APUSH Semester 1 Terms

Dominion of New England

James II and Charles II wanted to bring the colonies in the New World under royal control; British combined Mass., RI, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into one province; this province was ruled by Governor Andros; this lasted from 1686-1692.

Kansas Nebraska Act

January 1854/ introduced by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, chairman of the Committee on Territories, with the initial intent of making a feasible Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad/disputed by the powerful southern faction in Congress and convinced Douglas to split the land into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and to repeal the part of the Missouri Compromise (above 36'30'') that would make it a free state/ slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty/ North got extremely angry/ "In this manner the nation took the greatest single step in its blind march toward the abyss of secession and civil war." significance: led to increased sectional tension and "bleeding kansas"

Election of 1796

John Adams became president with Thomas Jefferson as vice-president. Adams was elected despite backstage maneuvering by Hamilton against him. Hamilton was scheming to get Pinckney elected, but the plan backfired

Serpent of Wealth/Prosperity

When merchants began to be more prominent in New England, profits began to increase and become more tempting. The idea/lifestyle of becoming greedy was rejected by puritans during the 17th century

William Pitt

William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him (invested a ton of money into the french indian war and changed to effective generals and helped the british win)

William Penn's "Holy Experiment"

Women, Natives, and blacks and everyone else was seen as equal in God's eyes. He wanted to go to America so that he could start a quaker society and have a place where they could practice peace. It was for anyone who believed God granted religious freedom. This land would be more accepting and democratic than any other society. Thus, there was Pennsylvania.

Common sense

Written by Thomas Paine; January 1776; realization that we should become independent; created a new culture; First to argue for independence - republicanism, natural rights (focused on breaking away from George III) Adams disliked Paine, Washington liked him

Thomas Paine

Wrote common sense; struck cord for public to strive for independence;said that we shouldn't stay subjugated under GB anymore --> first to argue for independence

Coercive Acts

acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, dissolved all town meetings in MA, and appointed British as all government officials

Tenure of Office Act

chief issue that prohibited the president from removing officials who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without first obtaining Senate approval/ POTUS Johnson violated this in 1868 when he dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and promptly impeached him but failed to actually remove him from office/

Freedmen's Bureau

established March 1865 to care for refugees/branch of War Department was exercising considerable coercive and supervisory power in the S/ Congress used its authority to protect the black population in the S/guaranteed education for freedmen and support to south after the war/Johnson vetoed it/

First Continental Congress

gathering of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies in; discussed action to be carried out in response to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts, adopted a Declaration of American Rights, urged MA to arm for defense, adopted the Continental Association to boycott British goods

Homestead Act 1862

gave 160 acres to any settler who would farm the land for five years/passed by N Congress that had previously been opposed by the S - - gave land to war vets after the war to "make up" for everything; allowed anyone to have land at little cost

General Court

Elected legislature in Massachusetts; Each puritan town had representatives that they sent to the General Court. Restricted to church members only; however, preachers/ministers were not allowed to hold office (although they had alot of influence).

Zachary Taylor

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States; Whig; Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but was defeated; died in 1850

Jacob Leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

Declaration of Independence

"Jefferson's Declaration"; All men are created equal; authorship originally kept secret, later Jefferson claims authorship; blames George 3rd for colonies' woes; we are independent; to prove it, they need to beat the British in the war (use of Guerrilla warfare to hold them off)

John Brown

"the scourge of Kansas," made his second contribution to the unfolding sectional drama on October 1859/gathered a group of 18 white and black followers and staged an attack on Harpers Ferry, VA, a town on the Potomac River in order to attract local slaves and create a black republic but totally failed/also murdered five men at Pottawatomie just for shits and giggles/ considered fanatical and mentally unstable, yet a lot of Northerners considered him to be a great contribution and very courageous/VA ended up charging him with treason, conspiracy, murder, and he was hanged.

Social Gospel

Efforts by Protestants to help the poor (and acquire new members). It advocated for taking care of people while they were alive rather than saving their souls.

Quakers

Egalitarian people (Pennsylvania) - politically chaotic because so many different people

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

(1)Provision for admission of new states, making them "equal players" to every one else (Jefferson drew lines for some new states); (2) compromise over slavery; states below Ohio can have slaves but above could not

British Orders in Council

(1807) A series of decrees made by the UK in the course of the wars with Napoleonic FR. Described decrees which restricted neutral trade and enforced naval blockade of FR and its allies. It caused tension between the UK and neutral countries, whose trade was affected by this

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

(1807) The Americans on the USS Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard destroyed the Chesapeake and as a result, the US expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology

Free Soil, Free Labor

(Free Soil Party) founded by Van Buren; formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848/ adopted a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements/ It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856/dedicated to opposing slavery in Oregon territory //// election 1856- "free soil, free labor, Fremont!"

Election of 1800

-John Adams vs Jefferson -Jefferson won; election went to the House (Jefferson vs Burr--> they tied in the number of electoral votes and then Hamilton helped Jefferson win the election) -Jefferson wanted to restore republican gov't -First switch in power; showed that Americans could take pride in their experiment in democracy

Mercantilism

1.Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return. 2. Mercantilism was a theory of trade stressing that a nation's economic strength depended on exporting more than it imported. British mercantilism manifested itself in triangular trade and in laws passed between the mid-1600s and the mid-1700s, such as the Navigation Acts (1651-1673), aimed at fostering British economic dominance.

"triangular trade"

1600-1800; Pick up slaves in Africa--> drop them off at Barbados and load up on sugar--> make rum out of sugar and trade rum for slaves

William Berkeley

1624- He was the king who turned Virginia into a royal colony. He then appointed himself as governor of Virginia but failed. He forcibly put an end to the rebellion of the Native Americans. He was chased by Bacon's army and eventually had to flee the colonies and go back to England. He tried to get back into office upon his return but was pressured not to by he king. Eventually he died in England.

Quebec Act

1774 Organize the Canadian's lands gained from France; Catholicism was official religion of Quebec; Gov't w/o representative assembly; extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River; Americans viewed it as attack on American colonies, b/c it took land from them; feared would try to steal American gov't; resented recognition given to Catholicism.

Saratoga

1777; Turning point in war; difficult terrain, cut colonies in half, new military strategy, victory lifts spirits for the euro countries and they begin to feel that we may actually win -->gain support; Adams secures finance for war from Dutch, Franklin negotiates with French military, and Spain declare war on GB; 3-front war for GB

Franco-American Alliance (Treaty of Alliance 1778)

1778; Benjamin Franklin negotiated with French Military to gain allies against the British; sparked due to the victory in Saratoga; French realized that American Rev. was legit and possible

Articles of Confederation

1781-1787; the creation of a confederation congress; Gov. ruled anonymously; problematic due to states being loyal to states rather than whole country, lack of unity, war debts, and lack of legislative control

Yorktown

1781; battle in Virginia; British troops stuck in Yorktown and their leader, Lord Cornwall surrenders to Washington --> corn wall isn't worried; believed that in 5 years America will come crawling back; ends the war

Annapolis Convention

1786; A national political convention held in which 12 delegates from 5 states (NJ, NY, PA, DE, VA) gathered to develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state enacted.

Shays Rebellion

1787; revolt against Massachusetts state taxes; creates massacre and liberty "runs mad"; Federal Gov. had no money to send help to MA; resulted in realization for the creation of a new and stronger federal government in which money comes from the state

Jay's Treaty

1795; Chief Justice & Federalist; resigns post to make treaty; Washington urges Congress to pass this; "British will agree not to interfere with our ships"; "Also, to dispose of western forts on American Territory"; "We agree to make Brits #1 trading power" Opposed by Jefferson and Madison; Ratified; Causes economic prosperity; creates Quasi-War with French on the high seas; unpopular because it didnt really do much

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

1799; Say that a state has power to determine whether laws passed by congress are constitutional; Constitution unclear on who determines whether a law is unconstitutional therefore it should go to the states - came after Adams passed the Alien-Sedition Acts

Sumner-Brooks Affair

1858; Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts who was a severely tormented and angst-ridden soul was a gifted orator and used reform movements as an emotional release/ characterized the Kansas administration as "tyrannical, imbecilic, absurd, and infamous, and demanded that Kansas be admitted to the Union at once as a free state"/ so long story short Sumner criticized elderly Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina, who was a gentle, slave-loving-soul, and Butler's nephew, Congressman Preston S Brooks (who Garraty describes as "probably as mentally unbalanced as Sumner") walked up to Sumner in the Senate and basically beat him with a cane until he fell, unconscious and bloody, to the floor/ Brooks resigned and the North made Sumner a hero

Second Great Awakening

1800-1831 religious revival; huge tents for preachers (especially on frontier)- megachurch; Toqueville's thoughts; people get to choose their denomination (methodist, Anglican, etc.)- stress adult baptism, good works can get you to heaven, not just God's grace, pre-destination becomes extremely unpopular; Timothy Dwight- bring everyone back to religion, pull back his Yale campus and make sure they were religious; begins in CT and moves west; more settled areas 1st; 2nd phase- move into woods and everywhere else; sin and repent to be forgiven- individuals can influence their salvation; burned over district- so many revivals come through, W. New York; alcohol and religion are comforting; white middle class women will have input; emotional release through personal testimony; revivals no longer work of God like 1st GA, but of humans; affected movements such as women rights, influenced Native Americans as well as Blacks, created new ideas, factions and opinion; women active role outside of household as well;significance: affected many people and created new denominations;

Embargo Act

1807 This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the US. It was intended to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral ships by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by everyone who depended on international trade. This hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act

Denmark Vesey

1822; led an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston; it aggravated people's anxiety about possible federal interference with the institution of slavery

Nat Turner

1831; Slaves wanted freedom; Nat Turner saw a "vision" and attacked whites in Southampton County, VA;Turner, 70 slaves, & 55 whites killed; Turner caught; he was executed & hundreds of slaves were punished for this; frightened the South; tightened slave codes; restricted freedom for all blacks in South; South began to aggressively defend slavery as "positive good"

"54-40 or Fight"

1844; Slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon (supported by Polk in order to win the election); numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk after he was elected. Polk dropped this slogan after he was elected because he wanted to fight Mexico instead of the British.

Wilmot Proviso

1846; New tract of land(Texas through Cali) gained from the Mexican war caused dispute between North and South over slavery within the the new land; The Wilmot Proviso flatly prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican war; threatened to disrupt the ranks of Whigs and Democrats and split national politics along North-South sectional lines

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848; A peace treaty and agreement between US and Mexico after Mexican American war; settled territory and reimbursements; it was another territorial gain and second near largest chunk of territorial addition to the US; It also established new borders and posed new problems for addressing, such as if slavery should expand to the new states; Zachary Taylor opposed this idea since he was a free-soiler and believed slavery would not fit in a state such as California

Charles Sumner

1850s; Angsty Senator who was super against slavery and called anyone who criticized him and supported slavery some terribly creative bad words/long story short he beat this dude with a cane because he was so impassioned with his love for the anti-slavery cause/considered a hero by anti-slavery Northerners and a heathen by pro-slavery Southerners

"Bleeding Kansas"

1854-1861/ a series of violent political confrontations caused by the Kansas-Nebraska Act/ made the territory of Kansas a testing ground for popular sovereignty; stated by law that the people of Kansas were "perfectly free" to decide on the institution of slavery in their region/ outsiders from the North and South sent settlers into the area to influence the vote/ November 1854 a large band of Missourians crossed over specifically to vote for a proslavery man and elected him easily (they were called "border ruffians")/ 1856 two governments existed in Kansas; one fraudulent, the other extralegal/caused John Brown to steal the settlement on Pottawatomie Creek and murdered five unsuspecting men and created increased irregular fighting/ responsibility of the chaos was taken by the Pierce Administration who had failed to regulate voting (the ripple effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act)

Ostend Manifesto

1854/ A declaration by a group of southerners who met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory because they felt this would balance out congress/tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it (because they knew it would be slave territory)/ Southerners wanted to take it by force and the Northerners were outraged by this thought.///The Ostend Manifesto proposed a shift in foreign policy, justifying the use of force to seize Cuba in the name of national security. It resulted from debates over slavery in the United States, Manifest Destiny, and the Monroe Doctrine, as slaveholders sought new territory for slavery's expansion.

New England Emigrant Aid Society

1854/ created to pay antislave settlers to go into Kansas, so when the state voted on whether or not to allow slavery the vote would be on the antislavery side/sent about 2000 people to the S; "Beecher's Bibles" During the Kansas border war, the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher. These rifles became known as "Beecher's Bibles".

Popular Sovereignty

1854?; General Lewis Cass's idea; the inhabitants of places east of California would decide upon whether to allow slavery or not

Lecompton Constitution

1857; written in response to Topeka Constitution 1855; proslavery leaders convened a constitutional convention at Lecompton but the Free Soil forces refused to participate in the election of delegates/during this convention they drafted a proslavery constitution but refused to let the Kansas settlers fairly vote on it/President Buchanan decided to ask congress to admit Kansas to the Union with this document as its frame of government instead of rejecting the Lecompton Constitution/brought Buchanan head on against Stephen A. Douglas and the repercussions shattered the Democratic party/ Congress rejected the bill

Crittenden Compromise

1860; group of moderates headed by Senator John J. Crittenden of KY proposed a constitutional amendment in which slavery would be recognized as existing in all territories S of latitude 36'30'' and promised that no future amendment would tamper with the institution in slave states/totally failed

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

1862/provided the states with land at the rate of 30,000 acre for each member of Congress to support state agricultural colleges///grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in "agriculture and the mechanic arts." //Named for its sponsor, Vermont Congressman Justin Smith Morrill

Vicksburg

1863; Battle for control of Mississippi River/ Union's goal to split Confederacy and restore free commerce to NW/ An attempt to take Vicksburg, Mississippi by water and from N/ they failed/ Grant decided to take it from South and opened siege; Confederate forces unable to unite, and after about six weeks Vicksburg's defenders surrendered on July 4, 1863 (Grant won it for everyone! nice!)

Emancipation Proclamation

1863; On September 22 Lincoln made the public Emancipation Proclamation and claimed that after January 1, 1863, all slaves in areas in rebellion against the US be free/did not apply to border states or to the sections of the Confederacy like New Oreleans, VA, etc/proved to further certain peoples' political agendas; the point was that even though lots of people hated slavery they did NOT want blacks to have equal rights and tried to contain the ex-slaves in the South

Reconstruction

1865-1877/ Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union/Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.

Black Codes

1865/1866; enacted by the new Southern governments to control former slaves/alarmed the N/codes considered an improvement over slavery but they prohibited blacks from bearing arms, being employed in occupations other than farming and domestic service, and from leaving their jobs without forfeiting back pay/outraged Northerners (under johnson)

Carpetbaggers

1870s; Northerners who went to the South as idealists eager to help the freed slaves, as employees of the federal government, or more commonly as settlers hoping to improve themselves/ many Northern blacks became carpetbaggers and some had office but their influence was limited

scalawags

1870s; Southerners willing to cooperate with the Republicans because they accepted the results of the war and to advance their own interests/ most were ordinary people who had supported the Whig party before secession

Munn v. Illinois

1876 - Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws and allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. The court ruled that the states may regulate the use of private property "when such regulation becomes necessary for the public good". One of the few victories for the Grange Movement.

Grimke Sisters

19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights; Both sisters were abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends; in 1835, Angelina wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator; they spoke at abolitionist meetings; In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature;Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities

John Adams

A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace w/ France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation"

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld the state laws that allowed "separate but equal" racial segregation of public facilities like schools and such. It was arguably in violation of the 14th amendment, and allowed the creation of Jim Crow laws.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

A battle in 1876, where the Union Army was destroyed by Native Americans. This showed that the Native Americans were not completely helpless, and the effect was to deter settelers. However shortly after this was the battle of wounded knee in which the natives were massacred and pretty much caused the end of organized native American resistance

Social Darwinism

A belief which involved applying the theory natural selection and survival of the fittest to society, and stated that those who work economically disadvantaged were that way because they haunt worked hard enough, or weren't smart enough. It essentially blamed the poor for being poor.

Gospel of Wealth 1889

A book written by Andrew Carnegie that described the responsibility of rich and successful people to the rest of society. It encouraged them to be philanthropists, and give back to their communities in the form of education and providing economic opportunities for others, so that they too might one day become successful.

Bloody Shirt

A campaign slogan used by the Republicans to resurrect the passionate hatred of Southerners in people who had fought in the Civil War. It was used to increase support for the republican party

Robber Barons

A derogatory term that was applied to certain industrialist businessmen in the 19th century. They used unethical business practices like under-paying their employees and using children as labor, and allowing people to work in downright awful conditions. One example would be John D. Rockefeller

Swing Around the Circuit

A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election/The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.

Separatists

A group of Puritans who advocated total withdrawl from the Church of England and wanted the freedom to worship independently from English authority; included the Pilgrims who migrated to America. The Separatists were English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. One Separatist group, the Pilgrims, founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England. Other notable separatist groups included the Quakers and Baptists.

Jacob Riis

A photographer who showed vivid images of the slums of NY to the upper class, advocated for reform and was somewhat successful in getting the rich to start helping the poor. Was partially responsible for encouraging rich white women to build settlement houses.

sons of liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere

Single tax/ Henry George

A reformer who thought that land should not be owned but instead rented. Under this system there would be no taxes on income earned by manual labor, and instead only income that you did not have to work for would be taxed. Those who used the land would pay a single tax (the rent) that would provide the government with adequate revenue.

Jane Addams

A rich white women who established the Hull House and worked to aid the poor (mostly immigrants) by feeding, housing, and educating them.

Compromise of 1850

A series of bills made to help settle fight between North and South; a package of 5 bills which were passed to defuse a confrontation between pro-slave states of the South and free states of the North which began to fight over the new territory gained from the Mexican-American War; drafted by Henry Clay; it stated that Texas would relinquish the land dispute and they would be given $10 million dollars in return as compensation to pay off their debt to Mexico; admitted California as a free state, however, the territories to the east of California were open to slavery by popular sovereignty (means the inhabitants of these places would decide upon whether to allow slavery or not)

Imposts **

A tax or similar compulsory payment

Gilded Age

A term used by Mark Twain that describes the 1870s to 1900 when the US experienced an economic boom but also the great deal of poverty and social injustice. It was called this because on the outside it looked like it was an age of immense prosperity, but when you look closer you can see that for most people it was a truly awful time.

Greenback Party

A third political party from 1874 to 1889 that was anti-monopoly. They opposed returning to the gold standard and wanted to use paper money, what they called greenbacks. This would raise the price of agricultural products and help out the farmers.

Horizontal integration

A type of monopoly involving complete control of one manufacturing step of an industry. An example of this was Rockefeller and the oil industry, because he had a 100% monopoly on the refining of oil, which forced everyone else in the industry to deal with him at some point, allowing him to set prices.

Vertical integration

A type of monopoly that involves having interest in every aspect of one industry. Carnegie and the steel industry was one example of this, because he owned all steps of the industry from raw ore to finished steel.

Mesabi range

A valuable piece of land that had a large supply of iron ore in it. The effect of this was that it allowed The American steel industry to explode without needing to Import raw ore.

William Byrd

A wealthy VA planter living along the James River. He surveyed the NC border region and kept a diary describing the people in the backland as lazy, dirty, irreligious, and similar to Native Americans.William Byrd was a man from colonial Virginia who tried very hard in life to achieve an elite lifestyle. As a kid in England he was discriminated against. He was denied royal governorship of Virginia and was rejected by the woman that he loved. His life was a very good and clear example of prejudice against Virginia's culture.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist and women's suffrage advocate; his position was unyielding, no room for moderation; he published a radical newspaper called "The Liberator" (began in 1830s, ended in 1860s)- nationwide attention for its uncompromising advocacy for emancipation; paper resisted by many legislatures and groups- like in South Carolina; he influenced a generation of reformers; founder of American Anti-Slavery Society; he has most success in north

XYZ affair

Adam tries to prevent all out war with French; sends agents to to French to resolve trade problem; The weaker nation would often pay a bribe of larger nation to get them to compromise; Adams refuses to pay tribute; French send agents (X,Y,Z) to try to get Adams to pay tribute and apologize; French continue to harass our ships; Hamilton wants to declare war; Jefferson thinks hamilton is too hard on French

virtual representation

Colonies and Ireland were represented in Parliament even though they didn't get to elect their representatives. This was the theory of virtual representation.

Constitutional Union Party

Also known as the "know-nothings" or American party/changed their name in the 1860 election/ it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

Enlightenment

Also known as the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread through Europe and America in the eighteenth century. Followers championed the principles of rationalism and logic in all areas of thought - religious, political, social, and economic. Their skepticism toward beliefs that could not be proved by science or clear logic naturally led to Deism.

Louis Sullivan

American architect known as the "father of skyscrapers" built modern buildings. This allowed many people to be crammed into extremely small spaces, known as tenement houses. Thanks to him many jobs were created in the steel industry and for construction workers

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American social activist, abolitionist, and women's rights supporter; led early women's movement; Started as ab abolitionist and after sometime, she narrowed her objectives to just women's rights, where she publicly questioned why females could not vote and many other issues such as parental custody, property rights, employment and divorce laws and birth control; Seneca Falls Convention 1848- declaration and sentiments of the rights of women led by Elizabeth

actual representation

Americans thought thought that they should be able to elect their representative which came to be known as the theory of actual representation.

American Protective Association

An 1887 anti-Catholic secret society run by Protestants. They feared Catholic infiltration into america and believed all Catholics were brainwashed by the Pope. Were harshly criticized by the Democrats. The effect of this was mainly that they tried to stop Irish from entering the country

WEB DuBois

An African American civil rights activist and historian from late 19th century. He grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community, and strove for full civil rights and political representation. He advocated for this with the platform of the Niagara Movement. He was very critical of what he called "the failures of the Reconstruction era." He was anti-segregation, and pro civil rights.

Sherman Antitrust Act

An act in 1890 that outlawed monopolistic practices but was not effective. One of its first cases, US v EC Night in 1895, proved that it did not have the power to restrict monopolies that relied on horizontal integration, and so was useless.

Trust

An attempt by big companies to avoid being deemed a monopoly. They would assign their stocks to a board of trusteed who all held joint ownership of the company. Often the trustees were influential political figures that would cooperate with the company's demands, leading to a great deal of corruption, such as with the Interstate commerce commission.

John D. Rockefeller

An example of a robber baron. He had a complete monopoly of the oil industry through horizontal integration and controlling the refining aspect of it. He was unbelievably greedy and refused to help the poor whatsoever.

Toussaint L'Ouverture and Haiti Rebellion of 1804

An important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. After a long battle with the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and freed coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator

Haymarket Square

An incident in 1886 during a Knights of Labor protest against their boss, McCormick. Violence broke out when a pipe bomb went off killing bystanders and police. The Knights of Labor were blamed and their reputation was ruined. However despite this they succeeded in getting an eight hour workday.

Indentured Servant

An indentured servant was a lower class person who came to America and served a total of 7 years. It was dominantly men who served but women did too. It was difficult for women because they suffered from sexual abuse, cheap labor. Indentured servitude was vital to the economy.

Knights of Labor

An organization in 1880s that sought to improve working conditions and wages for laborers. Was not very successful since it was too diverse, and many immigrants with different skill levels and needs made up the majority of this group. It did manage to secure an 8 hour work day, but ended after the Haymarket Incident.

Stamp Act Congress

Angered over the Stamp Act, representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in New York City at the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765. The colonies agreed widely on the principles that Parliament could not tax anyone outside of Great Britain and could not deny anyone of a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act. The meeting marked a new level of colonial political organization.

Antinomialism

Anne Hutchinson preached this. she believed that you could be faithful and still go to heaven without having to follow the convential rules. She was kicked out of the church for believing this.

Appomattox

Appomattox Court House/place where Lee and Grant met on April 9 1865 by prearrangement where Lee was noble in defeat and Grant sensitive and magnanimous in victory/Grant outlined his terms and required that all the Confederate soldiers lay down their arms and could return to their homes in peace (Lee surrenders to Grant)

Lexington and Concord

April 1775; fought in MA after British troops were sent due to the coercive acts (General Thomas Gage); battle that occurred before the Declaration of Independence; they just wanted to go back to salutary neglect;

Voluntary Association

Associations that arose apart from the gov't and sought to accomplish some goal of value to their members

"Checks and balances"

Based on the philosophy by Montesquieu which promotes a balance and separation of power in the government to prevent tyrannical rule; philosophy led to the creation of 3 branches in our government (Executive, Judicial, and Legislative); power divided amongst the 3 branches, creation of vetoes

Temperance Movement

Because of alcoholism, tremendous amount of absenteeism from work and health issues; #1 drink of choice- whiskey; alcohol consumption pervasive in 1820s; by 1830s, alcohol consumption down; Beecher's sermons; nationwide participation;American temperance society formed in Boston in 1826; women recognized problem; Opposition- immigrants- pushback from German and Irish Catholics- Catholics drink wine during communion; t-totalers: 100% abstinence, no alcohol

John Slidell

Before Mexican American war, Polk sent him to Mexico to negotiate an agreement that the Rio Grande River would be the southern border of Texas; American and Mexico were on unfriendly terms with each other; the disagreement came over boundaries along Texas and California; Slidell was sent to Mexico in 1845 as a minister; He was given instructions to offer $25 million to Mexico for California; he was rejected by the Mexicans and they called this offer "insulting"; after Mexico refused, war was declared in 1846

Anti-Federalists

Believe president will become too tyrannical and that Gov. will turn into aristocracy; against the ratification of the constitution (Henry & Hancock), much opposition came from larger states

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan at 1754 (before the start of the 7 years war) gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies. Short term goals: fix indian problems. Long term goals: solve international, threats, taxation, etc.

Bonanza farming

Big farms in the West that bought up small individuals farmers, who were forced to sell out because it was very difficult and risky to farm on the frontier. They operated on a large scale and could afford to invest in the expensive capital and new technologies that individual farmers could not. They grew massive quantities of single cash crops, which individuals could not do because if individuals don't diversify, and their crop fails, they will starve

Impressment

British practice of taking any sailors and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency. Though opposed by many, impressment was upheld in the courts as a way to keep the strength of the Navy and the British Empire.

Burr Conspiracy

Burr's goal was suspected to be to create an independent country in the center of North America in Louisiana territory; Jefferson ordered Burr arrested and indicted for treason, but case was thrown out for lack of witnesses. Trial destroyed his political career; Judge was Judge Marshall; needed 2 witnesses to convict him for treason

National Republicans

By 1828 the single Republican party split into what would eventually become the 2nd Party System that included National Republicans (eventually called the Whigs) and Democratic Republicans (Democrats). The National Republicans were led by Henry Clay - from Kentucky- and actively opposed the presidency of Andrew Jackson while championing the American System. The National Republican party was significant because it allowed for a return to a two party system in America, rather than the one party chaos of the previous election, and provided the basis for the Whig party of the 2nd party system.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Came from the Compromise of 1850/ paid federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves; the slaves could not testify inthier own behalf, "Man-Stealing Law"/shocked a lot of moderates into being anti-slavery/made it a crime to help runaway slaves

Glorious Revolution

Caused end of great dominion of New England; English revolution where James II was overthrown; he was replaced with William and Mary; 1691, Mass. became a royal colony and the right to vote was extended to all Protestants under the new monarch's rule (this was different than before, as before only puritans could vote)

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams in 1772, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Auburn System

Considered less pure than Philadelphia system; first implemented 1819 in NY; Prison system that incorporates Quaker ideals of reformation (humane conditions, strict routines, and religious contemplation); prisoners together during work, meals, and prayer, but are alone at night; silence enforced always, even while in groups; hard labor such as road construction; considered route to repentance and salvation; they introduce tier system (where convicts are housed on different levels depending on crime they committed); this system produces income and is a more cost effective system;

Great Compromise

Creation of a Bi-Cameral legislature; one house will be like the Virginia plan where representation is not equal(House of Representatives) and the other house will have equal representation (senate); smaller states benefit more; Senate selected by state legislatures and the house are directly elected

Ordinance of 1785

Creation of the Township and Range System (by Jefferson)which was a grid system for the land to the west; each square mile surveyed o a map and 36 square miles was a township (1 square mile reserved for school); some given to soldiers, others sold off; way for congress to sell off land and pay off debts

Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College was a college in New Hampshire that had a contract with the king - when New Hampshire passed a law that made all schools state schools, Dartmouth became angry and in 1819 went to court to maintain its status as a private institution, even though the US was no longer under rule of the king. John Marshall agreed with Dartmouth and ruled that the contract still needed to be honored and was significant in that it once again established the importance of contracts. (the constitution can not disable a previously existing charter/contract)

DeWitt Clinton and Erie Canal

DeWitt Clinton was senator who was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal, which began in 1817. The Erie Canal provided for East-West transportation (as opposed to the north-west movement of the Mississippi) and connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, spanning 364 miles. The Erie Canal was significant because it helped establish New York as a financial capital and transshipment center.

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Declaration and sentiments of the rights of some led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; women's rights convention; discussed voting, women in society, and law; birthplace of women's rights, although didn't achieve much; beginnings of struggle by women to achieve complete equality with men

Nicholas Trist

Delivered Polk's terms for peace at end of Mexican American War (1848); secured Texas and other land as American territories

James Buchanan

Democrats replaced Pierce with James Buchanan primarily because he had been out of the country serving as minister to Great Britain during the Kansas drama/ Buchanan won election as the 15th president and served right before the Civil War/ he attempted (and failed) to make peace between pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters////ran against fremont in election 1856//president from 1857-1861

Election of 1860

Democrats split into S. and N. Democrats; S. Dems nominate Breckenridge to support Dred Scott decision, N. Dems nominate Douglas, Constitutional Unionists (formerly the Know-nothings/american party) nominate John Bell, Republicans nominate Lincoln. Alabama formally resolved that the state would secede if a republican was elected president/extremism was more evident in the South/North was growing at a faster rate /N and S Democrats met at Charleston, SC, and couldn't agree on who to nominate for president; N nominated Douglas and S nominated John C. Breckinridge of KY/Republicans met in Chicago and proposed a platform attractive to all classes and sections of N and W states; high tariff/free land for settlers/Pacific railroad/no slavery in the territories (wilmot proviso); Abraham Lincoln wins - SIGNIFICANCE: Signaled northern dominance of the political processes (bc lincoln won by so much)

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Dred Scott was the personal servant of Dr. John Emerson of St. Louis/ after Emerson's death, that Scott and his wife, Harriet, argued that they were free because they were residents of Illinois which barred slavery under the Northwest Ordinance/ case reached Supreme Court and on March 6, 1857, Roger B. Taney claimed the blacks were not citizens so Scott couldn't sue/ Dred Scott decision convinced thousands that the South was engaged in an aggressive attempt to extend slavery

"corrupt bargain"

During the election of 1824, Jackson got more electoral votes than Adams, but not 51, so the election went to the House of Representatives. The house, under the influence of speaker Henry Clay, chose John Quincy Adams. As president, Adams appointed Clay Secretary of State, prompting Jackson to accuse the two of created a corrupt bargain. This "corrupt bargain" was significant because it prompted Jackson to immediately begin campaigning for the election of 1828, which he won.

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney was an American inventor from Massachusetts who invented the cotton gin in the late 18t century (receiving the patent for it in 1794). The invention of the cotton gin was significant because it allowed for the industrial revolution in America to take hold and helped American economy with the production of textiles. It also solidified the economic foundation of slavery in the US - which was key to growing cotton.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Enacted in 1882, it prohibited all Chinese immigrant laborers. This shows how racist people were at this time, largely thanks to nativism. Chinese were more physically and culturally different from Americans than previous immigrant groups like Germans and Irish, and so were discriminated against even worse.

Federalist papers

Essays that encouraged states to ratify the constitution; political propaganda; Aimed at MA, NY, & VA; argued for a stronger federal government and abolishment of articles of confederation; Hamilton, Madison, Jay; (Madison paper #10: Government can never become too powerful because when you have liberty and republican, you have factions which creates a diverse and free society with power )

Writs of Assistance

Established in 1751; gained attention again with the Townshend acts in 1767. They were general search warrants that allowed British customs officers to search any colonial building or ship that they believed might contain smuggled goods, even without probable cause for suspicion. The colonists considered the writs to be a grave infringement upon their personal liberties (Otis).

"Exposition and Protest" (The South Carolina Exposition)

Exposition and Protest was written by Calhoun (anonymously) in 1828 in reaction to the Tariff of Abominations and represented the southern dissatisfaction with such a high tariff, as Calhoun was from South Carolina. This document was significant because it represented the south sentiment towards this tariff and expressed the idea that the states had the right to nullify federal law.

Roger Williams

Extreme Separatist; he disagrees with teachings of the church of England; he founded Rhode Island as an offshoot of Mass. because General Court kicked him out of Mass bc he okayed religious freedom; was a minister in Salem; did not like the Puritan system; he also thought settlers had no right to their land unless they paid the Indians for it and he thought Puritanism was too similar to Anglicanism; encouraged religious tolerance; wanted separation of church and state.

Charles G. Finney

Father of modern revivalism; believed in total gender equality; preach; protestant; wanted to expand role of women and wanted social reform; believed sin was voluntary; importance: he reformed church and advanced equal rights (1830s)

Election of 1788

First election for the U.S of which George Washington was unanimously elected president (1789); seen as war hero and republican diplomat

Fletcher v. Peck

Fletcher v. Peck was a case in the Marshal court in 1810. Peck was a speculator who bought Yazoo land in Georgia and sold the land to Fletcher. Once the Georgia legislature switched (repealed the land sales) and sales were cancelled Fletcher sued Peck, but lost the case. This case was significant because it established the importance of contracts. (The land sale was a binding legal agreement, and could not be invalidated)

James Oglethorp

Founded Georgia as a place for poor people of England to settle; some thought his leadership style bordered on dictatorship; banned slavery; Georgia eventually became one of 13 colonies

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists; Garrison burned the Constitution as a pro-slavery document; argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves; will have most success in north;by 1840- not slavery in N anymore really anyway; Tappan brothers join William Garrison and this movement- essential because they fund it

Alexis de Tocqueville

French author of "Democracy in America"; wrote about social conditions, political ideas, and religious observations; explored effects of the rising equality of social conditions; his books were influential and discussed advantages (general equality and individualism) of democracy and consequences of majority's unlimited power (tyranny of the majority); "religion foremost political institution in US"- republican and democratic; availability of religion where people have input into their salvation (1830s)

Gadsden Purchase**

Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico/ Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad; also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny/ The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement. (pierce's administration)

Gibbons v. Ogden

Gibbons v. Ogden was a case that went to the Marshall court in 1824 on the issue of regulation and monopoly on the New York waters. Ogden was given the right to navigate the water by the state of New York, while Gibbons was given the right by the federal government. Marshall ruled in favor of Gibbons - stating that Federal law takes precedent over state law. This case was significant because it established that the federal government could regulate interstate commerce- and commerce in one state that would affect other states.

William H. Harrison

Harrison was a military officer who had a major success at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 in Indiana. When the Indian tribes - led by Tecumseh- launched a surprise attack on Harrison's army, he defeated their forces. This battle under Harrison was significant because it encouraged the Indian removal as well as led to war sentiment for the War of 1812.

John A. Roebling/ Brooklyn Bridge

He designed the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883. The Bridge created job opportunities and improved transportation. It allowed the rich to live away from the slums and commute to work over the bridge. New businesses sprung up in Brooklyn also.

William G. Sumner

He held the nation's first professorship in sociology at Yale, and believed in social Darwinism. He advocated a policy of extreme laissez-faireness, strongly opposing any government measures that he thought interfered with the natural economics of trade.

Jonathan Edwards

He is considered America's minister. He was very intelligent and said that people saw the Enlightenment incorrectly and that science made mistakes. He said that the five senses are are our only source of ideas. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. In my opinion, he speaks almost as if he uses scare tactics to make people want salvation. (he scared people into converting, george whitefield made everyone cry with his preaching)

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher in the Great Awakening (1740). Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. His speeches were really incredible. Thousands of people converted after hearing him speak. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy. His core message was: the need for new birth.

John Winthrop

He was a minister of a group of English puritans. He was then the governor of the in 1630 of Massachusetts. It was his goal to create a spiritual community.

Henry Bessemer

He was an english inventor who came up with a way to manufacture steel inexpensively in 1856, which allowed to the development of large steel corporations such as Andrew carnegie's "Carnegie steel".

Booker T. Washington

He was an influential African American author, orator, and presidential advisor in late 19th century. He founded Tuskegee University and helped fund many black schools and colleges. He was born a slave, and believed that the only way African-Americans could advance in society was through self-improvement, and proving that they were valuable to the economy.

Andrew Carnegie

He was originally a Scottish immigrant, but used capitalism to his advantage and became a rich steel magnate with a monopoly based on vertical integration of the steel industry. He was a philanthropist and an advocate of giving back to the community by education so people can have the skills to progress in their own lives. He funded numerous libraries and wrote the "gospel of wealth" which said that the rich have a responsibility the the rest of society.

Frederick Jackson Turner

He wrote the Turner thesis that emphasized individualism, democracy, and self-reliance. It said that the reason America had become a democratic nation was because of the 'frontier' where everyone was free to do as they pleased, yet also acknowledge others as equals, fostering a spirit of egalitarianism.

Election of 1844

Henry Clay vs Polk; Polk wins; interpreted as a mandate for expansion; Polk promised the addition of many new territories into the US; Polk: "we are destined to dominate the continent"

Henry Clay

Henry Clay was an American politician during the first half of the 19th century who was from Kentucky. His most significant contribution was the American System which championed bank, tariff, and internal improvements. He is known for strong opposition to Andrew Jackson and for never being elected president- hard as he may try. Clay is also significant because he formed the National Republican party (eventually the Whigs) which defined American politics for over 20 years.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act.

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon (the leader of France). The territory stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and promised expansion; French thought that Americans would eventually take over so might as well just sell the land

Maysville Road Veto

In 1830 Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill that would allow for federal funding for the building of a road that would be in the state of Kentucky. This veto was considered a personal attack on Henry Clay and was significant because it demonstrated the rift between Jackson and Clay and showed Jackson's opposition to the American System.

Worcester v. Georgia

In 1832 Worcester, a missionary to the Cherokee, sued the state of Georgia for prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on their land without a license. Marshal ruled that the state could not interfere with the Indian Affairs. This ruling was significant because, while it outlined Indian rights, Jackson blatantly ignored them, pushing the Cherokee out of their land.

Atlanta Compromise

In 1895 Booker T Washington and the president of Tuskegee University came to an agreement that said whites would rule politically and blacks would stay subservient as long as they were allowed basic education and due process of law. This was done so that blacks would not strive for equality or integration, and Northern charities would fund their education. WEB DuBois and other black leaders were strongly against this.

United States v. E.C. Knight

In 1895, E.C. Knight had a monopoly based on horizontal integration of the sugar industry, by owning the refining aspect of it. The court decided that there was no issue with this since he didn't control the entire sugar industry, just one aspect. It essentially made the Sherman Antitrust Act worthless.

the "new immigration"

In the late 19th Century massive amounts of illiterate, unskilled immigrants from Eastern and southern Europe flooded into the country. They faced massive amounts of discrimination and the government even made laws regulating if they could come.

"Deism"

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.

Frederick Douglass

Influential African American abolitionist; he escaped his slave owner and became a leader of the abolitionist movement; proved south wrong because they thought blacks were dumb, but he was very intelligent and made a name for himself

Pacific Railway Act 1862

It authorized the Union Pacific Railway and the Central Pacific Railway to build a railroad and telegraph line spanning from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California. It gave land and subsidies to these companies.

Interstate Commerce Commission

It was the first federal regulatory board established in 1887 by the ICC act to regulate railroads in response to public outcry about price-fixing. Railroads circumvent did this and created an oligopoly by having people on their Boards of Trustees also be on ICC, and thus they were regulated very little.

John C. Calhoun

John Calhoun was an American politician during the first half of the 19th century from South Carolina. As a politician he was a member of Whig Party before switching to the Democrats and his political views included states rights, limited government, and free trade. He was significant because he served as a vice president to Andrew Jackson and fought for low tariffs to help the South. He also supported slavery as it became a big issue between north and south politicians.

John Marshall

John Marshall, born in Virginia, served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835. Marshall was a member of the Federalist party and opposed Jefferson while he was president. Marshal was a significant chief justice because he judged a number of cases which established a precedent in American society and law, such as Dartmouth v. Woodward which established the importance of a contract and Gibbons v. Ogden which established the power of the central government in regulating commerce.

John Q. Adams

John Q. Adams was the 6th president of the US (1825-1829), was the son of John and Abigail Adams, and was born in Massachusetts. Significant roles that Adams played was help in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent which ended the War of 1812 and reducing the national debt during his presidency.

John Smith

John Smith was an adventurous man who traveled and was the classic "adventurer" and was one of the men that came on one of the first ships to Virginia. The people of Virginia struggled in their quest for a new life in Virginia due to famine and lack of supply under horrible weather. He was the one who decided to make things better for the Virginians. He told the men that they had to work 4 hours a day, encouraged the English government to send supplies while describing the land as Eden, was captured by Powhatan and the Native Americans, threatened to death but was saved by Pocahantas (fyi they were not lovers but rather brother/sister relationship, Disney), shifted to an alliance with the Native Americans, got supplies from Natives, Smith had a bad accident with some powder that burned him, as wounded he was sent back to England where he probably died. After being sent to England, the Native/English relationship soured. Quoted as saying "He who does not work will not eat."

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who wrote about the governor. He was questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's because he made the governor look bad. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty because of "freedom of press."

Gettysburg

July 1 1863 a Confederate division clashed with two brigades of Union cavalry in the NW part of the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania /both called for reinforcements but the Confederates won control of the town/Union army, commanded by General George G. Meade at the time, positioned themselves to the S of the town/fate of the Union was probably decided at this battle/by nightfall on July 3 the Confederate army was spent and bleeding and the union lines unbroken/////////In the summer of 1863, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launched his second invasion of Northern territory. Like his last foray that ended at bloody Antietam, Lee sought to score politically meaningful victories, take the war out of the ravaged Virginia farmland, and gather supplies for his army. He was pursued first by Union Gen. Joseph Hooker, and then by Gen. George Meade, who replaced Hooker in late June. (Lee failed; battle resulted in many casualties; Lee was forced to withdraw his battered army toward Virginia on July 4.) Significance: This is the turning point of the war - - union is now winning

Democratic Republicans

Led by Jefferson and Madison, they were prominent in the middle and southern states. Demo-repubs were self-assured, optimistic, supported agriculture (know: yeoman farmers) and sympathetic to France. Created in opposition to the policies of the new Federalist party.

Washington's Farewell Address

Letter written by George Washington to the people of the US. The letter warned Americans of the political dangers they must avoid if they are to remain true to their values. (Avoid European affairs, avoid making permanent alliances, avoid forming political parties, avoid sectionalism

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan/Lincoln wants to unite North and South/ McClellan wants war to end if he's elected/citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan but Lincoln wins/ In this election, five political parties supported candidates for the presidency; War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, and the National Union Party/Each political party offered a different point of view on how the war should be run and what should be done to the Confederate states after the war/ The National Union Party joined with Lincoln won the election on the recent northern victories against the South. /////// A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party and nominated John C. Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln. In the Border States, War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket. The National Union Party was a temporary name used to attract War Democrats and Border State Unionists who would not vote for the Republican Party. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats.

Toleration Act of 1649

Lord Baltimore created this to bring more settlers to Maryland; guaranteed freedom of religion to anyone who believes in Christ. In 1649, the local representative assembly passed the Act of Toleration (Maryland Act of Toleration). This act provided religious toleration to all Christians living in Maryland. However, it allowed the death penalty for Jews, atheists, and anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. Overall the law actually provided less religious toleration, however it ensured that Catholics, who feared persecution, were sheltered. Basically it was a law that gave religious toleration.

Macon's Bill #2

Macon Bill #2 was a bill passed in 1810 by the United States under Madison and was meant to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American ships in the Atlantic ocean. The bill lifted all embargos on Britain and France (put in place by the non-intercourse act), but stated that if either country stopped attacking American ships, the embargo would be on that country's enemy. Napoleon took this opportunity to take advantage of Madison and agreed to stop attacking US ships. France did not follow through on this promise however and the bill only increased tension between the US and Britain - ultimately leading to the War of 1812.

Bill of Rights

Madison wrote 12 major points that the anti federalists were worried about and considered flaws in the constitution and created the Bill of Rights which resolved and reflected those points the anti federalists were worried about; led to the ratification of constitution; "Madison's Promise"

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

March 2, 1867/passed by joint committee--1st law divided the former Confederacy into 5 military districts, each controlled by a major general and gave those officers almost dictatorial power to protect the civil rights of all persons in order to maintain order and justice/ in order to rid themselves of military rule, the former states had to adopt constitutions guaranteeing blacks the right to vote and disfranchising broad classes of ex-Confdereates/had to ratio the 14th Amendment and then military rule ended/ Johnson attempted to veto the act but was easily overriden/ proved so vague that it was hard to implement/did not spell out the process by which the new constitutions were to be drawn up/S white preferred the status quo even if it meant being under army control/ Congress passed a 2nd that required military authorities to register voters and supervise election of delegates to constitutional convention/ 3rd act further clarified procedures ///also passed to limit the power of the president (johnson later broke one of these rules and was nearly impeached - tenure in office act)

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770; colonists threw rock-filled snowballs at Redcoats(British), who panicked and shot 5 people; people often presume it was an unprovoked British attack, but it was just a misunderstanding

Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren was the president of the United States from 1837-1841 and was Andrew Jackson's hand picked man for the job. During his presidency the US had economic downturn as Buren rejected banks, roads, and tariffs, and speculation and inflation raged in the west. Van Buren is significant as his terrible job as president allows for the Whigs to dominate the next election and he had a huge impact on the downfall of the American economy.

Second Continental Congress

May 1775; States sent representatives to Philadelphia; discussed how colonies would defend themselves; John Hancock became officer; Washington appointed commander in chief (needed someone from VA to fight for MA) - after the revolution, they created the Articles of Confederation

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver/Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war/ the greenbacks let Lincoln finance the unpopular war//(Greenback Party)formed in the 1870s whose platform included various measures like expanding money supply to benefit farmers in the W and S/ In 1878 Greenback candidates got more than 1 million votes and 14 seats in Congress

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between GB and continental Europe; intended to destroy GB economy

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

Native American tribal land was surveyed and divided up into chunks of 160 acres and given to individual natives so that they could farm it. The act was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society, and to create independent farmers out of Indians. But, the government often took the best pieces of land and kept it for themselves or sold it to non-natives and big corporations (railroads mainly).

Liberty Party

New York businessmen Arthur and Lewis Tappan organized this political party after they broke with William Lloyd Garrison over issues of abolitionists' involvement in politics and the role of women in the movement; the party nominated James Birney for president in 1840 and 1844, but he got few votes; split Whig (Henry Clay)'s vote; political branch of radical abolitionists

Nicholas Biddle

Nicholas Biddle was the last president of the second national bank, beginning in 1832 until its end. He worked to improve the bank and the economic state of the US although Jackson was determined to destroy Biddle and the bank, since Biddle had supported Clay in the election of 1832. Biddle was significant because he helped stabilize the national bank, but eventually led to its demise as he had animosity with Jackson. (bank was chartered 1816-1836)

"Midnight Judges"

Nickname given to a group of judges appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms; Papers left on desk; then thrown away

Horace Greeley and the Liberal Republicans

Nominated by both the Liberal Republican Party and the Democratic Party for the presidential election in 1872/lost to President Grant/ (Liberal Republican Party) Founded in 1872/Formed in response to the corruption of the US government as well as in opposition to military reconstruction (opposed grant)

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships on the Mediterranean. from 1795-1801, the US paid the Barbary states for protection against the Pirates

3/5 Compromise

Occurred after slave states wanted slaves to be counted in population to get more votes; compromise that said that 3/5 of the slave population counted for population of state even though they're"property"; small slave states (Delaware, Georgia, etc.) are now over represented, over amount of power

Old vs. New Lights

Old lights: orthodox members of the clergy that did not believe in the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching; new lights: the modern-thinking members of the clergy who believed in the Great Awakening

Shiloh

On April 6th 1862 Albert Sidney Johnston led 40,000 Confederate men to strick at Shiloh, Tennessee, 20 miles N of Corinth/Grants men stood their ground and Confederates fell back/Grant allowed the enemy to escape because he was so shaken and tired by the attack despite his victory/ additional consequences included staggering casualties and the Confederates lost 10,699 including General Johnston in brutal carnage////The two day battle at Shiloh produced more than 23,000 casualties and was the bloodiest battle in American history at its time.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament (last chance of no revolution)

Samuel Howe

Opened a school for the blind early 1830s

Thomas Gallaudet

Opened school for the deaf in Hartford, CT (founded in 1817)

Free Soil Party

Organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs; against slavery in the new territories; also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers; this Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party (founded 1848)

Oregon Trail

Overland route brought wagon trains of immigrants to the West Coast (Oregon and Calif.) - founded in 1830s

Funding and Assumption

Part of Hamilton's economic plan which defines debt as good; assuming a permanent debt; we pay off debts, ask for more money, and then pay that off; cyclical; way to fund money for America and congress; Assumption of state debts for a national debt; establishing a permanent debt with the selling of U.S bonds externally and internally (prevents invasion and support from other countries)

Thaddeus Stevens

Part of the Radical faction of Republicans/ 1861 Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania was the rising power in the House/he and Sumner were uncompromising and they insisted not merely on abolition but on granting full political and civil rights to blacks/the other Republicans were Moderate Republicans who objected to treating blacks as equals and apposed making abolition a war aim

middle passage

Part of the Triangle Trade Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco.

Navigation Acts

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing. (no enforcement - smuggling, etc.)

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry was the American orator who urged colonists to take up arms against the British, proclaiming, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me... give me liberty or give me death! Made a dramatic speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses in May 1765. "Virginia Resolves" were his resolutions for the colonies on taxes. No taxing unless by the Virginia House. He was the richest man in the English empire.

Visible Saints

People who are so faithful to God and do good deeds. They are such good people that you can see that they are going to heaven. (john calvin) Church membership restricted to visible saints only

"pet banks"

Pet banks were state banks in the west issued by Jackson during his second administration and were issued to destroy the federal bank. These banks were significant because they caused inflation to explode in the west and did not help improve the economic situation in the west.

King Cotton

Phrase used to demonstrate how important cotton was to the South's economy; cotton was their primary cash crop; Southern politicians believed that cotton's economic and political power would be able to control the US to avoid war or bring aid if American politics turned ugly

Election of 1848

Polk not running for second term, so open race election; Whigs decided to run Zachary Taylor who was a previous war hero; Democrats ran Lewis Cass; the free soil party ran Martin Van Buren; Zachary Taylor won but he died into his term and Millard Fillmore,his running mate, replaced him

Townshend Acts

Popularly referred to as the Townshend Duties or the Revenue Act of 1767 It taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union/ struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by/ worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations/ On February 9, 1861, after Davis resigned from the U.S. Senate, he was selected to be the provisional President of the Confederate States of America/ elected without opposition to a six-year term that November/took charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to stop the larger, more powerful, and better organized Union/His diplomatic efforts failed to gain recognition from any foreign country, and he paid little attention to the collapsing Confederate economy, printing more and more paper money to cover the war's expenses/ supported a well-knit government, but this was opposed by states' rights supporters which led him less able to exercise arbitrary power/ unpopular due to his defiance of public opinion.

Lord North

Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of her conflict with America; attempted to appease the colonies by modifying the Townshend Acts and imposing the Tea Act, but he just caused tensions to escalate and boil over; forced to resign after the British surrender at Yorktown

Philadelphia System

Prison reform in the U.S. began with the Pennsylvania system in 1790, based on the concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; this led to many mental breakdowns; auburn system came after this and allowed group congregation at times

Border Ruffians

Pro-slavery Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas' election during the mid-1850's, in order to make it a pro-slavery government

Great Migration

Puritan Migration to the New World. 1620-1640; primarily refers to puritans migrating to the Massachusetts; motivated by the fact that they could migrate and create a safe haven for their religion; farmers, artisans, and aaround university trained (nearly all studied divinity) colonists came; first ministers

Whiskey Rebellion

Rebellion in Pennsylvania due to a whiskey tax (Hamilton wanted to tax liquor to pay the nation's debt, but Jefferson is opposed = rebellion); Washington leads army to west Pennsylvania to personally stop rebellion; feels that it is his job to enforce the laws that congress passes because he is worried that if he does not that his successors will not do the same; his test of federal power "passes"

Peace of Paris - 1783 (Treaty of Paris 1783)

Recognition of American Independence by other countries; Florida goes back to Spain; U.S gets land from Great Lakes from Mississippi to Florida ; U.S promises to protect Tory property (loyalists); British agree to withdraw military from U.S lands; U.S benefited most; success of Articles of Confederation

John C. Freemont

Republican/"Pathfinder of the West", "Kansas-less"/Against extension of slavery in territories/an american military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican party/free soil party for president in election of 1856/first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Disputed Election of 1876

Republicans nominated Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio; former general with unsmirched reputation/Democrats picked Governor Samuel J. Tilden of NY; wealthy lawyer who had gotten national recognition for breaking up the Tweed Ring in NYC/ long story short the Republicans anticipated that their candidate was going to receive possible losses in FL and SC so they were prepared to use their control of the election machinery in those states to throw out the Democratic ballots to alter the results/ they invalidated the Democratic ballots and filed returns to show Hayes was the winner and so the Democrats got hella angry and filed their own returns/ lol Garraty calls it " a disgraceful picture of election shenanigans," and so both sides were shamefully corrupt/Hayes was elected because he promised the Democrats that he would remove the troops and allow S states to manage their internal affairs by themselves

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Resolved the Aroostook War(The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians (Englishmen), mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl in 1842); gave America more of Maine; established Maine's northern border

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Result of French and Indian war; all French territory on the mainland of Canada was lost; the British received Quebec and the Ohio valley; Spain received port of New Orleans and the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi for their efforts as a British ally

Roger B. Taney

Roger Taney was a politician from Maryland and was the secretary of Treasury for Andrew Jackson in 1833-1834 who helped Jackson in his war against the BUS. Taney was significant because he was the secretary of treasury who removed all the money from the Bank of the US.

Ku Klux Klan Act

SAME THING AS THE FORCE ACTS 1870/1871 (originated from the secret terrorist society; the KKK that originated in Tennessee in 1866) series of acts that Congress struck at the KKK with/placed elections under federal jurisdiction and imposed fines and prison sentences on persons convicted of interfering with any citizen's exercise of the franchise/troops were dispatched and by 1872 federal authorities had arrested enough Klansmen to break up the organization

Sam Adams

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party

Samuel Slater

Samuel Slater was an English Industrialist born in 1768 who illegally brought over British textile technology to America. He was significant because he helped begin the textile industrialization of the US which greatly changed American society and economy as it transitioned to factory work and increased production. (1790)

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln in 1860/Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine/wanted to expand westward and give Chicago a railroad/destroyed the Missouri Compromise of 1820/popularized idea of popular sovereignty

Pinckney's Treaty

Set up port in New Orleans; allowed for trade on the mississippi river and established mississippi as border of the country. Allowed for friendship between U.S and Spain too

Judiciary Act of 1789

Sets up Federal court system; 5 members on Supreme Court; 13 states divided into 5 districts, each member runs its federal district as judges

Anne Hutchinson

She believed that you did not have to follow the conventional laws. All you had to do was believe in God and have faith and you could go to heaven. She was kicked out of the church for her beliefs. She followed Roger Williams to Rhode Island. She was considered an outcast and "unorthodox."

Freeport Doctrine

Stated by Stephen A. Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property/ eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election/angered S Democrats/ basically said that slavery could only exist if popular sovereignty deemed it to be/argued that a territory had the right to exclude slavery despite contrary U.S. Supreme Court decisions

Electoral College

States get together to select the president; number of electors per state = House of Representatives delegates + senate delegates; smaller states benefited; VP has to be from different state from president, to prevent loyalty to just one state; 4 year terms

Edmund Genet

Takes part in the French Revolution; wants to meet with the president but the president ignores him; citizen Genet rallies Americans to fight in revolution without the consent of the Government

Dorothea Dix

Teacher and author from New England who spoke out against the poor treatment of the insane prisoners (mental) in the 1830s; mental people treated worse than normal prisoners; she traveled around for a long time observing the mistreatment of the mental prisoners; this brought about changes in the treatment of these people; also started the idea that insanity was a disease of the mind; now mentally ill separate from criminals and put in hospitals for treatment

Tecumseh

Tecumseh was a Native American leader who organized a large native confederacy to oppose the United States in Tecumseh's War and specifically the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 in the Indiana territory. This was significant because it increased tensions that led to the War of 1812, and Tecumseh and his men served as allies to the British during that war.

"Young America"

Term coined by Ralph Waldo Emerson; new era of commercial development, technological progress, and territorial expansion led by progressive new young generation in US

Stamp Act

The 1765 Stamp Act required colonial Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents. Violators faced juryless trials in vice-admiralty courts, as under the 1764 Sugar Act. The Stamp Act provoked the first organized response to British impositions.

Tea Act 1773

The 1773 Tea Act eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. This act effectively created a monopoly for the East India Company, which had been in financial difficulties. This, along with the Tea Act's reinforcement of the long-resented tax on tea, outraged many colonists and prompted the Boston Tea Party.

American Colonization Society

The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 to move free blacks from America to west Africa where they would have their own Republic. This idea was developed by Reverend Robert Finley of New Jersey and was supported by slaveholder and abolitionists alike. This movement was significant in that it set a precedent for the relationship between free blacks and white Americans and established blacks as excluded members of society.

American System

The American System was an economic plan championed by Henry Clay that consisted of the central bank, tariffs (limiting trade on the Atlantic ocean) , and internal improvements. Support and opposition to the American System was a major aspect of American politics in the first half of the 19th century and it was significant because the issue of the American System divided politicians between the Whigs (supported) and the Democrats (opposed).

Know-Nothing Party

The American, or "Know-Nothing" party (cotton whigs, anti-immigrant) split from the whig party around 1854 /important in the S and N/adopted dominant view of slavery in S/won string of local victories in 1854 and elected more than 40 congressman

Battle of New Orleans

The Battle of New Orleans took place in 1815 in New Orleans and was the final major battle of the War of 1812 between America, led by Andrew Jackson, and Britain. The Battle was significant because it was a decisive American victory, which gave the War of 1812 an optimistic ending and positive aftermath.

Boston Associates

The Boston Associates refers to a number of investors in the United States in the early 1800s including Francis Cabot Lowell. These men opened a number of factories as the industrial revolution came to the US and were significant in that they expanded US textile production and economy.

Thomas Hutchinson

The British official, who was also the Massachusetts governor was determined not to budge under the colonists. He ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargo. His house was pillaged and burned by the colonists. house robbed by the Sons of Liberty in response to Stamp Act; determined to collect Tea tax and enforce the law

Era of Good Feelings

The Era of Good Feelings was an era of American society lasting from 1816 to 1825, under Monroe. This era is characterized by the collapse of the federalist party and the rise of nationalism and unity for the American people, after the War of 1812. This era is significant because it saw the simultaneous rise of nationalism and sectionalism as American society transformed and it demonstrated a drastic change from the unrest that had been brewing before and during the War of 1812.

Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War in North America (1754-1763) mirrored the Seven Years War in Europe (1756-1763). English colonists and soldiers fought the French and their Native American allies for dominance in North America. England's eventual victory brought England control of much disputed territory and eliminated the French as a threat to English dominance in the Americas. Metaphorically, the French were Igor.

Timber and Stone Act 1878

The Government sold land that was considered unfit for farming for only $2.50 an acre to people who may want to use it for logging and mining. Despite its intention It was used by speculators who were able to get great expanses of land declared "unfit for farming" allowing them to increase their land holdings at minimal expense.

Hartford Convention

The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings in Harford Connecticut in 1814-1815 at which the Federalist Party expressed their concerns about the War of 1812. The convention wanted the removal of the 3/5 compromise and a 2/3 majority in Congress in order to declare war. The committee was headed by Harrison Otis. The Hartford Convention was significant because it contributed to growing animosity between north and south and discredited the Federalist Party.

Judiciary Act of 1801

The Judiciary Act of 1801 was a political attempt by the federalists in Congress to fill the courts with Federalist judges before Jefferson became president of the US. The Act is also known as the Midnight Judges Act because John Adams signed the judgeships the midnight before he left office. This act had significant effects during the presidency of Jefferson including the Marbury v. Madison case and the impeachment of Pickering.

Marbury v. Madison

The Marbury v. Madison case went to the Marshal Court in 1803 when Marbury sued Secretary of State Madison for getting rid of him as one of the new judges. Marshall ruled that Marbury had no grounds for the case because the constitution did not allow a federal officer to take another officer to the Supreme Court - only states could fight each other at the supreme court level. This case was significant because Marshall established that he could decide what was or was not constitutional - giving him and the supreme court more power than they previously had.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The McCulloch v. Maryland case went to the Marshall court in 1819 when the Maryland government tried to place a tax on banks outside of the state of Maryland - meaning the BUS. Using the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that Maryland could not tax the federal bank. This case was significant because it established that Congress has certain implied powers and it gave power to the federal government.

Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise was a compromise devised by Henry Clay in 1819 in response to Missouri's request for entrance into the union as a slave state. The compromise was essentially between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions of the US and stated that slavery would not be practiced above the 36'30'' line, except for Missouri. This compromise was significant because it demonstrated growing tension between the north with their anti-slavery ideals and the southern pro-slavery mindset.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy under president Monroe in 1823 which stated that further efforts of a European colony to colonize land in the New World would be seen as an act of aggression. This doctrine was intended primarily so that no European power would move in on the many South American countries that were gaining independence so that the United States and Britain could freely exert their influence on these foreign markets. This doctrine is significant in that it demonstrates Britain and America working together to dominate South America together.

Old National Road

The Old National Road (also Cumberland Road) was the United States first federally funded highway built in 1811 that passed from the east to the west, through Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Henry Clay was a driving force behind the building of this road, since it aligned with the goals of his American System. The Old National Road was significant because it demonstrated increased unity in the US and growing interest in the west.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

The Rush Bagot agreement in 1817 was a treaty between the US and Britain limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain - which was the Canadian/American border - after the War of 1812. The treaty was arranged between Richard Rush of the US and Charles Bagot of Britain. This agreement was significant because it helped ease any remaining tension between the US and Britain after the War of 1812 and helped guarantee peace between the two countries.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act (1764) lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. The act further stipulated that Americans could export many commodities - including lumber, iron, skins, and whalebone - to foreign countries only if the goods passed through British ports first. The terms of the act and its methods of enforcement outraged many colonists. (taxes on sugar; highly enforced)

Tallmadge-Thomas Amendments

The Tallmadge Amendment of 1819 was a proposed amendment requesting that Missouri be admitted to the Union as a free state, submitted by Tallmadge, from New York. This proposed amendment did not pass Senate. The Thomas Amendment was added to the Missouri compromise in 1820 by Thomas of Illinois which allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state but banned slavery in the rest of the area above the 36'30'' line. Like the Missouri Compromise, these amendments demonstrated tension between north and south on the basis of slavery and created further division between these two factions.

Tariff of Abominations

The Tariff of Abominations was issued in 1828 under John Q. Adams and was the highest tariff every passed by the US. The tariff was supported by the North, who produced manufactured goods, and opposed by the South (including Calhoun) who bought manufactured goods from places such as Britain. This tariff was significant because it led to issues with Southern states who were very unhappy and would continue to create problems for Jackson with South Carolina threatening to secede based on high tariffs.

Transcontinental Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)

The Transcontinental Treaty was a treaty between the US and Spain in 1819, under president Monroe, which ceded Florida to the US and defined the US/ Mexico border. This treaty was significant because the US acquired more land and settled land disputes between the US and Spain.

Treaty of Ghent - 1814

The Treaty of Ghent in 1814 was a treaty between Britain and America - under Madison- that ended the War of 1812. The Treaty was signed in Ghent, Belgium and was significant because it began an era of unprecedented peace between American and Britain.

War Hawks

The War Hawks were politicians during the years leading up to and during the war of 1812, mostly from the West or South, who pushed for war with Britain on the bases of economic and land disputes. Notable War Hawks include Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. The War Hawks were significant because they played a major part in pushing Madison towards the War of 1812.

Webster-Haynes Debate

The Webster-Hayne Debate took place in 1830 between Webster of Massachusetts and Hayne of South Carolina and was a debate on the topic of tariffs. Webster represented the northern view that was in support of tariffs and argued that the west cannot align with the south because the south is an area of treason (because the south is going to succeed with increased tariffs! oh no!). This debate is significant because it demonstrated increasing sectionalism between North and South and southern dissatisfaction with the tariffs in place.

Whig Party

The Whig Party was a political party in America during the 1830s to 1850s and grew out of mutual dislike of Andrew Jackson among a variety of Americans, from Calhoun to Clay. The Whig party favored the American system which included bank, tariff, and internal improvements. The Whig Party was significant during the 2nd Party System of the Whigs and Democrats and produced presidents such as William Henry Harrison.

Covenant of Grace

The belief that man can be saved by God if they are faithful and obedient; serving and believing in him entirely

Covenant of Works

The belief that man can be saved by God via good deeds. (Puritan belief)

Half Way Covenant

The children of the first Puritans who did not "pass the test" or achieve grace. By this, they were still allowed to partake in some church events. Hosmer compared this to how they lowered the standards on the UHS test.

Dwight L. Moody

The founder of Moody church, part of Social Gospel movement.

Household System

The household system, also known as the putting out system, was a system of manufacturing in the United States practiced until the mid 19th century with the rise of factories. In this system individual families would manufacture one part of a whole product. This method is significant because it demonstrates a contrast between the inefficient methods of production of pre-19th century and the new, efficient methods of the industrial revolution.

Joseph F. Glidden

The inventor of Barbwire, which allowed farming and cattle ranching to exist side-by-side because the cows no longer ate the farmers crops. However since it prevented the cows from seeking shelter in the cold, it was partially responsible for the big die up of 1885 to 1887.

Log Cabin Campaign

The log cabin campaign refers to the presidential campaign of Whig William Henry Harrison for the election of 1840. Harrison, who was from Ohio, beat democratic candidate Van Buren by a landslide. This campaign was significant because it was the first time a presidential candidate had actively campaigned for office, and he used the famous slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" referring to his war victory at Tippecanoe, and his running mate Tyler

A.F.L. and Samuel Gompers 1886

The most successful labor union because it was exclusive to white, skilled men and so everyone had common interests. Gompers recognized that change was needed, but it focused on economic issues such as wages and hours rather than humanitarian ones, like working conditions. It was so successful because it was so non-diverse and had very specific interests

Non-Intercourse Act

The non-intercourse act was passed in 1809 by Jefferson as a replacement for the Embargo of 1808, which had wreaked the American economy. The act lifted the American embargo on all countries except for France and Britain. The act was not successful though since it was very often broken. The Embargo of 1808 and the Non-intercourse Act were significant since they worsened economic and political relationships between America and France and Britain which ultimately led to the War of 1812.

Slave Trade Compromise

The north wanted to end the slave trade, so a compromise was made to end it in 1807. Outlawed in January, 1808

Captain of Indusrty

The opposite of a robber baron. They encourage economic growth and production by treating their workers well.

"Seasoning Time"

The period of time Virginia's colonists needed to adjust to the colony's climate and health conditions. An immigrant that survived his or her first two years in the colony was 'seasoned.' Also known as starving time, as a result of inexperienced travelers, colonists were forced to eat whatever they could find, including diseased rats, snakes, and even pets like cats and dogs.1640: 8,000 of 15,000 survived. They dug better wells, had alcohalic "Apple Jack," and cotton. Colonists would have died out, had it not been for Squanto.

Society of Cincinnatus **

The society of the Continental Army Officers who preserved the ideals and fellowship of American Revolutionary War officers. The society helped to pressure the government to uphold promises it made to officers in the Revolution

Specie Circular

The specie circular was an executive order issued by Jackson in 1836 as an attempt to stabilize land sales and inflation in the west by requiring land to be bought in silver and gold. This order was significant because it drove down land sales in the west and hurt the American economy.

Trail of Tears

The trail of tears in 1838 and 1839 was a part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy which removed the Cherokee nation from their land by the Mississippi River. The Trail of Tears was significant because it demonstrated anti-Indian sentiment by the American people and later was used to criticize Jackson's character.

Central Pacific-Union Pacific Railroads

The two companies the government hired to build the transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific Railroad was built between California and Utah, and the Union Pacific was built between Omaha and Utah. The government heavily subsidized these and together they made up the Transcontinental Railroad that was finished in 1869, with a gold railroad spike and Promontory Pt Utah

"Mr. Polk's War"

The war with Mexico had mixed views throughout the Union; It was popular in the Mississippi Valley, but it was called Mr. Polk's War in the Northeast; Whigs generally opposed the war, but party members in Congress voted to support the America soldiers and marines during the fighting; Abraham Lincoln believed Polk rushed the country into war over disputed territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande; His views were not popular and he chose not to run for reelection as a Whig congressman; nickname for Mexican American War (1846-1848)

Lewis and Clark

Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806; traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claims to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further expansion; sent to record how everything looked

Pilgrims

These are a form of Puritans from England who came to America on the Mayflower to Plymouth for religious freedom. They did not want to follow the Church of England. They are basically radical puritans.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of 4 laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by John Adams in 1798; purpose was to strengthen national security; 1. Naturalization Act: increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years 2. Alien Act: empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous immigrants 3. Alien Enemy Act: allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries that was with the US 4. Sedition Act: made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal gov't or its officials; First 3 laws were a response to the XYZ affair, & aimed at French immigrants. Sedition Act an attempt to cease Demo-Repub opposition.

Non Intercourse Act

This act formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. This replaced the Embargo act of 1807, and was made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to force England and France stop harassing US ships and recognize US neutrality

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s; many people believed that the U.S. was destined by God to secure territory from sea to sea, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean; This drove the acquisition of territory; also a cause of Mexican American war- used by democrats to justify the war with Mexico; first used for annexation of Texas issue; denounced by Whigs; opposed by Clay, Webster, and Lincoln, but supported by Polk

William Bradford

This guy was the first governor of the Puritans who came to Plymouth in Massachusetts. He helped the colonists get out of debt and build a "City on a Hill."

Headright

This is basically a right for the common people of England which allowed them to come to the New World so that they could start a new life in Virginia colonies. Headrights were attractive because it promised each person who paid his/her way to Virginia a land grant of 50 acres.

Plantation Economy

This is when the Virginians started mass agricultural production so that they could earn money. They usually had 1-2 crops that they specialized in growing. One of the main items that the Virginians grew was the "bewitching weed" tobacco. At first they used indentured servants for labor, but then switched to slavery as a way of saving money. They did try to enslave the Natives but the Natives had

Elastic Clause

This states that Congress has the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for governing the country. This was created due to the fact that no one could predict the future of the country, and thus would give congress power to adjust the times in order to preserve strength of the union.

Waltham System

This system developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the production process; the workers were almost all young single farm women; they were replaced by immigrants later; Lowell mill girl example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution

House of Burgesses

This was the first government established in Virginia in 1619 and it was a republic (representative government). They had to follow the rules of England which stated that men with 3 acres of land were allowed to vote. Everyone, at the time, had land so 90% of people got to vote because of the rights that they had. They had more rights there than what they did in England. This government was created so that it could enact legislation.

London Company-Virginia Company

This was the private company that established the colonies in Virginia. The company ended in 1924 and then Virginia was changed to a "royal colony" by the King.

Congregationalism

This was when the people of the Puritan Community got together and held town meetings at the church, which was the center of the community. Essentially, the church was the town hall. This was different from England because, there, they had one big church that guided all of the smaller churches.

Loyalists

Those loyal to the British crown during the Revolution

Robert Walpole and "salutary neglect"

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

Mormons

True American religion that was attractive to people; Joseph Smith (New York) founded mormonism; eventually settle Utah territory; were originally persecuted (founded in late 1820s)

Geroge B. McClellan

Union General who was given command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861 (union) /brilliant, thirty-four year old West Pointer/a superb organizer and drillmaster, and he injected splendid morale into the Army of the Potomac./ consistently believed that the enemy outnumbered/ overcautious and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone/fought against General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battle(failed)/Frustrated by McClellan's overly cautious tactics, Lincoln removed him from command of the Army of the Potomac in late 1862./ candidate against Lincoln in the Election of 1864

Virginia Plan --New Jersey Plan

VA plan: Madison and Randolph; based on philosophy by Montesquieu (checks and balance and separation of power --> 3 branches of government); Executive, Legislative, Judicial; Taxation as a means to pay off debts and Actual representation to balance power in government; Limits to what the Gov. can do which cause states to give up some power to federal government NJ plan: response to Virginia plan, want to go back to one vote per state; small states feel that they will get outvoted on everything

Susan B. Anthony

Was a lecturer for women's rights;Quaker; many conventions were held for the rights of women in the 1840s; strong woman who believed that men and women were equal; she fought for her rights even though people objected; her followers were called Suzy B's; leader of women's suffrage movement along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Nathaniel Bacon

Wealthy colonist from Virginia; started Bacon's rebellion: a rebellion by farmers in Virginia; they disliked governor's policy with native americans (main focus of the rebellion), restrictions on who could vote, and high taxes;the farmers started an uprising and attacked Jamestown because they were against Gov. Berkeley; this was important because it is an example of the tense relations with the native americans and of dissatisfaction with the government; Berkeley lost his position as governor after this; many Indians killed; also encouraged the switch from indentured servants to slaves

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

late 1850s; Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven debates/Douglas epitomized efficiency and success / Lincoln was a man of the people and traveled around like a normal person/their goal was to win votes and exaggerate their differences (which weren't that extreme); neither wanted to see slavery in the territories and neither thought it was economically efficient, but neither sought to abolish it by political action or force; both believed blacks to be inferior to whites/Douglas tried to make Lincoln look like an abolitionist and Lincoln tried to make Douglas seem like proslavery and defender of the Dred Scott decision/Douglas won the election but Lincoln gained popularity and political stance

Robert E. Lee

leader of the Army of Northern Virginia/leader of the Confederate Army/reluctant supporter of secession and superb soldier/S General at the end of the Civil War/ Eventually Lee returned home on parole and eventually became the president of Washington College in Virginia (now known as Washington and Lee University). He remained in this position until his death on October 12, 1870 in Lexington, Virginia. ///lost the battle of gettysburg, surrendered at the appomatox court house

Wade-Davis Bill

more extreme version of Lincoln's moderate 10% Plan/July 1864/ Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill which provided for constitutional conventions only after a majority (50%) of the voters in a S state had taken loyalty oath/prohibited slavery/repudiate Confederate debts/ Lincoln pocket-vetoed this/eventually passed with the Reconstruction Acts

Uncle Tom's Cabin

novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852/ "...Stowe was neither a professional writer nor an abolitionist and had almost no firsthand knowledge of slavery...(Uncle Tom's Cabin) avoided the self-righteous, accusatory tone of most abolitionist tracts and did not try to make readers believe in racial equality," rather is forced people to ask themselves, "Is slavery just?"

Bank of U.S

part of Hamilton's economic plan; regulates federal currency (print money); Issue U.S bonds; Issues and sells Bank of U.S stock (you can buy a piece of the U.S; people wish it success); opposition (Jefferson & Madison) feel that the constitution is unconstitutional because it's not mentioned in the constitution, therefore the bank should be with the states

Galloway Plan of Union

put forward in the First Continental Congress by Joseph Galloway of PA; the idea was to have the colonies stay with Britain and create their own Colonial Parliament, which would act together with British Parliament; due to the already well-established radical wave, the plan was narrowly outvoted by the Congress

Whiskey Ring

scandal exposed in 1875/ a group of officials who were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars/uncovered in Grant's administration

Force Acts of 1870

struck at the KKK with these basically; placed elections under federal jurisdiction and imposed fines and prison sentences on persons convicted of interfering with any citizen's exercise of the franchise///series of four acts passed by Republican Reconstruction supporters in the Congress between May 31, 1870, and March 1, 1875, to protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The major provisions of the acts authorized federal authorities to enforce penalties upon anyone interfering with the registration, voting, officeholding, or jury service of blacks; provided for federal election supervisors; and empowered the president to use military forces to make summary arrests.

Tweed Ring

super duper rich landowner in the north; Corrupt New York City political machine led by "Boss" Tweed/ used tactics such as bribery, graft, and fradulent elections; in 1871, the New York Times published evidence of Tweed's corruption and illegal activities, leading to his arrest and conviction.///"The Tweed ring at its height was an engineering marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points: the courts, the legislature, the treasury and the ballot box. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an elegance of structure: money-laundering, profit sharing and organization."