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Woodrow Wilson and Foreign Affairs

In his campaign for president in 1912, the Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson called for a New Freedom in government and promised a moral approach to foreign affairs. Wilson said he opposed imperialism and the bigstick and dollar-diplomacy policies of his Republican predecessors.

Effects of great depression

It is difficult to imagine the pervasive impact of the Great Depression. While in retrospect it can be seen that the economic decline reached bottom in 1932, complete recovery came only with the beginning of another world war, in 1939. The Great Depression's influence on American thinking and policies has even extended beyond the lifetimes of those who experienced it. Various economic statistics serve as indicators that track the health of a nation's economy. The U.S. Gross National Product-the value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in one year-dropped from $104 billion to $56 billion in four years (1929 to 1932), while the nation's income declined by over 50 percent. Some 20 percent of all banks closed, wiping out 10 million savings accounts. As banks failed, the money supply contracted by 30 percent. By 1933, the number of unemployed had reached 13 million people, or 25 percent of the workforce, not including farmers. The crash ended Republican domination of government. People accepted dramatic changes in policies and the expansion of the federal government. The social effects of the depression were felt by all classes. Those who had never fully shared in the prosperity of the 1920s, such as farmers and African Americans, had increased difficulties. Poverty and homelessness increased, as did the stress on families, as people searched for work. Mortgage foreclosures and evictions became commonplace. The homeless traveled in box cars and lived in shantytowns, named "Hoovervilles," in mock honor of their president.

sinking of the maine

Less than one week after the de Lome letter made headlines, a far more shocking event occurred. On February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it suddenly exploded, killing 260 Americans on board. The yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship, even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident.

best explains changes in the federal government resulting from the Great Depression?

Policymakers developed a limited welfare state to reduce the effects of mass unemployment and social upheavals. Policymakers' development of a limited welfare state to reduce the effects of mass unemployment and social upheavals best explains changes in the federal government resulting from the Great Depression. In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in particular created extensive new programs such as the Works Progress Administration to help provide jobs and social stability.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal

The new president was a distant cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt and was married to Theodore's niece, Eleanor. More than any other president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt popularly known by his initials, FDR expanded the size of the federal government, altered its scope of operations, and greatly enlarged presidential powers. He would dominate the nation and the government for an unprecedented stretch of time, 12 years and two months. FDR became one of the most influential world leaders of the 20th century.

The Philippines

Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's assistant secretary of the navy, was an expansionist who was eager to show off the power of his country's new, all-steel navy. Anticipating war and recognizing the strategic value of Spain's territories in the Pacific, Roosevelt had ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines. This large group of islands had been under Spanish control ever since the 1500s. On May 1, shortly after war was declared, Commodore Dewey's fleet fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay. The Spanish fleet was soon pounded into submission by U.S. naval guns. The fight on land took longer. Allied with Filipino rebels, U.S. troops captured the city of Manila on August 13.

Peace Efforts

Wilson made repeated efforts to fulfill his party's campaign promise to keep out of the war. Before the election, in 1915, he had sent his chief foreign policy adviser, Colonel Edward House of Texas, to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement. This mission, however, had been unsuccessful. Other efforts at mediation also were turned aside by both the Allies and the Central Powers. Finally, in January 1917, Wilson made a speech to the Senate declaring U.S. commitment to his idealistic hope for "peace without victory."

cause of great depression

started with the wall street crash - The ever-rising stock prices had become both a symbol and a source of wealth during the prosperous 1920s. A "boom" was in full force both in the United States and in the world economy in the late 1920s. On the stock exchange on Wall Street in New York City, stock prices had kept going up and up for 18 months from March 1928 to September 1929. On September 3, the Dow Jones Industrial Average of major stocks had reached an all-time high of 381. An average investor who bought $1,000 worth of such stocks at the time of Hoover's election (November 1928) would have doubled his or her money in less than a year. Millions of people did invest in the boom market of 1928- and millions lost their money in October 1929, when it collapsed.

a long-term political change resulting from the New Deal= Political alignments shifted as African Americans came to support the Democratic Party.

African Americans shifting their support to the Democratic Party best explains a long-term political result of the New Deal. African Americans who were permitted to vote had tended to support the Republican Party since Reconstruction, but that alignment shifted in the 1920s and 1930s as the Democratic Party increasingly offered some modest support for African American civil rights. Following the New Deal, African Americans predominantly voted for Democrats.

treaty of versailles

1919 - the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

the panama canal

As a result of the Spanish-American War, the new American empire stretched from Puerto Rico in the Caribbean to the Philippines in the Pacific. As a strategic necessity for holding on to these far-flung islands, the United States desired a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, building a canal would be difficult. The French had already failed to complete a canal through the tropic jungles. And before the United States could even try, it needed to negotiate an agreement with the British to abrogate ( cancel) an earlier treaty of 1850 in which any canal in Central America was to be under joint British-U.S. control. This agreement, called the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, was signed in 1901. With the British agreement to let United States build a canal alone, the young and activist President Roosevelt took charge.

the excerpt suggests that the Standard Oil Company was undemocratic and unethical, it overlooks the benefits of economic consolidation.

Because the excerpt's purpose is to expose and critique the actions of the Standard Oil Company, it could be accused of neglecting positive aspects of business consolidation, such as greater consumer access to products and services.

The Muckrakers

Before the public could be roused to action, it first had to be well-informed about the scandalous realities of politics, factories, and slums. Newspaper and magazine publishers found that their middle-class readers loved to read about underhanded schemes in politics. Therefore, many publications featured indepth, investigative stories. Writers specializing in such stories were referred to as "muckrakers" by President Theodore Roosevelt.

Municipal Reform

City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses (trolley lines and utility companies, for example) were the first target of Progressive leaders. In Toledo, Ohio, in 1897, a self-made millionaire with strong memories of his origins as a workingman became the Republican mayor. Adopting "golden rule" as both his policy and his middle name, Mayor Samuel M. "Golden Rule" Jones delighted Toledo's citizens by introducing a comprehensive program of municipal reform, including free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. Another Ohioan, Tom L. Johnson, devoted himself to tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland. As Cleveland's mayor from 1901-1909, Johnson fought hard-but without success-for public ownership and operation of the city's public utilities and services (water, electricity, and trolleys).

Great Depression and earlier Progressive Era reform policies Both sought to create a stronger financial regulatory system

Creating a stronger financial regulatory system best explains a connection between policies intended to address the Great Depression and earlier Progressive Era reform policies. Great Depression-era efforts to create stronger financial regulations through reforms such as the Glass-Steagall Act (1933) had a great deal in common with Progressive Era financial reforms such as the Federal Reserve Act (1913) and the Sixteenth Amendment (1913), which allowed Congress to establish an income tax.

New Deal Philosophy

In his campaign for president in 1932, Roosevelt offered vague promises but no concrete programs. He did not have a detailed plan for ending the depression, but he was committed to action and willing to experiment with political solutions to economic problems.

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

In his first term as president (1913-1917), Wilson had limited success applying a high moral standard to foreign relations. He and Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan hoped to demonstrate that the United States respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy. Hoping to demonstrate that his presidency was opposed to self-interested imperialism, Wilson took steps to correct what he viewed as wrongful policies of the past.

De Lome Letter (1898)

One story that caused a storm of outrage was a Spanish diplomat's letter that was leaked to the press and printed on the front page of Hearst's Journal. Written by the Spanish minister to the United States, Dupuy de Lome, the letter was highly critical of President McKinley. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against the U.S. national honor.

"Square Deal" for Labor

Presidents in the 19th century had consistently taken the side of owners in conflicts with labor (most notably Hayes in the railroad strike of 1877 and Cleveland in the Pullman strike of 1894). However, in the first economic crisis in his presidency, Roosevelt quickly demonstrated that he favored neither business nor labor but insisted on a Square Deal for both. The crisis involved a strike of anthracite coal miners through much of 1902. If the strike continued, many Americans feared that without coal-they would freeze to death when winter came. Roosevelt took the unusual step of trying to mediate the labor dispute by calling a union leader and coal mine owners to the White House. The mine owners' stubborn refusal to compromise angered the president. To ensure the delivery of coal to consumers, he threatened to take over the mines with federal troops. The owners finally agreed to accept the findings of a special commission, which granted a 10 percent wage increase and a nine-hour workday to the miners. However, the owners did not have to recognize the union. Voters seemed to approve of Roosevelt and his Square Deal. They elected him by a landslide in 1904.

"He Kept Us Out of War"

The Democrats adopted as their campaign slogan: "He kept us out of war." The peace sentiment in the country, Wilson's record of Progressive leadership, and Hughes' weakness as a candidate combined to give the president the victory in an extremely close election. Democratic strength in the South and West overcame Republican power in the East.

Episodes of credit and market instability undermined the financial system.

The Great Depression was triggered by the stock market crash of 1929 and the failure of hundreds of banks across the country. This was the most extreme in a series of economic fluctuations that characterized the early twentieth century.

taking a leading role in world diplomacy.

The Yalta agreements were made with the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain, but the United States clearly assumed a leading role in the announcement, organization, and hosting of the first meeting of the new United Nations. International agreements during and following the Second World War show how the United States began to take its place as a global superpower.

The United States and its allies won the war in part because they had sufficient military supplies.

The development depicted in the image had the effect of the United States and its allies winning the war in part because they had sufficient military supplies. Although many male industrial workers were drafted into military service during the Second World War, the number of women in manufacturing increased to replace those losses. These workers were able to produce a sufficient amount of supplies and equipment to give the Allied forces an advantage in the war.

The emergence of nationalist movements in areas under United States control

The excerpt indicates the emergence of an independence movement in the Philippines following the Spanish-American War and United States occupation. The excerpt expresses a desire to avoid conflict with the nationalist insurgents, but United States foreign policy sought to end the nationalist movement.

To increase opposition to the United States annexation of the Philippines

The ideas expressed in the letter, in which a soldier expresses his opposition to continued service in the Philippines, indicates that it was intended to build support against United States involvement in foreign conflicts that seemed imperialist in nature, such as the annexation of the Philippines. The author of the letter argues that the Spanish-American War has concluded, and he does not view the purpose of his enlistment as fighting Filipino nationalists. The ideas he expresses support a major theme of anti-imperialist arguments at the turn of the twentieth century.

Reforms

The reform legislation of the second New Deal reflected Roosevelt's belief that industrial workers and farmers needed to receive more government help than members of the business and privileged classes.

The Yalta agreements

These mirrored the new balance of power. Stalin again promised to declare war on Japan "two or three months" after Germany's surrender, and in return, Roosevelt and Churchill reneged on this arrangement with Jiang Jieshi and promised the Soviet Union concessions in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War forty years before. Stalin also accepted the temporary partitioning of Germany and the postponement of discussions about reparations. He also approved plans for a United Nations conference to establish a permanent international organization for collective security.

Tampico Incident

To aid revolutionaries fighting Huerta, Wilson called for an arms embargo against the Mexican government and sent a fleet to blockade the port of Vera Cruz. In 1914, several U.S. sailors went ashore at Tampico where they were arrested by Mexican authorities. They were soon released. However, Huerta refused to apologize, as demanded by a U.S. naval officer. Wilson retaliated by ordering the U.S. Navy to occupy Veracruz. War seemed imminent. It was averted, however, when South America's ABC powersArgentina, Brazil, and Chile-offered to mediate the dispute. This was the first dispute in the Americas to be settled through joint mediation.

Immediate Causes of WW1

Zimmerman telegram, Russian revolution, renewed submarine attacks.