APUSH SEM 1 FINALS - Questions & Terms

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Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

How did trade with native populations contribute to political instability in the American colonies?

American Indians armed with European guns used them to defend their territory against frontier settlers and their livestock, increasing demand for frontier defense policy.

John Winthrop (1588-1649)

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Who are the "gentle lambs" according to Las Casas?

American indians

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Lords of Trade

An English regulatory board established to oversee colonial affairs in 1675.

How did the Virginia Company reshape the colony's development?

It instituted the headright system, giving 50 acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or another's passage.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

King and Queen of Spain - help unify Spain and support and encourage Spanish exploration.

The organized abolitionist movement split into two wings in 1840 over what issue?

Women's rights and the role of women working in antislavery reforms

The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments argued for what?

Women's suffrage and equality for women

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Question 18 options: 1) make legal claims to the ancestral American Indian lands 2) recognize the tribes as separate nations 3) argue that American Indians would adopt the ways of larger society 4) trick them into ceding land to whites

The 1808 ban on international slave trade (5 points) Question 4 options: 1) increased the number of indentured servants 2) decreased the number of slaves in the South 3) led to expansion of the internal slave trade 4) was circumvented by rich Southern planters Save

A primary reason both women and blacks were largely excluded from the expansion of democracy was... -because they could not vote in England, many thought that they should not have that right in America either -because they were not considered citizens, and therefore, they could not vote -that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage -that members of neither group had asked to be included in politics

-that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage

The attempt to make black men American citizens was in a certain sense all a failure, but a splendid failure."—W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963), African American historian and activist To which of the following aspects of Radical Reconstruction does the excerpt refer

14th Amendment

Zheng He

(1371-1433) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Conquest of the Aztec Empire

(1519-1521) The downfall of the Aztec people caused by Hernan Cortes, disease (small pox), and the death of their leader Montezuma

In its decision in the case of Fletcher v. Peck, the U.S. Supreme Court (5 points) Question 1 options: 1) exercised the authority to overturn a state law that the Court considered in violation of the U.S. Constitution 2) declared that corruption involved in the making of a law automatically invalidated that law 3) held that slaves who ran away from their masters had to be returned to them, even if the slaves had gone to a free state 4) asserted that political parties were constitutional, even though they were not mentioned in the 1787 document Save

In which of the following regions would the migrants represented in the table typically have settled? (5 points) Question 14 options: 1) Northeast 2) Northwest 3) Southeast 4) Southwest

The changes to cotton and slaves from 1800 to 1860 can be directly attributed to which of the following? (5 points) Question 11 options: 1) The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry. 2) The expansion of slavery into new states and territories in the Northwest. 3) The acquisition of Cuba by the United States specifically to grow cotton. 4) The reliance of France on American cotton for military uniforms.

Under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, (5 points) Question 19 options: 1) the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory was divided into slave and free zones 2) Congress banned slavery in any new territory that might ever be added to the United States 3) slave states gained a two-seat advantage in the U.S. Senate 4) Missouri agreed to gradual emancipation of slavery in exchange for admission to the Union

Describe four traits of the Mormon religious movement.

1) followed the Book of Mormon 2) refused to separate church and state 3) polygamy 4) sought to create a kingdom of God on Earth

Horace Mann believed that public schools would do what things?

1) restore equality to a fractured society by bringing children of all classes together in a common learning experience and equipping the less fortunate to advance in the social scale 2) equalize the conditions of men 3) reinforce social stability by rescuing students from the influence of parents who failed in instill the proper discipline 4) build character

John Calvin (1509-1564)

1. Protestant reformer who wrote "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" 2. Believed in the absolute omnipotence of God, the weakness of humanity, and the doctrine of predestination 3. Establish Geneva as a model Christian community 4. Influenced followers who were known as Huguenots in France, Presbyterians in Scotland, and Puritans in England and the New England colonies 5. Advocated that each local congregation have a ruling body composed of both ministers and laymen who carefully supervised the moral conduct of the faithful

About how many reform communities were established in the US during the first half of the nineteenth-century?

100

Hernan Cortes

1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

"Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit." The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following characteristics associated with the transcendentalist movement? (5 points) Question 6 options: 1) The embrace of American culture and society 2) The emphasis on emotion and instinct 3) The embrace of Northern religious institutions 4) The emphasis of empirical understanding over emotion

"It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government. Equality of talents, of education, or of wealth cannot be produced by human institutions. In the full enjoyment of the gifts of Heaven and the fruits of superior industry, economy, and virtue, every man is equally entitled to protection by law; but when the laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages artificial distinctions, to grant titles, gratuities, and exclusive privileges, to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society—the farmers, mechanics, and laborers—who have neither the time nor the means of securing like favors to themselves, have a right to complain of the injustice of their Government."—Andrew Jackson, from Veto of the Bank Bill, 1832 Jackson's assertion in his veto message was that the Second Bank of the United States was (5 points) Question 12 options: 1) negligently managed 2) an institution that favored the privileged 3) constitutional, but still bad policy 4) stifling western expansion

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom? (5 points) Question 5 options: 1) They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty. 2) They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol. 3) They contended that self-discipline was so rare that someone had to step in and make sure Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor. 4) They felt that eliminating temptations would lead to the natural liberty that Protestants had long considered crucial to maintaining a good society.

The term "Era of Good Feelings" refers to the period of American history when (5 points) Question 2 options: 1) the Federalist Party was at its strongest 2) there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration 3) Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812 4) slavery was gradually abolished in all the states

What problem with cotton did Eli Whitney solve by inventing the cotton gin? (5 points) Question 8 options: 1) Whitney figured out how to remove the cotton-destroying boll weevil, and thereby, save the cotton crop. 2) Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive. 3) Processing cotton required many different pieces of equipment, but Whitney figured out how to change the equipment more easily and quickly, saving time and money. 4) Planting the cotton took too many hours to make its growth very profitable, but Whitney enabled planters to use a machine to speed the planting.

Which strategy did the U.S. use to help decrease tensions over the spread of slavery into western lands? (5 points) Question 20 options: 1) Only allowed slaves to be purchased in states, not transported across state lines 2) Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free 3) Limited the number of slaves each owner could have in the new territories 4) Required states to pass laws that set up plans for gradual emancipation

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligation as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness."—Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded, and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!"—Fredrick Douglass, from speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 Which of the following groups would be likely to support the point of view of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt? (5 points) Question 7 options: 1) Southern Whigs 2) Proslavery Southerners 3) Abolitionist Northerners 4) Northern Democrats

"[T]he occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."—President James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, 1823 Which of the following principles was also part of Monroe's message? (5 points) Question 16 options: 1) The U.S. will not interfere with Asian colonization. 2) The U.S. will enforce a trade embargo against France. 3) The U.S. will abstain from involvement in European conflicts. 4) The U.S. will not colonize areas outside of Latin America.

What territorial gain was made with the Adams-Onis Treaty? (5 points) Question 15 options: 1) California 2) The Port of New Orleans 3) Florida 4) The Erie Canal

What was unusual about the Embargo of 1807? (5 points) Question 3 options: 1) It was in response to a British restriction imposed after a British ship sank an American ship—an odd set of circumstances, to say the least. 2) The Republican majority in Congress passed it and Jefferson vetoed it, but he was overridden for the only time in his presidency. 3) It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government. 4) It did hurt France more than Great Britain, and Jefferson was ardently pro-French.

Which of the following groups of people would most support the Hartford Convention? (5 points) Question 17 options: 1) Southern plantation owners 2) Native Americans 3) New England merchants 4) Western frontiersmen

What economic effect did Southern slavery have on the North? (5 points) Question 10 options: 1) It was minimal, which explains why Northerners opposed slavery. 2) Many Northerners profited from investing in real estate partnerships that controlled Southern plantations. 3) A few New York shipping companies benefited from slavery, but the institution had little effect otherwise. 4) Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North.

What was the most important export from the United States by the mid-19th century? (5 points) Question 9 options: 1) Tobacco 2) Coal 3) Timber 4) Cotton

What was the primary role of the white middle-class woman in antebellum America? (5 points) Question 13 options: 1) To take a job outside the home to supplement the family's disposable income 2) To have as large a family as possible 3) To produce daily foodstuffs and necessities that her household required 4) To focus her energies and exercise power over family affairs

Hopi

A Native American tribe in the southwest who were farmers, lived in pueblos, and were excellent builders and potters. Descendants of the Anasazi.

Backcountry

A colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

New Netherland

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

What ultimately happened with the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?

A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.

Pope Alexander VI

A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church. This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America.

What was a "bloomer" in the 1850's?

A feminist style of dress

What were the Shakers? Describe four thing about the Shakers.

A group of religious communities; 1) they believed that God had a "dual" personality, both male and female 2) "virgin purity" formed a major pillar in the Shaker belief 3) believed in abandoning traditional family life 4) usually separated by sex

Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Bacon's rebellion was a response to: A. worsening economic conditions in Virginia B. increased slavery in the Carolinas C. Indians attacks in New England D. the Glorious Revolution in England E. the Salem witch trials

A. worsening economic conditions in Virginia

William Lloyd Garrison is most associated with which of the following reform movements?

Abolition of Slavery

Roger Williams argued that: A. Church and state must be totally separated. B. Puritans must stay in the Church of England and reform it. C. Religious wars were necessary to protect not only religion, but also freedom. D. Puritans were on a divine mission to spread the true faith. E. Only John Winthrop was capable of explaining the word of God.

A. Church and state must be totally separated.

Why was the death rate in early Jamestown so high? A. It lay beside a malarial swamp. B. The ample food was full of botulism. C. It was not high; mos of the colonists survived. D. Constant Native American attacks decimated the population. E. Many of the colonists committed suicide.

A. It lay beside a malarial swamp.

Why did the accusations of witchcraft in Salem suddenly snowball in 1692? A. The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others. B. When Tituba testified, the issue became racial and divided the town. C. All of the accused were children, and Puritans were determined to force their young to accept their religious traditions or face death. D. The colonial capital had just been moved to Salem, upsetting the normally staid town. E. They did not; actually, the number of accusations was average and Salem was highly overrated as a place for charges of witchcraft.

A. The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others.

Why did England consider Spain its enemy by the late 1500s? A. because of the religious differences: England had officially broken with the Roman Catholic Church while Spain was devoutly Catholic B. because of the Spanish Armada's successful invasion of Great Britain in 1588. C. because Spain had allied with France to invade English colonies in the New World. D. because one of Henry VIII's beheaded wives was a Spanish princess and the Spanish government announced it would be at war with England until Henry apologized. E. because both the English and Spanish royal families laid claim to the Irish throne.

A. because of the religious differences: England had officially broken with the Roman Catholic Church while Spain was devoutly Catholic

Which of these resulted from the Union victory in the Civil War?

African American men were granted the right to vote.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the information shown in the graph?

African Slave Trade

Which of the following ideas about the nature of African labor in the British colonies does the image best support?

African enslavement was a critical component of the agricultural economy in the Chesapeake colonies.

How did English colonization affect the Iroquois Confederacy?

After a series of complex negotiations, both groups aided each other's imperial ambitions.

How did the Constitution of 1787 handle the issue of slavery?

Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.

Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America?

American Indian slaves did the work on large-scale farms.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Great League of Peace

An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Uprising of 1622

An uprising against the Virginia colony led by Powhatan's brother, Opechancanough, that wiped out a quarter of the settler population; the remaining settlers responded by massacring scores of Indians and devastating their villages.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards

Amerigo Vespucci: A. named the world after himself B. helped correct Columbus's belief that he had found a sea route Asia C. agreed with Columbus that the Native Americans he encountered were East Indians D. was funded by the English E. actually named the land Vespucci but the name was changed

B. helped correct Columbus's belief that he had found a sea route Asia

Which of the following is true of the Spanish conquerors in the Americas?

At first, they thought the American Indians would be easy to convert to Christianity.

What did English settlers in North America believe was the basis of liberty? A. literacy B. land C. the English Bill of Rights D. church membership E. a wage-paying job

B. land

Europeans generally believed all of the following about Indians EXCEPT that: A. Indians lacked genuine religion B. Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways. C. Indians males were weak and they mistreated women. D. Indians did not use the land and thus had no claim to it. E. Indians were not much better than slaves.

B. Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways.

Which of the following was true of the colonial elite? a. As with the mother country, the colonies had a titled aristocracy. B. They controlled colonial government. C. They often encountered financial trouble because they lacked connections to their counterparts back in the mother country. D. Most of them were as wealthy as, of not wealthier than, the British aristocracy. E. All of them were careful to marry outside of their families.

B. They controlled colonial government.

As English colonial society became more structured in the eighteenth century, what were the effects on women? A. They received more legal rights, such as the right to own property in their own names. B. Women's work became more clearly defined as tied closely to the home. C. Their workloads decreased thanks to technological advances such as the spinning wheel and to declining infant mortality rates. D. Women were permitted to practice law. E. Women bore so fewer children that population levels slightly declined in the 1740s, then stabilized until the American Revolution.

B. Women's work became more clearly defined as tied closely to the home.

To entice settlers to Virginia, the Virginia Company established the headright system, which: A. granted religious freedom B. provided land to settlers who paid for their own passage or the passage of someone else. C. brought slavery to the colony D. promised every single man a bride. E. enslaved Indians

B. provided land to settlers who paid for their own passage or the passage of someone else.

What was William Penn's most fundamental principle? A. voting rights for all adult men B. religious freedom C. communally owned property D. economic liberty E. support for women's suffrage

B. religious freedom

According to the economic theory known as mercantilism: A. merchants should control the government because they contributed more than others to national wealth. B. the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. C. the government should encourage manufacturing and commerce by keeping its hands off of the economy. D. colonies existed as a place for the mother country to send raw materials to be turned into manufactured goods. E. England wanted the right to sell goods in France, but to only non-Catholic buyers.

B. the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.

Maryland was similar to Virginia in that: A. both started out as proprietary colonies. B. tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society. C. John Smith had to take over the colony and organize its settlers to work. D. both offered settlers total religious freedom. E. the king approved the creation of each colony only because of pressure from parliament.

B. tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society.

Why were the Spanish interested in extending their claim into North America?

Bases and missions further north would help protect their land claims and trans-ocean shipping from European rivals.

Why were the Spanish interested in extending their claim into North America? (4 points)

Bases and missions further north would help protect their land claims and trans-ocean shipping from European rivals.

Puritans believed that the Church of England was not in need of reform.

False

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

How did pirates and smugglers reflect a growing sense of autonomy among British colonists in the 17th century?

Both groups developed an independent political culture separate from the British monarchy.

Why do images of John Brown, such as this one, vary so much in their portrayal of the man?

Brown was convicted and executed as a criminal, yet he was seen as a hero by many abolitionists.

Slavery in the West Indies

By 1600, huge sugar plantations worked by slaves from Africa were well-established in Brazil and in the West Indies.

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830's differ from earlier antislavery efforts?

By demanding immediate emancipation instead of a gradual one

How does the life of Abby Kelley reflect the many reform impulses of antebellum America?

By demonstrating the interconnectedness of nineteenth-century reform movements

How did the abolitionists link themselves to the nation's Revolutionary heritage?

By seizing the preamble and interpreting it as an attack on slavery

Levelers

During Oliver Cromwell's reign, this group wanted voting rights for all men, the church and state separate, alcoholic prohibition, and universal male suffrage. More radical than radical Cromwell, and crushed by Cromwell. Example of how revolutionaries want to make their changes and then STOP the revolutionary spirit from going any farther. It rarely works.

Why wasn't slavery prevalent in the northern colonies? A. Northern whites were not as racist as southern whites. B. It was too expensive to transport slaves to the North. C. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves. D. More reformers lived in the North. E. the northern colonies used Indian labor instead.

C. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves.

Which statement about gender relations is FALSE for most Native American societies? A. Men and women engaged in premarital sex. B. It was acceptable for a woman to seek a divorce. C. Tribal leaders were almost always women. D. Women owned dwellings and tools. E. Societies were matrilineal.

C. Tribal leaders were almost always women.

In its early years, Carolina was the "colony of a colony" because its original settlers included many: A. former indentured servants from Virginia B. supporters of Anne Hutchinson seeking refuge from Massachusetts C. landless sons of wealthy planters in Barbados. D. protestants upset over Catholic rule in Maryland E. planters from Cuba hoping to expand their sugar cane empires.

C. landless sons of wealthy planers in Barbados

What was Virginia's "gold," which ensured its survival and prosperity? A. cotton B. fur C. tobacco D. indigo E. sugar

C. tobacco

which state enter the Union as a result of the Compromise of 1850?

California

The California Gold Rush resulted in

California drafted a constitution and then applied for free statehood

Which group was generally apposed to the temperance movement?

Catholics

What was ironic about the Act of Toleration?

Catholics still faced discrimination as protection was aimed at various Protestant groups.

Which of the following American Indian groups persevered in retaining lands by a combination of assimilation and using the U.S. legal system itself?

Cherokee

The song excerpt reflects the concept of syncretism by showing that

Christianity and traditional African beliefs were both followed

"Anglicization" meant all of the following EXCEPT: A. colonists were determined to speak English as perfectly as those who lived in England. B. colonists imported the latest London fashions and literature. C. the colonial elite modeled their homes on the English gentry's estates and townhouses. D. those colonists who could afford to do so often sent their sons to England to be educated. E. the upper-class colonists often had coats of arms designed for their families, as the upper-class did in England.

E. the upper-class colonists often had coats of arms designed for their families, as the upper-class did in England.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

What were some of the unique beliefs regarding procreation?

Complex marriage and a committee that controlled which people were allowed to have children

What event led to the Trail of Tears?

Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, providing for moving all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi to the Indian territory out west

How did the Siege of Vicksburg fit into an overall Union war strategy?

Control of the area would divide the South from critical supply lines.

"Legislators decided that baptism would no longer free "slaves by birth." ... [This cut] off an important avenue by which African slaves had demanded release from bondage."—Kenneth Morgan, from Slavery in America Which of the following is the "avenue" enslaved African people tried using to justify freedom?

Conversion to Christianity

What effect did the death of Elijah Lovejoy in 1837 have on Northerners' attitude about slavery?

Convinced many Northerners that slavery was wrong and that it was incompatible with white's liberties

What was the most important export from the United States by the mid-19th century?

Cotton

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the slave trade in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world? A. Slaves were bought and sold in the Atlantic world as part of a series of trading routes that also involved British manufactured goods and colonial products such as tobacco and sugar. B. The Atlantic slave trade was a vital part of world commerce in the 1700s. C. Even those in areas where slavery was only a minor institution, such as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, profited from the slave trade. D. Slightly more than half of slaves from Africa were taken to mainland North America (what became the United States) E. Many slaves died of diseases on board slave ships during the Middle Passage.

D. Slightly more than half of slaves from Africa were taken to mainland North America (what became the United States)

The Mayflower Compact established: A. religious toleration and freedom in Massachusetts. B. the right to emigrate to America. C. a company chartered to settle New England. D. a civil government for the Plymouth colony. E. peaceful relations between English colonists and Indians in Rhode Island.

D. a civil government for the Plymouth colony.

The transatlantic flow of people and goods such as corn, potatoes, horses, and sugar cane is called: A.globalization B. the Colombian Exchange C. the Great Circuit D. the Atlantic system E. trade

D. the Colombian Exchange

The North-Carolina-born free black whose Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World won widespread attention was?

David Walker

Why did slave labor in the Chesapeake region increasingly supplant indentured servitude during the last two decades of the 17th century?

Declining death rates made it more economical to purchase a slave for life.

What geographic error did Columbus make? A. He grossly underestimated the size of the earth. B. He thought the earth was not round, but flat. C. He was certain that India was east of the Americas. D. He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic. E. He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean

E. He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean

Which one of the following lists these colonies in the proper chronological order by the dated they were founded from the earliest to latest? A. Plymouth, Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island B. Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Jamestown C. Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island D. Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Jamestown E. Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

E. Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

"[In order to vote] Must reside in the State [Alabama] two years, one year in the County and three months in the election precinct. Poll taxes for 1901 and each year since then must be paid before the first of February prior to the election. Must be registered and hold a certificate of registration. In order to register, must be able to read and write any Article of the Constitution of the United States, and must be regularly engaged in some work."—Excerpt from a pamphlet published for African Americans in the South What was the intention of rules such as those expressed in this excerpt?

Disenfranchise former slaves and poor whites

What commodity drove the African slave trade in Brazil and the West Indies during the seventeenth century? A. tobacco B. indigo C. silver D. cotton E. sugar

E. sugar

Who are two major players in the factory system?

Eli Whitney and Samuel Slater

Inca Empire

Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535

How did people in the New World empires, like the Yoruba, protect their sense of cultural identity?

Enslaved people publicly accepted Christianity while privately maintaining traditional beliefs.

How did European colonists primarily fill labor needs in the New World in the 17th century?

Enslavement of native peoples and indenture of Europeans

Characteristics of the Whigs include all of the following except

Enthusiastic support for the presidency of Andrew Jackson

William Bradford (1590-1657)

Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims ho left England for Holland and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in MA; his account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains classic of American literature and an indispensable historical source

The antislavery poet John Greenleaf Whittier compared Abby Kelley to whom? Why?

Eve, Deliah, and Helen of Troy; to depict Kelley as a woman of destruction

Under English law, women held many legal rights and privileges.

False

African society did not practice slavery before Europeans came.

False

Bacon's Rebellion was caused by a conflict between blacks and whites in Virginia.

False

Most of those accused of witchcraft in Salem were young children.

False

The people from which area of the map resisted resettlement with violence for over 40 years?

Florida

Which of the following most directly contributed to the Adams-Onis Treaty?

Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Founding of Connecticut

Founded 1636 by Thomas Hooker Reason: believed Winthrop had too much power; political and religious freedom

Pedro Menendez de Aviles

Founded St. Augustine, FL, the oldest permanent colony in the United States, for Spain

What was Brook Farm?

Founded by New England transcendentalists and hoped to show that manual and intellectual labor could coexist harmoniously

Founding of Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn, a Quaker, to provide protection for Quakers.

"Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shalbe held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother." Which of the following is a true statement about this text?

It is part of a law created in order to classify as slaves the children of enslaved women.

Before the Civil War, who came to believe that the US Constitution did not provide national protection to the institution of slavery?

Frederick Douglas

Describe the biography of Margaret Fuller.

Fuller was educated at home, became part of New England's transcendentalist circle, edited the Dial, became a literary editor of the New York Tribune, and was the first women to achieve so important of a position in American Journalism

What does the seal of New Netherland, adopted by the Dutch West India Company in 1630, suggest is central to the colony's economic prospects?

Fur

The Supreme Court ruled in Worcester vs. Georgia that

Georgia state laws had no authority within Cherokee territory

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

1800-1840 Market Revolution

Growth of the factory system in north improved agricultural practices in the south and west led to regional differences, but also indterdependence. Cities grew along transportation routes, mostly in the north and west, drawing migrants to their factories.

"To judge from the conduct of the opposite parties, we shall be led to conclude that they will mutually hope to evince the justness of their opinions, and to increase the number of their converts by the loudness of their declamations and the bitterness of their invectives. An enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the fault of the head than of the heart, will be represented as mere pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense of the public good."—Alexander Hamilton, 1787 Which of the following accurately reflects the excerpt? (5 points)

Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.

Why did Thomas Jefferson call the Missouri crisis "a firebell in the night"?

He saw it as a threat to the nation's future.

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

The frontispiece of the 1848 edition of David Walker's book depicts a black figure recovering "liberty" and "justice" from what place?

Heaven

The 'Senatorial Giants" included

Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Daniel Webster

Which of the following is associated with the transcendentalist movement of the early 19th century

Henry David Thoreau

"Professing a desire to civilize and settle them, we have at the same time lost no opportunity to purchase their lands and thrust them farther into the wilderness. By this means they have not only been kept in a wandering state, but been led to look upon us as unjust and indifferent to their fate."—Andrew Jackson, 1829 Jackson could use these words to show support for which of the following?

Indian Removal Act

How did events of the 1680s, such as the Dominion of New England, inspire colonial resistance to British control?

Ideas of the Enlightenment assured British colonists in their belief in having rights such as self-government as British citizens.

The Cumberland road ran from

Illinois to Maryland

The main point of this excerpt best reflects which of the following ideas?

Imperial competition in the New World

Which of the following placed into federal law the idea of resettling American Indians west of the Mississippi River?

Indian Removal Act

What was the primary purpose of additions to the Navigation Acts such as the Wool Act and the Molasses Act?

Increase control over colonies

Indian Removal

Increased need for cotton production brought about by the M.R. meant the southerners needed more land for their crops, five civilized tribes of the south were either removed by treaty or forced onto reservatios in the west. Worcester v Georgia case, went in favor of the A. I. was not enforced by the government. over 4,000 A.I. died during forced march to new reservations west of the mississippi.

"That He the said William Buckland shall and will, as a faithful Covenant Servant, well and truly serve the said Thomas Mason his Executors and assigns in the Plantation of Virginia beyond the Seas, for the Space of Four Years, next ensuing his Arrival in the said Plantation in the Employment of a Carpenter and Joiner." Which of the following document types best describes this excerpt?

Indenture contract

Redemptioners

Indentured families or persons who received passage to the New World in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Where was New Harmony located?

Indiana

Just as the Reconquista of Spain from the Moors established patterns that would be repeated in Spanish New World colonization, the methods used in which one of the following countries anticipated policies England would undertake in America?

Ireland

"[Because of the Emancipation Proclamation] the condition of things [became] ... unsettled, revolutionary, with nothing clearly defined, neither slave nor slaveholder having any rights which they felt bound mutually to respect ... Slave property in the state of Missouri was almost a dead weight to the owner; he could not sell because there were no buyers."—H.C. Bruce, a former slave in Missouri What does this excerpt suggest about the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

It also undermined slavery in the border states despite not being in effect there.

"Miss Phoebe Cozzens considered it [the 15th Amendment] an insult to the entire mass of women in the United States. It admitted to suffrage negroes, Chinese, Alaskans, and every description of ignorant and imbruted male foreigners; while it excluded women from that right ... In regard to the voting of negro men, she said that not only were white women more fitted to vote than they, but negro women as a class likewise."—From The New York Times, reporting on an 1869 meeting of the NWSA According to this excerpt, why did Phoebe Cozzens oppose the 15th Amendment?

It did not extend suffrage to women.

What is significant about the Pequot War of 1637?

It ended the Pequot Indians as a threat to British colonial settlements.

The New Harmony community was influential in what way?

It influenced the labor movement, educational reformers, and women's rights advocates

"There are certain modes of governing the people which will succeed. There are others which will not. The idea of consolidation is abhorrent to the people of this country."—William Grayson, 1788 Which of the following is a true statement about this quote?

It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.

Why was the Dominion of New England opposed by the British colonists?

It restricted or abolished their community laws and was run by a governor who did not need approval from any elected citizen group

Why was the Dominion of New England opposed by the British colonists? (4 points)

It restricted or abolished their community laws and was run by a governor who did not need approval from any elected citizen group.

Why was the Missouri controversy in 1820 significant?

It revealed a sectional divide that potentially threatened the Union.

What did the Fourth of July represent to Frederick Douglas?

It revealed the hypocrisy that proclaimed its belief in liberty yet daily committed "practices more shocking and more bloody" than any other country on Earth

Why was the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision significant?

It ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no rights or protection under federal law.

What was unusual about the Embargo of 1807?

It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

"GOLD.—A gentleman of the first respectability in Habersham county, writes us thus under date of 22d July: "Two gold mines have just been discovered in this county, and preparations are making to bring these hidden treasures of the earth to use." So it appears that what we long anticipated has come to pass at last, namely, that the gold region of North and South Carolina, would be found to extend into Georgia."—From an August 1, 1829 Georgia newspaper How did the discovery of gold in Georgia affect the Cherokee Indians?

It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

How did the discovery of gold in Georgia affect the Cherokee Indians?

It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

How was the Emancipation Proclamation intended as a military strategy?

It would allow Union enlistment of free and newly free blacks and disrupt work in the South.

Which of the following statements best articulated President Jackson's policy towards native Americans

Jackson favored a policy whereby Native Americans would be forced to migrate west

Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

the following figures were very important in the abolitionist movement except

Jefferson Davis

Who was the leader of South Carolina's opposition to the Tariff Abomination?

John C. Calhoun

In response to the passage of the 1824 Tariff, referred to by opponents as the Tariff of Abominations

John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition in order to articulate the right of nullification

The so-called corrupt bargain of the 1824 presidential elections was a factor in the election of

John Quincy Adams

"The loss to the English in the several colonies, in their habitations and stock, is reckoned to amount to £150,000. there having been about 1,200 houses burned, 8,000 head of cattle, great and small, killed, and many thousand bushels of wheat, peas and other grain burned ... and upward of 3,000 Indians men women and children destroyed."—Edward Randolph Which of the following conflicts does Randolph describe in this quote?

King Philip's War

The proliferation of new institutions such as poor houses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated what?

Liberation and social control of the reforms

Founding of Maryland

Lord Baltimore; as a place for Catholics to practice their religion freely

By 1840, the temperance movement in the US had achieved what?

Lowered the amount of consumption of alcohol

How did the Market Revolution both unite and divide the northern and southern regions of the United States?

The North's manufacturing came to depend on Southern cotton production, an economy based on slavery objected to by many in the North.

the Aroostook War was a boundary dispute between settlers in

Maine and Canada

Which of the following is a correct characteristic of New France?

Maintained more peaceful European-American Indian relations than existed in New Spain

"[T]he history of the United States was conceived of as part of the progress of mankind and the spread of liberty throughout the world. And you can see this in graphic illustrations of the period—of liberty leading people westward. And progress was the essence of the American story." —Eric Foner, historian Which of the following concepts does Foner refer to in this excerpt?

Manifest Destiny

Which of the following statements is true regarding scientific achievements in the early 1800s

Medicine was still primitive by modern standards despite the growth of medical schools

Which of the following describes a person of mixed ancestry in the Spanish Empire?

Mestizo

The "spot" resolutions refer to the United States conflict with

Mexico

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico lost approximately half its territory to the United States

In which of the following did the Confederacy have the advantage early in the war?

Military leadership

Who founded the Shakers?

Mother Ann Lee

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe?

New crops introduced to Europe generated further interest in the New World.

Who was the leader of the Bank of the United States

Nicholas Biddle

Which of the following accurately describes both the South and slavery in 19th-century America?

The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.

To what does the John Ross quote "our hearts are sickened ... our cause is your own, which we learned from yourselves." refer?

The removal of the Cherokee despite their adaption to white culture

In which of the following regions would the migrants represented in the table typically have settled?

Northeast

How did expanding the national territory increase sectional tensions in the United States?

Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.

Which of the following is not a reason slavery continued to be a divisive issue in the United States?

Northern states threatened to not ratify the Constitution unless slavery was banned.

"Every time a bunch of No'thern sojers (soldiers) would come through they would tell us we was free and we'd begin celebratin' ... [but] before we would get through somebody else would tell us to go back to work, and we would go. Some of us wanted to jine (join) up with the army, but we didn't know who was goin' to win and didn't take no chances."—Ambrose Douglass, a former slave in North Carolina What does this quote suggest about the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Not all slaves left plantations immediately in response to the news out of fear that it was not permanent.

What served as the major impetus to the reform movements of the 19th century?

The second great awakening

Which of the following ideas eased Thomas Jefferson's discomfort with the Louisiana Purchase?

Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.

Who were the Nativists?

Older Americans who were prejuduced against newcomers in jobs, politics, and religion

Angelina and Sarah Grimké argued against what?

The separation between men and women and guarded female modesty

What was the goal of reform communities established in the years of the Civil War?

To reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping to restore social harmony

What was Virginia's "gold" that ensured its survival and prosperity?

Tobacco

The slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" dealt with which disputed border?

Oregon and Canada

Which of the following is true about preparations of the North and South for the Civil War?

Overall the North had the resource advantage in goods and infrastructure.

Metis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

"Put yourself in the place of the planter searching for labor. You can buy either servants or slaves ... In the long run, the more expensive slave would have been the better buy."—James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle Why were slaves a smarter choice for Virginian planters, according to Davidson and Lytle?

Planters purchased slaves for life and so received more value and labor for their money.

How did the crop-lien system contribute to the survival of sharecropping and tenant farming for generations after Reconstruction?

Poor farmers had to borrow against the value of future crops for supplies, creating a cycle of debt they could not escape.

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

"When my mother became old, she was sent to live in a little lonely log-hut in the woods. Aged and worn out slaves, whether men or women, are commonly so treated. No care is taken of them, except, perhaps, that a little ground is cleared about the hut, on which the old slave, if able, may raise a little corn. As far as the owner is concerned, they live or die as it happens; it is just the same thing as turning out an old horse."—Moses Grandy The excerpt is historical evidence that most directly contradicts which of the following arguments?

Pro-slavery

What is the gag rule?

Prohibited the capital from considering antislavery petitions

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because they went against the fundamental American belief of what?

Property ownership, which was believed to be a key part of economic independence by Americans, while Utopian communities established unregulated voluntary settlements

How was Maryland similar to Virginia?

Tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society.

A primary reason both women and blacks were largely excluded from the expansion of democracy was

that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

John Milton (1608-1674)

Puritan poet; allegorical religious epics: Paradise Lost & Paradise Regained

The term Manifest Destiny implies

that it was America's God-given right to expand

"But the government of the Massachusetts ... do declare there are the great evils for which God hath given the heathen commission to rise against them ... For men wearing long hair and periwigs made of women hair; for women ... cutting, curling, and laying out the hair ... For profanes in the people not frequenting their meetings."—Edward Randolph What is the significance of mentioning hair styling in this text excerpt?

Randolph calls certain hairstyles "evils," as seen by the Massachusetts Puritan government, which are reasons that God supposedly approved of King Philip's attacks on the English.

Which of the following European events did not contribute to the Anglicization of the British colonies?

Reconquista

Burned-over districts were?

Regions like New York and Northern Ohio, where intense religious revivals occurred

The American Tract Society was focused on what issue?

Religion

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Mormons led by Brigham Young founded?

Salt Lake City, Utah

"If Northerners found the three-fifths rule and slavery wrong, Southerners were perfectly willing to drive home the logic of emancipation: Emancipate them and they stay where they are; and two-fifths of their number will be added to the representation, though they are not permitted to enlist in our army."—Professor Margo Anderson, 2003 What concern of Northerners did the Southerners use in this argument?

Representation in Congress

Question refers to the excerpt below. "If Northerners found the three-fifths rule and slavery wrong, Southerners were perfectly willing to drive home the logic of emancipation: Emancipate them and they stay where they are; and two-fifths of their number will be added to the representation, though they are not permitted to enlist in our army."—Professor Margo Anderson, 2003 What concern of Northerners did the Southerners use in this argument?

Representation in Congress

"You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the constitution invests its Commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed?"—President Abraham Lincoln, 1863 letter Which of the following is supported by the excerpt?

Resistance to the president's policies existed within the Union itself during the war.

What is the "unfinished work" Lincoln mentions in the Gettysburg Address?

Reuniting the Union

How was destruction of the Richmond-Petersburg area, such as that shown in the image, a factor in the South's surrender in April 1865?

Richmond was the Confederate capital and Petersburg a critical source of supplies by railroad.

John White

Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"

Founding of Rhode Island

Roger Williams found it because he was banished since he disagreed with the Puritans and believed everyone should have religious freedom

The Declaration of Sentiments

Said all Men and Women are created equal

Which of the following is an example of syncretism as a method of cultural preservation in the Americas?

Santería

Women's rights

Sceneca falls, put their grievances and hopes on paper in the Declaration of Sentiments, questions about the role of women in the public sphere and the control they should be able to exercise over their lives continued in 20th century.

What served as the major impetus to the reform movements of the 19th century?

Second Great Awakening

How did American settlers prompt U.S. territory acquisition in some cases?

Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.

[The Constitution] "was defective from the start." [The Framers] "consented to a document which laid a foundation for the tragic events which were to follow." — Thurgood Marshall, first African American Supreme Court justice, 1991 What "tragic events" does Marshall mean in this statement?

Slavery and the Civil War

In John C. Calhoun's eyes, what made slavery "a positive good"?

Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections

In John C. Calhoun's eyes, what made slavery "a positive good"?

Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections.

How does this painting reflect early 19th-century American Indian experiences?

Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

What statement reflects early 19th-century American Indian experiences?

Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

How did people in the North react to the Fugitive Slave Law?

Some refused outright to honor it, and some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to evade it.

What economic effect did Southern slavery have on the North?

Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North.

What did the Black Legend describe?

Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer

Juan de Sepulveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.

Which one of the following statements about Spanish America is true?

Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture part Spanish, part American Indian, and, in some areas, part African.

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

"[W]oman has a thousand ways to attach herself to the governing power of the land and already exerts an honorable influence on the course of legislation. She is the victim of abuses, to be sure, but it cannot be pretended I think that her cause is as urgent as that of ours [black suffrage]."—Frederick Douglass The opinion expressed in this excerpt contributed to which of the following events?

Split in the women's rights movement

Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalist during the ratification debates?

State politicians fearful of a strong central government

"The people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D. 1852, declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue."—From the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, 1860 According to this excerpt, what issue was the main basis for South Carolina's secession?

States' rights

According to this excerpt, what issue was the main basis for South Carolina's secession?

States' rights

The Indian Removal Act

What improvement most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce in the first half of the 19th century?

Steamboats

"Too much has already been said and written about woman's sphere ... Wendell Phillips says, 'The best and greatest thing one is capable of doing, that is his sphere.' ... Leave women, then, to find their sphere. And do not tell us before we are born even, that our province is to cook dinners, darn stockings, and sew on buttons."—Lucy Stone Which of the following statements best connects the excerpt to cultural developments the author witnessed?

Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Too much has already been said and written about woman's sphere ... Wendell Phillips says, 'The best and greatest thing one is capable of doing, that is his sphere.' ... Leave women, then, to find their sphere. And do not tell us before we are born even, that our province is to cook dinners, darn stockings, and sew on buttons."—Lucy Stone Which of the following statements best connects the excerpt to cultural developments the author witnessed? (5 points)

Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

What political party was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement?

The Liberty Party

Atlantic Seaboard

Stretching from Maine to Florida, this term was often used during the colonial period to describe the English colonies.

How did tobacco and other cash crops factor in to the development of slavery in the Americas?

Such crops required more labor than could be adequately met through immigration or indenture.

Education

Support for the idea of universal public education was strongest in the north where reformers, factory owners, and labor organizations worked together to establish tax-supported schools. TEaching became an acceptable carreer path for women. Southern states did not create public schools at this time and fell behind the North education.

Massacre at Mystic

The Mystic massacre took place on May 26, 1637 during the Pequot War, when English settlers under Captain John Mason and Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to a fortified Pequot village near the Mystic River.

Which European country dominated international commerce in the early 17th century?

The Netherlands

Like Indian removal, the colonization of former slaves rested on what premise?

That America was fundamentally a white society

What counter arguments did abolitionists use to challenge stereotypes about African-Americans?

That blacks formed a separate species

What was the theory of mid-nineteenth-century physician and racial theorist Josiah Nott and George Gliddon?

That blacks formed a separate species, one between whites and chimpanzees

What was Garrison's argument in "Thoughts on African Colonization"?

That blacks must be recognized as part of American society, not viewed as aliens to be shipped overseas

What did William Lloyd Garrison think should happen to the Union? Why?

That the North should abrogate the Constitution and dissolve the Union to end its complicity in the evil of slavery

What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums?

That they were able to "cure" undesirable elements of society, where people's characters could be transformed

Common schools were more "common" in what region prior to the US Civil War?

The North

How did railroad building lead to increased division between the North and South?

The North was increasingly a manufacturing economy and tied with the West, while the South remained agrarian.

How did the Panic of 1857 reveal the sectional nature of the economy?

The North was more severely affected than the South.

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Founding of Carolinas

The Carolinas were originally founded by a land grant from Charles II to eight men known as the Lords Proprietors. Dissent led to the splitting of the colony into northern and southern portions in 1691, and the province became a royal colony in 1729 after a series of rebellions against the Lords Proprietors.

What is unique about the Cherokee story in the larger theme of American Indian resistance to U.S. expansion?

The Cherokee attempted to assimilate and use American legal channels to resolve the conflicts with white settlers.

What document does Lincoln refer with the words "all men are created equal"?

The Declaration of Independence

What was the base document for the Declaration of Sentiments?

The Declaration of Independence

English Civil War (1642-1649)

The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods.

How do the events described in this excerpt connect to rivalry with another European power?

The English unofficially allowed pirates to attack Spanish ships to undermine Spain's position of power in the Americas.

In what reform movements did women play a prominent role during the early mid-nineteenth century?

The Female Moral Reform Society, abolitionism, and women's rights

Who were the first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women?

The Grimké sisters

Why was 1863 a turning point in the war?

The Union won key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg with stronger strategy and leadership.

Which of the following was the greatest issue leading to the Monroe Doctrine?

The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.

Why did plantation-based economies, like the one in the image, develop in the Chesapeake and Southern colonies rather than in the Middle and New England colonies?

The climate of the Middle and New England colonies did not support large-scale agriculture.

What was the result of privileges and liberties being guaranteed in Pennsylvania?

The colony grew rapidly and became more diverse than other English colonies.

Dorthea Dix devoted much crusading for what reform?

The construction of humane treatment for the insane

The changes to cotton and slaves from 1800 to 1860 can be directly attributed to which of the following?

The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.

Why does historian Eric Foner call the Emancipation Proclamation "perhaps the most misunderstood of the documents that have shaped American history?"

The document freed slaves only in areas of rebellion.

What is the connection between the event shown on this map and the start of the American Civil War?

The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states

What is the connection between the event shown on this map and the start of the American Civil War?

The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

The emphasis on emotion and instinct

Which of the following was the result of the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?

The enforcement of federal government authority over state governments

Which of the following is true of the Trail of Tears?

The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.

What was the "Freedom Journal"?

The first black newspaper

Which of the following reflects the economic theory of mercantilism?

The government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligation as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness."—Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded, and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!"—Fredrick Douglass, from speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The ideas of Hammond are most clearly an example of which of the following mid-19th century developments?

The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

How did slavery and nativism contribute to the event shown on this map?

The issues led to the breakdown of the existing political parties and realignment of parties along sectional lines.

What was a political result of the Battle of Antietam?

The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts?

The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

Which of the following accurately describes both the South and slavery in 19th-century America? -The American South was surpassed by Mexico in the amount of slaves doing labor. -The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade. -The proportion of slaves in the South as a whole made up only 10 percent of the population. -The slaves' most important task was providing labor in factories that produced goods to be exported to European nations.

The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade

Development of Agriculture

The size and sophistication of Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America can be attributed to...

How did the Mexican-American War contribute to increased sectionalism in the United States?

The task of organizing the new territory renewed conflict over whether to expand slavery.

Quakerism

The theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry

Which of the following is a true statement about the people represented in this graph?

The vast majority were enslaved in the Caribbean and South American colonies.

Frederick Douglas wrote "When the true history of antislavery cause shall be written, _____ will occupy a large space in it's pages."

Women

The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America

How is a combining of cultures reflected in the song excerpt?

The words reflect both Christian and traditional African beliefs.

Why do historians like Eric Foner emphasize the long-term significance of the Civil War Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)?

Their success was limited by state governments, but they were the basis for later civil rights activism.

How did groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and the White League interfere with the expansion of civil rights for freedmen?

Their use of violence and the threat of violence prevented many freedmen from exercising their rights or resisting local political efforts to undermine them.

On what did Europeans—particularly the English, French, and Dutch—base their claim to North American Indian land?

Their view that Indians did not use the land properly

Which young minister converted by the evangelical preacher Charles G. Finney helped to create a mass constituency for abolitionism by training speakers and publishing pamphlets?

Theodore Weld

Why did warfare between colonists and American Indians during the 17th century generate a sense of superiority among the colonists?

They considered the American Indians' style of fighting to be not just unethical but also savage.

How might someone counter Marshall's claim in defense of the Framers of the Constitution?

They expected the practice of slavery to continue diminishing and end completely.

What role did African-Americans play in the abolitionist movement?

They financed The Liberator, to try to popularize the rejection of colonization and demanded equal rights

Which of the following is a true statement about the people represented in this graph?

They found various ways to resist migration and enslavement, such as escape.

What did free African-Americans believe about the colonization of freed US slaves to Africa?

They greatly opposed it

"The great Council of America have once more petitioned His Majesty to devise some...Reconciliation. This is a final proof with what Reluctance the progeny of Britain draw forth the sword against their unnatural parent." —Mercy Otis Warren, 1775 letter Which of the following statements about the American colonists does the excerpt support?

They had tried to avoid war and separation.

What was the overall impact of Supreme Court cases related to civil rights in the Reconstruction era, such as United States v. Cruikshank?

They left application and enforcement of civil rights in the hands of state governments, which stripped away rights for Southern blacks.

How did abolitionists react to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

They set up a society to encourage people to move there so they could vote against allowing slavery.

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.

Neamathla and Osceola were from different tribes, yet were both considered Seminole chiefs. What else did the two men have in common?

They violently refused to honor removal treaties.

Why did many early national leaders encourage westward expansion?

They wanted to expand trade.

Which of the following is true of the Navigation Acts for most of the 17th century?

They were not strictly enforced for many years

Which of the following was the strongest motivation for the European powers, such as England and France, to explore and make territorial claims in the Americas?

They witnessed and felt threatened by the growing value of Spain's colonial economy and trade.

Which of the following addressed the issue of counting enslaved persons in the population as part of determining representation in the national government?

Three-Fifths Compromise

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create a moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

Through a vision of freedom that was liberating an controlling - sought to liberate Americans from various forms of "slavery" that made it impossible to succeed - slavery to drink, poverty, and sin

What motivated the Portuguese to begin exploration to find a water route to India, China, and the East Indies?

To eliminate Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade

What was the primary reason that William Penn granted religious freedom in his colony?

To encourage settlers to come to his colony

What was the primary role of the white middle-class woman in antebellum America?

To focus her energies and exercise power over family affairs

Which of the following is most similar to the background story and effects of the Treaty of New Echota, just with a different group of people in a different place?

Treaty of Payne's Landing

Early settlers of Jamestown preferred gold to farming.

True

Jamestown was originally settled only by men.

True

The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain independence.

True

The Indians of North America believed that land was a common resource and the basis of economic life.

True

The middle ranks of colonial America were those who lived between extreme wealth and poverty.

True

What book was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson?

Uncle Tom's Cabin

the first state funded university

University of North Carolina

The American Temperance Society did all the following except

Use the slogan "Water not Beer!"

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans?

Voluntary associations - churches, fraternal orders, political clubs, ect

Conquest of the Incas

When Spanish arrived in America they led small armies to conquest two empires much larger than Spain itself and then tried to conquer more. Indians had more success in resisting them.

"The attempt to make black men American citizens was in a certain sense all a failure, but a splendid failure."—W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963), African American historian and activist What does DuBois mean by "a splendid failure"?

While efforts to gain civil rights for freedmen did not survive, they did have some enduring achievements such as public schools.

How did sharecropping and tenant farming compare to plantation slavery?

While living and working conditions were similar, freedmen could choose where to work and no longer faced forced sale and relocation.

What was the impact of King Philip's War (1675-1676)?

Whites in New England experienced a broadening of freedom in the long run.

"Our neighbors who regard no law, or pay no respect to the laws of humanity, are now reaping a plentiful harvest by the law of Georgia, which declares that no Indian shall be a party in any court created by the laws or constitution of that state. These neighbors come over the line, and take the cattle belonging to the Cherokees. The Cherokees go in pursuit of their property, but all that they can effect is, to see their cattle snugly kept in the lots of these robbers. We are an abused people. If we can receive no redress, we can feel deeply the injustice done to our rights."—From the Cherokee Phoenix and Indians' Advocate, Wednesday, May 27, 1829 In which of the following judicial decisions did the Cherokee Indians seek and legally achieve a victory?

Worcester v. Georgia

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Our neighbors who regard no law, or pay no respect to the laws of humanity, are now reaping a plentiful harvest by the law of Georgia, which declares that no Indian shall be a party in any court created by the laws or constitution of that state. These neighbors come over the line, and take the cattle belonging to the Cherokees. The Cherokees go in pursuit of their property, but all that they can effect is, to see their cattle snugly kept in the lots of these robbers. We are an abused people. If we can receive no redress, we can feel deeply the injustice done to our rights."—From the Cherokee Phoenix and Indians' Advocate, Wednesday, May 27, 1829 In which of the following judicial decisions did the Cherokee Indians seek and legally achieve a victory?

Worcester v. Georgia

What was the Divorce Bill?

a bill that established an independent treasury

pueblo

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

Ecomienda System

a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests

Protestant

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

Zuni

a member of the Pueblo people living in western New Mexico; Native American Pueblo peoples native to the Zuni River valley.

What was the Free Soil Party?

a party against the extension of slavery in the territories and advocated federal aid for internal improvements

Missionaries

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

Which of the following statements concerning the elections of 1848 is true?

the Democrats nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, a major proponent of popular sovereignty

What was Clinton's Big Ditch?

the Erie Canal

Which of the following decisions by the Mexican government angers Americans who settled in Texas?

the Mexicans banned slavery in the territory

Which of the following was not in favor of the Untied States territorial expansions in the first half of the 19th century

abolitionists

The first English Navigation Act, adopted in 1651

aimed to gain control of world trade from the Dutch

What were the reasons why the South seceded from the Union?

all of the above

the Underground Railroad

all of the above

Whig candidate Winfield Scott alienated the South in 1852 partly by hi

alliance with northern anti-slavery leaders

The Compromise of 1850

allowed California to enter as a free state

the Gadsden Purchase

allowed the United States to build a southern transcontinental railroad

Who was Frederick Douglas?

an escaped slave who fought back, despite being beaten and harassed

A rising demand for sugar, rice, and tobacco led to

an increase in the Atlantic slave trade

an institution that favored the privileged

borderlands

areas of land on or near the borders between countries, colonies, or regions

which of the following describes the social ladder in 1850?

aristocracy, whites with slaves, whites without slaves

Which of the following best characterizes the South during the antebellum period?

the South was opposed to a high protective tariff

Which of the following would not have been supported by the southern expansionist in the antebellum period

the Wilmot Proviso

"Anglicization" meant all of the following except that

colonists were determined to speak English as perfectly as those who lived in England

Why did the application of Missouri territory for statehood cause two years of intense debate?

congress was concerned about how admitting it as a slave state would affect representation and the balance of power between states.

Why was the South afraid California would enter as a free state?

the balance of states would be in danger, and other states may follow California and enter as free states

The Seneca Falls Convention is associated with which of the following reform movements?

women's rights

The Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision

declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Slave families were

headed by women more frequently than were white families

After the War of 1812, disputes with Great Britain over land ownership and use in North America were settled primarily by

diplomatic negotiation

As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the 16th and 17th centuries

efforts were made to encourage those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis.

The provisions established by Pinckney's Treaty were important to the development of United States commerce because they

encouraged the development of trade through the port of New Orleans

Early French explorations of the New World

focused on the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers

When republicans nominated Lincoln, their campaign platform included all of the following except

for the southerners, a promise not to interfere with their economic and labor laws

The Wilmot Proviso, despite never becoming a national law, was controversial in that it

forbade slavery in the territory acquired as a result of the Mexican-American war

The American Colonization Society was created to

free slaves and transport them back to Africa (Liberia)

The Know Nothings Party of the 1850s collapsed almost as rapidly as it had risen because it

had inexperienced and ineffective leaders

As president, James Buchanan

had to deal with the sectional tensions intensified by the Dred Scott decision only a few days into his term and a financial panic of 1857

How did slaves devise ways to make trouble without getting punished?

stole food and sabotaged equipment

Slave families were... -rare because there were too few female slaves -headed by women more frequently than were white families -usually able to stay together because most slave owners were paternalistic -slow to name children to avoid strong kinship ties, as family members were often sold

headed by women more frequently than were white families

Why did Douglas lose the election of 1860?

his Freeport Doctrine caused the South to dislike him

The two major political parties in the 1840s, the Whigs and the Democrats, found common ground in their

historical roots in Jeffersonian republicanism

What were some characteristics of the Irish who immigrated to the United States?

illiterate, Catholic, attracted to politics, received low paying jobs

1830-1860 Abolition

improved technology helped abolitionst spread message to the massas in the north. Many joined anti-slavery societies and publicly championned their cause, other resisted due to fear that ablolition would negativily impact them socially and economically. Southerners feared rise in abolitionist sentiment would lead to slave rebellions.

In the first half of the 19th century, a major consequence of United States expansionism was

increased regional discord and division in the national legislature

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire in North America

involved subjugation of the indigenous peoples through the ecomienda system

the spoils system

is a term that is synonymous with rotation in office

Royal Navy

is the United Kingdom's principal naval warfare force. Tracing its origins to the 16th century, it is the oldest of the armed services

West Indies

islands that lie between southeastern North America and northern South America, and separate the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean

What was the Force Bill/Bloody Bill?

it authorized the President to use army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs

The Webster-Ashburnton Treaty did all of the following except

it gave Maine to the Canadian government

popular sovereignty was the idea that

it was for all the citizens of a territory to decide if their territory would enter the union as a slave state or a free state

All of the following are characteristics of the Unitarian faith except

it was started in the Carolinas

Both the Aztec and Inca empires were

large, wealthy, and sophisticated

Before Lincoln was inaugurated into office, what did President Buchanan do when the south seceded from the Union?

left it for Lincoln to handle

In the South, the paternalist ethos

masked the brutality of slavery

In the South, the paternalist ethos -led to withholding food and shelter for slaves -helped end severe punishments for slaves -masked the brutality of slavery -urged an end to slavery

masked the brutality of slavery

The rapid rise of the Republican Party in the North can be partly attributed to the party's

moral stance in demanding complete abolition of the institution of slavery

Mound Builders

native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places

After the Revolution, African Americans in the North

often wound up in a state similar to that of indentured servitude

The most significant initial impact on the Native American population from interaction with Europeans came from

old world diseases from which they had little to no immunity

How did the South fight against the abolitionists?

organized campaigns to talk about "slavery's positive good"

Which of the following is false regarding the Second Great Awakening

placed reason over faith

Transcendentalism

stressed individualism, self-reliance, and non-conformity

The Gag Revolution was adopted by the United States Senate in order to

prevent senators from discussing abolitionist proposals

The Mormon faith

prevented Utah from becoming a state until 1986 due to the high rate of polygamy

The Bank of the United States did everything except

print paper money

proslavery

The primary cause of the panic of 1837 was

rampant financial speculation

In their treatment of the American Indians, white Americans did all of the following except

recognize the tribes as separate nations

The repartimiento system established by the Spanish in the mid-1500s

recognized American Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor

The election of 1860

republicans gained control of the executive branch for the first time

What were the conditions of the Freeport Doctrine?

said no matter how the supreme court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down

How many states seceeded from the Union?

seven

Bartolomé de Las Casas argued that American Indians

should enjoy the same freedoms and protections as subjects of Spain

Apart from "liberty," ____________ was the word most used in the late 18th century in legal and political literature.

slavery

Many Texans wanted to become a part of the Union, what blocked them from doing so?

slavery

In American Slavery As It Is, Theodore Weld articulated the view that

slavery was an immoral institution that brought misery to millions of people

all of the following describe slavery on the plantations except

slaves lived in the basements of the most aristocratic plantation owners

what invention of this era caused an increased in trade?

steamboat

the origins of the Age of Reform can be found in all of the following except

the defeat of the South and slavery in the Civil War

"Fifty Four Forty or fight" was a slogan that referred to

the dispute between Britain and the United States over the Oregon territory

Who benefited the most from the industrial boom, specifically in factories?

the factory owners, because despite the harsh working conditions, more goods were being produced, traded, and profited from

A significant result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was

the founding of the Republican Party

In The Federalist Papers, James Madison argued that...

the large size of the United States was a source of political stability

Which of the following is not an accurate statement regarding the North in the antebellum period?

the planter class was dominant in most of the states in the region

Anglicization

the process of adopting English culture in the American colonies

In the Compromise of 1850, the South got all the following except

the slave auctions were allowed to continue in Washington DC

The term "Era of Good Feelings" refers to the period of American history when

there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration

During James Polk's Presidency, he had all of the following goals except

to gain all of Canada

What was John Brown's plan when he raided the Harper's Ferry?

to seize its arms, use the slaves to up-rise and revolt, take over the South and free the slaves

The Know-Nothings

wanted restrictions on immigrants and naturalizations and deportations of alien paupers

The Specie Circular

was a decree that all public lands must be purchased with hard money

Kansas's Lecompton Constitution

was designed to protect slavery in the soon to be admitted state

The Anti-Masonic party

was embraced by those who sought to promoted religious and moral reforms in government and society

American Indian removal and the colonization of former slaves rested on the premise that America

was fundamentally a white society

The Spanish Empire in America

was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization society that would improve the settlers' chances of success, economic and otherwise

Conscience Whigs

were anti-slavery congressmen who generally opposed the war with Mexico

Bacon's Rebellion was a response to

worsening economic conditions in Virginia

The Crittenden Proposal

would have guaranteed slaveholders the right to own slaves south of the 36"30' line

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