspaper editor and Democratic political activist, speech in New York City, 1886 Evidence in the excerpt can best be used to support which of the following arguments about the historical situation of South after the Civil War? A Some elite Southerners opposed the growth of sharecropping. B Elections in the South were more democratic than in the North. C Some Southern leaders promoted industrialization as progress. D Northern politicians hindered the economic recovery of the South.

C Some Southern leaders promoted industrialization as progress.

Which of the following best explains a key reason for rapid economic development during the Gilded Age? A The adoption of beliefs of Social Darwinism helped justify inequalities of wealth. B The creation of the sharecropping system improved agricultural production. C The consolidation of large industries facilitated mass production. D The growth of Populist political platforms encouraged economic reform.

C The consolidation of large industries facilitated mass production.

"While it is apparent that immigrants were not free to move into the industrial economy wherever they desired, they were able to remain within the confines of small groups and networks, which assisted them tremendously. Such groups could mass around links of friends, villages, or regions but were mostly held together by ties of blood. Kinship [family relationships] formed the stable core of immigrant groups as they flowed into the [economic] opening available to them in particular times and places. . . . ". . . The . . . discovery of modern historical scholarship . . . has made it quite clear that immigrant families did not whither in their encounter with American capitalism. Immigrant kinship associations . . . continued to perform indispensable functions in the industrial city. . . . ". . . The immigrant family with its essential ingredients of sharing and reciprocity was found wherever immigrants settled. . . . Family goals came to supersede individual goals, and parents and children both worked vigorously to contribute to familial welfare." John Bodnar, historian, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America, published in 1985 "Family celebrations [were] the main form of recreation for [immigrant] women. . . . For poor communities with scant resources, these celebrations also provided a . . . mode of redistributing what little wealth there was throughout the community. While Americans watched with disapproval or envy, the new immigrants [at the end of the nineteenth century] found ways to maintain culture and create community. "Here, . . . however, there was a conflict between the old ways and the new, between the parental wish to preserve the customs of the old country and the younger generation's desire to be free of these restrictions and adopt a more 'modern' outlook. Old-world conventions concerning love and marriage were challenged by the young, who were exposed to different ideas and new passions. In the Old World both Jewish and Italian marriages had been arranged. . . . ". . . In general the institution of matchmaking was losing ground to more social forms of courtship, organized more along lines of individual choice. . . . New ideals of romantic love were taking precedence over customary values." Elizabeth Ewen, historian, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925, study of immigrants in New York City, published in 1985 Bodnar's and Ewen's overall arguments in the excerpts together best support which of the following conclusions? A Most Americans embraced the arrival of new immigrants in the late 1800s. B Warfare in Europe was a primary reason for immigration to the United States. C The economic needs and social ambitions of young immigrants could be in conflict. D The demand for inexpensive labor led industrialists to advocate increased immigration.

C The economic needs and social ambitions of young immigrants could be in conflict.

"The purpose of this article is to present some of the best methods of performing this duty of administering surplus wealth for the good of the people. The first requisite for a really good use of wealth by the millionaire who has accepted the gospel [of wealth] . . . is to take care that the purpose for which he spends it shall not have a degrading, pauperizing tendency upon its recipients, and that his trust should be so administered as to stimulate the best and most aspiring poor of the community to further efforts for their own improvement. . . . "The result of my own study of the question 'What is the best gift which can be given to a community?' is that a free library occupies the first place, provided the community will accept and maintain it as a public institution, as much a part of the city property as its public schools. . . . "Many free libraries have been established in our country, but none that I know of with such wisdom as the Pratt Library, of Baltimore. Mr. [Enoch] Pratt presented to the city of Baltimore one million dollars [for the library]. . . . It is safe to say that the 37,000 frequenters of the Pratt Library are of more value to Baltimore, to the State [of Maryland], and to the country than all the inert, lazy, and hopelessly-poor in the whole nation. . . . ". . . The problem of poverty and wealth, of employer and employed, will be practically solved whenever the time of the [wealthy] few is given, and their wealth is administered during their lives, for the best good of that portion of the community which has not been burdened by the responsibilities which attend the possession of wealth." Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments in the late 1800s? A The impact of the construction of transcontinental railroads on United States commerce B The growing support for labor unions among the owners of corporations C The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society D The decline of urban centers as immigrant populations moved westward

C The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society

"Economically speaking, aggregated [accumulated] capital will be more and more essential to the performance of our social tasks. Furthermore, it seems to me certain that all aggregated capital will fall more and more under personal control. Each great company will be known as controlled by one master mind. The reason for this lies in the great superiority of personal management over management by boards and committees. This tendency is in the public interest, for it is in the direction of more satisfactory responsibility. The great hindrance to the development of this continent has lain in the lack of capital. The capital which we have had has been wasted by division and dissipation, and by injudicious applications. The waste of capital, in proportion to the total capital, in this country between 1800 and 1850, in the attempts which were made to establish means of communication and transportation, was enormous. The waste was chiefly due to ignorance and bad management, especially to State control of public works. We are to see the development of the country pushed forward at an unprecedented rate by an aggregation of capital, and a systematic application of it under the direction of competent men. This development will be for the benefit of all, and it will enable each one of us, in his measure and way, to increase his wealth. We may each of us go ahead to do so, and we have every reason to rejoice in each other's prosperity. . . . Capital inherited by a spendthrift [person who spends money freely] will be squandered and re-accumulated in the hands of men who are fit and competent to hold it. So it should be, and under such a state of things there is no reason to desire to limit the property which any man may acquire." William Graham Sumner, university professor, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 1883 The excerpt best reflects which of the following economic developments in the late 1800s? A The rise in demand for immigrant labor in factories B The political advocacy for seeking overseas markets C The increase in wealth inequality in United States society D The reduction in conflict between managers and workers

C The increase in wealth inequality in United States society

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tos[sed] to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Emma Lazarus, poet, "The New Colossus," written to raise funds for the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, 1883 People who disagreed at the time with the ideas expressed in the poem were most likely to advocate for which of the following government policies? A Federal court decisions that made labor union strikes illegal B New laws to increase local control over filling jobs in the civil service C The passage of legislation to ban immigration from eastern Asia D Federal support to protect the voting rights of African Americans

C The passage of legislation to ban immigration from eastern Asia

Farmers generally responded to industrialization in the late nineteenth century in which of the following ways? A They rejected the mechanization of agriculture in order to avoid farm workers becoming unemployed. B They demanded legislation to reduce immigration so as to minimize competition for farmland. C They backed political movements calling for limits on corporate power and government ownership of transportation. D They challenged federal policies that set aside western land to establish reservations for American Indians.

C They backed political movements calling for limits on corporate power and government ownership of transportation.

"The Work Accomplished — Ceremonies at Promontory Summit. "Special Dispatch to the New York Times. "Promontory, Utah, Monday, May 10. "The long-looked for moment has arrived. . . . The inhabitants of the Atlantic seaboard and dwellers of the Pacific slopes are henceforth emphatically one people. Your correspondent is writing on Promontory Summit amid the deafening shouts of the multitude, with the tick, tick, of the telegraph close to his ear. The proceedings of the day are: . . . "Laying of the two rails, one opposite the other—one for the Union Pacific Railroad, and one for the Central Pacific Railroad. . . . "Driving of the last spikes by the two Companies; [the] telegraph [is] to be attached to the spike of the Central Pacific Company, and the last blow to announce to the world by telegraph the completion of the Pacific Railroad. "Telegram to the President of the United States. "Telegram to the Associated Press. . . ." The New York Times, news report, 1869 The transportation development described in the excerpt had which of the following effects on agriculture in the United States? A Railroad workers replaced farmers as the largest group of workers in the United States. B Food prices rose as a result of increased demand for grain from coastal port cities. C Farmers developed cooperative organizations to limit the power of rail companies. D Rural immigrant populations outpaced those of cities as access to land became easier.

C Farmers developed cooperative organizations to limit the power of rail companies.

"The progress of society consists largely in separating . . . people into groups, in giving them different kinds of work to do, in developing different powers, and different functions. . . . This is the method of civilization. . . . "It is a great gain to humanity to have industry specialized if the unity of the spirit is not broken in the process. But this calamity, unhappily, is precisely what we are suffering. The forces that divide and differentiate have not been balanced by the forces that unite and integrate. . . . Social integration is the crying need of the hour. . . . How can all these competing tribes and clans, owners of capital, captains of industry, inventors, artisans, farmers, miners, distributors, exchangers, teachers, and all the rest, be made to understand that they are many members but one body; that an injury to one is really the concern of every other . . . ? "We have, however, in society, an agency which is expressly intended to perform this very service of social integration. . . . It is the Christian Church. The precise business of the Christian Church is to fill the world with the spirit of unity, of brotherhood; . . . to promote unity of the spirit in the bonds of peace. . . . "The spiritual law, the spiritual motive, the loving thought, the kindly purpose govern the whole of life. A factory is never rightly run till the law of love is the supreme motive power. A trades-union is a menace to society until good-will to all men is the guiding principle in all its councils. A corporation without this clause is a curse to society. A railway whose administration sets this law at defiance is a gigantic public enemy. . . . Every one of these departments of life must be brought under this royal law. This is what religion means." Washington Gladden, minister, Social Facts and Forces, 1897 Which of the following arguments about society during the Gilded Age could Gladden's purpose in the excerpt best be used to support? A Socialists became the most prominent leaders of religious social reform movements. B Religious leaders advocated withdrawal from society to counter the effects of industrialization. C Agrarian reformers commonly used religious metaphors to connect with common farmers. D Advocates of the Social Gospel emphasized putting religious principles into practice in society.

D Advocates of the Social Gospel emphasized putting religious principles into practice in society.

"Economically speaking, aggregated [accumulated] capital will be more and more essential to the performance of our social tasks. Furthermore, it seems to me certain that all aggregated capital will fall more and more under personal control. Each great company will be known as controlled by one master mind. The reason for this lies in the great superiority of personal management over management by boards and committees. This tendency is in the public interest, for it is in the direction of more satisfactory responsibility. The great hindrance to the development of this continent has lain in the lack of capital. The capital which we have had has been wasted by division and dissipation, and by injudicious applications. The waste of capital, in proportion to the total capital, in this country between 1800 and 1850, in the attempts which were made to establish means of communication and transportation, was enormous. The waste was chiefly due to ignorance and bad management, especially to State control of public works. We are to see the development of the country pushed forward at an unprecedented rate by an aggregation of capital, and a systematic application of it under the direction of competent men. This development will be for the benefit of all, and it will enable each one of us, in his measure and way, to increase his wealth. We may each of us go ahead to do so, and we have every reason to rejoice in each other's prosperity. . . . Capital inherited by a spendthrift [person who spends money freely] will be squandered and re-accumulated in the hands of men who are fit and competent to hold it. So it should be, and under such a state of things there is no reason to desire to limit the property which any man may acquire." William Graham Sumner, university professor, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 1883 The practices of big-business leaders in the late 1800s best reflect which of the following actions illustrated by the excerpt? A Big-business leaders misused most of the money that they inherited on unprofitable ventures. B Big-business leaders cared little about the working conditions for laborers in their factories. C Big-business leaders supported government efforts to lessen the effects of depressions. D Big-business leaders used their influence to facilitate rapid economic growth.

D Big-business leaders used their influence to facilitate rapid economic growth.

"[China] has been separated from [the world] by limitless deserts, and by broad oceans. But now, when the views of men expand, we behold the very globe itself diminished in size. Now, when science has taken away, or dissipated the desert; when it has narrowed the ocean, we find that China, seeing another civilization approaching on every side, has her eyes wide open. . . . She sees a cloud of sail on her coast, she sees the mighty steamers coming from everywhere. . . . She feels the spark from the electric telegraph falling hot upon her everywhere. . . . She tells you she is willing to trade with you, to buy of you, to sell to you, to help you strike off the shackles from trade. She invites your merchants, she invites your missionaries. . . . She offers you almost free trade today. Holding the great staples of the earth—tea and silk—she charges you scarcely any tariff on the exports you send out in exchange for them. . . . But the country is open; you may travel and trade where you like. What complaint, then, have you to make of her? Show her fair play. Giver her that, and you will bless the toiling millions of the world." Anson Burlingame, former United States minister to China, speech given in New York City, 1868 The ideas in the excerpt are most directly situated within the context of United States efforts to do which of the following in the period after the Civil War? A Establish a colonial presence overseas B End Reconstruction policies in the South C Encourage settlement west of the Mississippi River D Extend international influence through trade

D Extend international influence through trade

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tos[sed] to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Emma Lazarus, poet, "The New Colossus," written to raise funds for the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, 1883 Which of the following best explains a similarity between the characteristics of immigration described in the poem and earlier immigration to the United States? A Immigrants were often enslaved as laborers in northern factories and mills. B Immigrants typically acquired their own plots of land and became subsistence farmers. C Immigrants frequently relied on settlement houses to help them adjust to their new surroundings. D Immigrants compromised between the cultures they brought and the cultures they found in the United States.

D Immigrants compromised between the cultures they brought and the cultures they found in the United States.

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tos[sed] to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Emma Lazarus, poet, "The New Colossus," written to raise funds for the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, 1883 Which of the following explains a similarity among reactions to the characteristics of immigration in the late 1800s described in the poem and reactions to earlier immigration to the United States? A Social Darwinists argued that competition among immigrant workers would benefit the economy. B Reformers sought to assist immigrants in maintaining the traditional cultures of their home countries. C Religious leaders urged Americans to embrace the religious diversity created by Catholic immigrants. D Nativists advocated that the government should reduce the power of immigrant voters in elections.

D Nativists advocated that the government should reduce the power of immigrant voters in elections.

Which of the following explains a continuity in the effect of technological innovation on the production of goods in the late 1800s? A Improved manufacturing practices gradually reduced reliance on immigrant workers. B Improved quality of manufacturing steadily decreased demand for consumer goods. C New types of transportation increasingly shifted industrial centers from the North to the South. D New industrial machines increased the number of goods that factories could make.

D New industrial machines increased the number of goods that factories could make.

"Why is it that the middle class has a monopoly of the real enjoyment in Chicago? . . . "Theoretically, at least, there are no classes in Chicago. But the 'middle class' means all those people who are respectably in the background, who work either with hand or brain, who are neither poverty-stricken nor offensively rich, and who are not held down by the arbitrary laws governing that mysterious part of the community known as society. . . . "It is quite a privilege to belong to the middle class, especially during the warm weather in June. A middle-class family may sit on the front stoop all evening and watch the society people go to the weddings in their closed carriages. Father doesn't have to wear a tight dress coat all evening and have a collar choking him. . . . "In Lincoln Park . . . the young man who drives the delivery wagon sits of an evening and holds the hand of the young woman who addresses letters. They are very happy, as well they may be, for no Chicago millionaire has such a magnificent front yard, with such a large lake and so many stately trees around it. They must feel sorry for the millionaire, who cannot go to a public park in the evening to stroll or sit. . . . It doesn't trouble the delivery boy to have other people present and enjoying themselves." George Ade, journalist, "The Advantage of Being 'Middle Class,'" Chicago Record, 1890 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following historical situations in urban areas in the late 1800s? A Working people demanded increased access to higher education. B Many social elites also accessed public leisure spaces in cities. C Traditional methods of urban planning and recreation remained dominant. D New public spaces were designed to enhance urban environments.

D New public spaces were designed to enhance urban environments.

"The [political] machine represented the dominant urban political institution of the late nineteenth century. . . . Bosses purchased voter support with individual economic inducements such as offers of public jobs. . . . The machine sustained itself by exchanging material benefits for political support. . . . "By 1890 Irish bosses ran most of the big-city Democratic machines constructed in the 1870s and 1880s. . . . By 1886, the Irish held 58 percent of the seats on the San Francisco Democratic party central committee. . . . 61 percent of the Tammany Society [political machine in New York City] were Irish in 1890. ". . . What accounts for their unusually high group political participation rates? The Irish capture of the urban Democratic party depended on a large Irish voting bloc. In city after city the Irish mobilized politically much more quickly than other ethnic groups. Irish naturalization and voter registration rates were the highest of all the immigrant groups. "[In the 1860s] Radical Republicans captured control of the New England and Middle Atlantic states. . . . [They] pursued a program of electoral and institutional reform in the eastern states with urban Democratic (and Irish) strongholds. Rather than weakening the embryonic Democratic city organizations, the Radical attack succeeded in strengthening these machines. The election of pro-machine Democratic governors in states such as New York, New Jersey, and California further aided Irish machine building." Steven P. Erie, historian, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985, published in 1990 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence would support the overall argument in the excerpt? A The Democratic political machine in San Francisco failed to gain a majority of Irish votes in elections during the 1880s. B Many Irish politicians in Philadelphia became members of the Republican Party in the late 1800s. C Political factionalism among Irish voters in Boston in the 1890s discouraged the formation of a Democratic political machine. D People of Irish descent in New York City registered to vote at a higher rate than their proportion of the population in the 1890s.

D People of Irish descent in New York City registered to vote at a higher rate than their proportion of the population in the 1890s.

"One-third of the population of the South is of the Negro race. No enterprise seeking the material, civil, or moral welfare of this section can disregard this element of our population and reach the highest success. . . . "To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested. . . . Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labour wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, and helped make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the South. Casting down your bucket among my people, . . . you will find that they will buy your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and run your factories. . . . [W]e shall stand by you with a devotion that no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives, if need be, in defence of yours, interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Exposition Address, 1895 "General [Gideon J.] Pillow . . . suggested that a company be formed with a capital of half a million [dollars]. . . . This company is to place reliable agents, one at San Francisco and the other at New York; these agents shall bring into competition the companies engaged in the transportation of immigrants from Europe, and [Chinese laborers from] the Pacific Railroad. If we can command the capital to pay all the charges of the immigrants from their homes to . . . where they are wanted, they will be able to supply the planters of the five States bordering on the Mississippi river with all the labor that they want at 33 per cent less than it could be got by any individual efforts or enterprise. In recommending the inauguration of this system of labor, the committee are moved by no hostility to our former servants. . . . Just one half of the soil is in cultivation that was so before the war, and that [was] because the labor was not adequate to the demands. 'The negroes have taken to other vocations also, and have left the corn and cotton fields. They have [taken] the place of the white man on the river almost entirely, and have supplanted the Irish, Dutch, and Germans on the steamboats. Our cities are full of them.'" General Gideon J. Pillow, southern plantation owner, newspaper report of a speech delivered at a convention of plantation owners in Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis Daily Appeal, 1869 Which of the following describes a difference between Washington's and Pillow's arguments in the excerpts? A Washington argues in favor of bringing Chinese immigrants into the United States, while Pillow argues in favor of a ban on allowing any Chinese immigration. B Washington asserts that there should be biracial cooperation on economic development, while Pillow asserts that African Americans should be excluded from the southern economy. C Pillow advocates against labor strikes by southern agricultural workers, while Washington advocates that African American agricultural workers should strike until immigration is halted. D Pillow proposes that immigrant laborers should be recruited to work in agriculture, while Washington proposes that African Americans should be recruited instead.

D Pillow proposes that immigrant laborers should be recruited to work in agriculture, while Washington proposes that African Americans should be recruited instead.

"The necessities of our altered relationship to the Pacific Ocean [after the late 1840s] found expression in a comprehensive treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the sovereign kingdom of Hawaii. . . . "[The line] from San Francisco to Honolulu [in Hawaii] marks the natural limit of the ocean belt within which our trade with [eastern Asia] must flow. . . . When we survey the stupendous progress made by the western coast during the thirty years of its national life as a part of our dominion, . . . it is not easy to set a limit to its commercial activity or foresee a check to its maritime supremacy in the waters of [eastern Asia], so long as those waters afford, as now, a free and neutral scope for our peaceful trade. . . . "[The United States] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific demands their neutrality, to which end it will earnestly cooperate with the native government. And if, through any cause, the maintenance of such a position of neutrality should be found by Hawaii to be impracticable, this government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an avowedly American solution for the grave issues presented." Secretary of State James G. Blaine, letter to James M. Comly, United States ambassador to Hawaii, 1881 The discussion of economic neutrality featured in the excerpt is best situated within which of the following historical contexts? A Continued restrictions on the organization of labor B Decreased industrial output following economic crises C Increasing demand to export southern cotton D Rising support for laissez-faire economic policies

D Rising support for laissez-faire economic policies

"The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 Addams' point of view in the excerpt can be used to support which of the following arguments about social reformers during the Gilded Age? A Social reformers were most active in the Midwest. B Social reformers achieved many legislative reforms. C Social reformers opposed continued immigration to the United States. D Social reformers explored connections between different social problems.

D Social reformers explored connections between different social problems.

"The [political] machine represented the dominant urban political institution of the late nineteenth century. . . . Bosses purchased voter support with individual economic inducements such as offers of public jobs. . . . The machine sustained itself by exchanging material benefits for political support. . . . "By 1890 Irish bosses ran most of the big-city Democratic machines constructed in the 1870s and 1880s. . . . By 1886, the Irish held 58 percent of the seats on the San Francisco Democratic party central committee. . . . 61 percent of the Tammany Society [political machine in New York City] were Irish in 1890. ". . . What accounts for their unusually high group political participation rates? The Irish capture of the urban Democratic party depended on a large Irish voting bloc. In city after city the Irish mobilized politically much more quickly than other ethnic groups. Irish naturalization and voter registration rates were the highest of all the immigrant groups. "[In the 1860s] Radical Republicans captured control of the New England and Middle Atlantic states. . . . [They] pursued a program of electoral and institutional reform in the eastern states with urban Democratic (and Irish) strongholds. Rather than weakening the embryonic Democratic city organizations, the Radical attack succeeded in strengthening these machines. The election of pro-machine Democratic governors in states such as New York, New Jersey, and California further aided Irish machine building." Steven P. Erie, historian, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985, published in 1990 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence would best modify the claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt? A Many members of Congress sought to restrict the ability of new immigrants to register to vote in elections in the 1870s. B State government leaders passed laws to take control of fire and police departments run by political machines in eastern cities. C Radical Republicans passed a law that allowed for federal supervision of local elections and the prosecution of voter fraud. D Some Democratic political machines continued Republican fiscal policies that limited spending on patronage jobs.

D Some Democratic political machines continued Republican fiscal policies that limited spending on patronage jobs.

"When [Robert E.] Lee surrendered . . . the South became, and has since been, loyal to this Union. We fought hard enough to know that we were whipped, and in perfect frankness accept as final the [arbitration] of the sword to which we had appealed. . . . "The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core—a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace—and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age. "The new South is enamored of her new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten." Henry W. Grady, Georgia newspaper editor and Democratic political activist, speech in New York City, 1886 Which of the following arguments about Southern society in the late 1800s could the excerpt's point of view best be used to support? A Southern migrants believed the Northern factories offered better job opportunities. B Southern farmers desired to adopt cotton sharecropping. C Southern African Americans secured new constitutional rights and opportunities. D Southern politicians promoted economic integration with the North.

D Southern politicians promoted economic integration with the North.

Access to natural resources for businesses changed from the mid-1800s to the late 1800s most directly as a result of which of the following factors? A The invention of the automobile and the building of highways B The establishment of national parks for wilderness preservation C The emergence of new scientific theories such as evolution D The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph

D The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph

"When [Robert E.] Lee surrendered . . . the South became, and has since been, loyal to this Union. We fought hard enough to know that we were whipped, and in perfect frankness accept as final the [arbitration] of the sword to which we had appealed. . . . "The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core—a hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace—and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age. "The new South is enamored of her new work. Her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life. The light of a grander day is falling fair on her face. She is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full-statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten." Henry W. Grady, Georgia newspaper editor and Democratic political activist, speech in New York City, 1886 The point of view of the excerpt could best be used by a historian to support the claim that the concept of the New South A represented a continuation of previous Southern uses of labor B responded to the economic demands of tenant farmers C fulfilled the goals of racial equality in the Reconstruction amendments D embodied the embrace of Northern models of society

D embodied the embrace of Northern models of society

"The Work Accomplished — Ceremonies at Promontory Summit. "Special Dispatch to the New York Times. "Promontory, Utah, Monday, May 10. "The long-looked for moment has arrived. . . . The inhabitants of the Atlantic seaboard and dwellers of the Pacific slopes are henceforth emphatically one people. Your correspondent is writing on Promontory Summit amid the deafening shouts of the multitude, with the tick, tick, of the telegraph close to his ear. The proceedings of the day are: . . . "Laying of the two rails, one opposite the other—one for the Union Pacific Railroad, and one for the Central Pacific Railroad. . . . "Driving of the last spikes by the two Companies; [the] telegraph [is] to be attached to the spike of the Central Pacific Company, and the last blow to announce to the world by telegraph the completion of the Pacific Railroad. "Telegram to the President of the United States. "Telegram to the Associated Press. . . ." The New York Times, news report, 1869 Which of the following developments best explains a cause of the historical process described in the excerpt? A Nativists rejected the use of immigrant workers for transportation infrastructure construction. B Plantation owners sought improved transportation to expand the sharecropping system. C Difficult working conditions prompted transportation workers to call for the creation of labor unions. D Government subsidies facilitated the construction of transportation and communication networks.

D Government subsidies facilitated the construction of transportation and communication networks.