APUSH Terms 4-9

Coureurs de Bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

lower house, "Assembly"

1600s - 1700s most of the colonal legislatures had two houses: a lower house elected by the people of the colony and an upper house appointed by the governor. Over time, the lower house became more powerful because it reflected the needs and desires of the people, while the upper house was merely a figurehead.

Albany Congress

1754, Intercolonial congress. Urged the Crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and Parliament did not accept it.

Battle of Quebec

1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered. It was considered to be one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Stamp Act

1765; imposed a direct tax by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America, and it required that many printed materials in the colonies beproduced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies.

New Amsterdam

17th-century Dutch colonial settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as capital city of New Netherland. It was renamed New York in 1665 in honor of the Duke of York when English forces seized control of Manhattan along with the rest of the Dutch colony.

New Netherlands

17th-century colonial province of the Seven United Netherlands that was located on the east coast of North America. The claimed territories extended from the Delmarva Peninsula to southwestern Cape Cod. The colony was conceived as a private business venture to exploit the North American fur trade.

Enlightenment

18th century euro philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge. Provided frame work for r both Americans and French Revolution and rise of capitalism.

Quebec

1st permanent French colony; founded by Samuel de Champlain

Regulator Movement

A North and South Carolina uprising, lasting from about 1765 to 1771, in which citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. Though unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War

New York Charter of Liberties

(1683) Granted freedom of religion to all Christians and gave all freeholders the right to vote. Long Islanders had refused to pay their taxes to protest lack of elected assembly. It was important as a step leading to eventual democracy in New York. Limitations included much land in the hands of a few landowners or speculators, and New York retained feudalistic traits more than any other colony in the North.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the British and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The British won.

Baron de Montesquieu

(During the enlightenment) the spirit of laws--his book created checks and balances, seperation of powers among 3 branches political power needs to be divided `

Quakers

A group arose in England in the mid-1600s, were called Quakers; name derived from when they supposedly quaked when under deep religious emotion; were originally known as the Religious Society of Friends; Quakers were offensive to authorities both religious and civil; refused to support the established Church of England w/ taxes; built simple meetinghouses without a paid clergy; believed were all children in the sight of God; addressed people with thee's and thou's; would take no oaths because Jesus had condemned "Swear not at all" Abhorred strife and warfare and refused military service; were a simple devoted democratic people

Jesuits

A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

checks and balances

A system that ensured that no particular branch of government gained too much power over another. It demonstrated the fear of absolute power in one group/individual as well as preventing one branch from overpowering the others.

separation of powers

A system that separated the powers of government into three separate branches to limit arbitrary excesses by the government. It led to the system of checks and balances so that the government would not become centered on one branch.

internal taxes

A tax that is put in place to raise money for Britain.

external taxes

A tax that is put in place to regulate trade and commerce

enumerated articles

Act forbade the importing into or the exporting from the British colonies of any goods except in English or colonial ships and it forbade certain enumerated articles -- tobacco, sugar, cotton, wool, dyeing woods, etc. -- to he shipped toany country, except to England or some English plantation.

Declaratory Act

Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal and save face. The declaration stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies.

Molasses Act

Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies.

Samuel Adams

American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.

Voyageurs

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.

Mercantilism

An economic doctrine based on the theory that a nation benefits by accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.

Whig ideology

Believed that governments needed to be watched because they try to limit the rights of people.

Albany Plan for Union

Benjamin Franklin created plan for colonial home rule: dealt with defense and Indian affairs.

George Grenville

British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. Grenville was born into an influential political family and first entered Parliament in 1741 as an MP for Buckingham. He emerged as one of Cobham's Cubs, a group of young members of Parliament associated with Lord Cobham.

Molasses Act

British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

Ft. Duquesne

French fort at the head of the Ohio River that Braddock tried to capture (he was killed in the retreat) and was finally blown up by the French in 1758, rebuilt by the British and renamed Ft. Pitt

Paxton Boys

Frontiersmen of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. They are widely known for murdering 20 Susquehannock in events collectively called the Conestoga Massacre.

Germans

German 4.5% of the colonies -Fled from religious persecution, economic oppression, and war in early 1700's -Settled mostly in Pennsylvania.; comprised 1/3 of its population -Primarily Lutheran -No loyalty to British crown. -Retained German language and customs.

James Otis

Lawyer in colonial Massachusetts, a member of the Massachusetts provincial assembly, and an early advocate of the Patriot views against British policy thatled to the American Revolution. His catchphrase "Taxation without representation is tyranny" became the basic Patriot position.

Africans

Lived as slaves during this 1700's with the South holding 90% of them

Stamp Act Congress

Meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765 in New York City, consisting of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America; it was the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation.

Currency Act

Name of several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulatedpaper money issued by the colonies of British America. The Acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency. The policy created tension between the colonies and Great Britain, and was cited as a grievance by colonists early in the American Revolution.

Baptists

Non established religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening

Sons of Liberty

Organization of American patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the abuses of the British government. They are best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in reaction to the Tea Act, which led to the Intolerable Acts (an intense crackdown by the British government), and a counter-mobilization by the Patriots

Quartering Act

Parliament enacted them to order local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations. It also required citizens to provide food for any British soldiers in the area. Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act and required annual renewal by Parliament.

New Jersey

Part of the state was settled by Dutch and Swedish as New Netherland and New Sweden. In 1664 the entire area was surrendered to the English, and given its name. With ratification of the Treaty of Westminster in 1674, they formally gained control of the region until the American Revolution.

Navigation Laws

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

English (and Welsh)

Population breakdown: 1790 English & Welsh (66%): English was dominant language; British institutions

"salutary neglect"

Prime Minister Robert Walpole's policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.

direct representation

Proposed form of representative democracy where each representative's vote is weighted in proportion to the number of citizens who have chosenthat candidate to represent them.

Great Awakening

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

William Penn

Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.

Sugar Acts

Revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5,1764. The preamble to the act stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same." The earlier Molasses Act of 1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707, Great Britain) and its colonies, a process which had started in 1651. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France, and other European countries.

no taxation without representation

Slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the British colonists hardy in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution. Many in those colonies believed that, as they were not directly represented in the distant British Parliament, any laws it passed taxing the colonists were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen.

virtual representation

Stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway.

salutary neglect

Term used in the American history, referring to an unofficial and long-lasting 17th- & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England.

"old lights" vs. "new lights"

The "new lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening which broke away from the Congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established Congregational church.

Congregational Church

The Congregational Church was founded by separatists who felt that the Church of England retained too many Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. The Pilgrims were members of the Congregational Church.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Fur trade

The trading of animal pelts (especially beaver skins) by Indians for European goods in North America.

"Old Immigration"

These were immigrants that came during the first phase of immigration (1840s) who were usually Irish and German. These people were second generation, which meant that they have assimilated into America, gotten into politics, and opened their own shops. Their position in government and hypocritical nature made them hostile to new immigrants, passing laws against them.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British.

Pontiac's Rebellion

War that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754-1763).

writs of assistance

Written order (a writ) issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official, such as a sheriff or a tax collector, to perform a certain task. Historically, several types of writs have been called "writs of assistance". Most often; a writ of assistance is "used to enforce an order for the possession of lands".

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

Wrote "A Wealth of Nations" which advocated for the government to stay out of the economy. He called for laissez faire economics.

upper house, "Council"

a body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on affairs of state.

Iroquois

a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK, aided British in French and Indian war

Phillis Wheatley

a slave girl never formally educated; she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope. First African-American poet published in the United States.

George Whitefield

amazing religious speaker, instilled great emotion in his listeners

"Holy Experiment"

attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension. William Penn sought to create the "Holy Experiment" in Pennsylvania and he did this by creating a liberal frame of government, and attracting all sorts of people, including many Quakers, who made up the "Holy Experiment". They sought to treat the Native Americans fairly and not cheat them out of their land.

John Locke

believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property; stated the government is "created by the people for the people"

Peter Minuit

director of the Dutch colony of New Netherland from 1626 until 1633; founder of the colony of New Sweden in 1638. He purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on May 24, 1626 for goods valued at 60 Dutch guilders, which in the 19th century was estimated to be the equivalent of $24.

Washington's Ohio Mission

effectively the beginning of the F&I War - in 1749, a group of Virginians (incl. G. Washington) secured "legal rights" to French Ohio Valley region, where French in progress of creating a chain of forts commanding the Ohio River - in 1754 Virginian governor commanded G. Washington to Ohio with 150 Virginian militiamen - opened fire, killing French leader

Pennsylvania

founded by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II. The name, translates roughly as "Penn's Woods". The colony promoted religious toleration, but was settled mostly by the Quakers and German Mennonites.

Charter Colonies

in this type of colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation and based on an agreed-upon charter, electors among the colonists would control the government

Patroonship

landholder in New Netherland who, under Dutch colonial rule, was granted proprietary and manorial rights to a large tract of land in exchange for bringing 50 new settlers to the colony.

Peter Stuyvesant

last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He expanded, for the settlement of New Amsterdam, beyond the southern tip of Manhattan.

Arminianism

named after Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius; belief that individual free will determined person's salvation, not divine decree; all humans could be saved if they accepted God's grace

Scots-Irish

not Irish at all, but Scots Lowlanders; mainly in Pennsylvania; most land already taken by others --> among first settlers of the west; restless, used temporary shelters; violent towards Indians; known as lawless and individualistic (brought knowledge of whiskey distilling)

Proprietary Colonies

owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property

New York

part of New Netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. In 1626, the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans. In 1664, England renamed the colony New York, after the Duke of York

Manhattan Island

permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam.

Delaware

region of the Province of Pennsylvania although never legally a separate colony. From 1682 to 1776 it was part of the Penn proprietorship and was known as the lower counties. In 1701 it gained a separate Assembly from the three upper counties but had the same Governor as the rest of Pennsylvania.

"right to rebellion"

right to overthrow the government by the people

townhall meetings

semi democratic-white christian males Representative system

Jonathan Edwards

spoke with burning righteousness; proclaimed need for complete dependence on God's grace, not good works; described hell and enternal torments of the damned

Presbyterian Church

the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of John Calvin

mercantilism

the economic theory that all parts of a nation's or empire's economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state/empire; hence, that colonial economic welfare should be subordinated to that of the imperial power. (This system was embraced by the British and opposed by many colonists who believed they were being used for the mother country's sole benefit).

Anglican Church

the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs), created by Henry VIII

Royal Colonies

type of colony that was under the jurisdiction of the crown of a royal country. as in the case of England, each of these types of colonies was ruled by a royal governor who carried out the instructions of the crown, which were not exactly commands to the governor, more like strong suggestions. Massachusetss, New York, New Jersey, North and South Carolina, and Georgia were all converted into this type of colonies under William and Mary.

Leisler's Rebellion

uprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which German-American merchant and militia captain, Jacob Leisler seized control of the colony's south and ruled it from 1689 to 1691. Royal authority was not restored until 1691, when English troops and a new governor were sent to New York. Leisler was arrested by these forces, who tried and convicted him of treason, he was then executed.

King George III

King of England during the Seven Years' War. He was a young, stubborn leader, who tried to assert the power of the monarchy; he was a good man, but poor leader.

squatters

Dutch, Swedish, English and Welsh people who were scattered along the banks of the Delaware River when Penn came to formally launch his colony.

Quakers

Christian denomination that believed in "priesthood of all believers". Most Quakers first moved to New Jersey, but the colony was then a failure and followed William Penn to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania turned out to be a safe place for Quakers to live and practice their faith. They have been a significant part in the abolition of slavery, equal rights for women, and peace.

classical liberalism

Classical Liberalism / Laissez Faire was an economic and governmental policy that called for limited government, property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, free trade, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. This policy was first developed by John Locke and was beliefs of the Founding Fathers. The Jeffersonians and Jacksonians also practiced laissez-faire policies.

Benjamin Franklin

During the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin served as an ambassador to France. Franklin was the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention and his advice proved crucial in the drafting of the Constitution. Franklin has often been held up as the paradigm of Enlightenment throughout in Colonial America because of his contributions to the fields of science and philosophy

Huron

Indian tribes that were helped by the French to defeat the Iroquois ( British Allies)

Proclamation of 1763

Issued on October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, in which it forbade settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.

"natural rights"

Jefferson used Natural Rights in the declaration of Independence and he gave his appeal universality by invoking "natural rights" not just British rights. (John Locke)

admiralty courts

Juryless courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters related to maritime activities, such as disputes between merchants and seamen. Judges were given 5% of confiscated cargo, if they found a smuggling defendant guilty. This gave judges financial incentive to find defendants guilty.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Zenger Case

The Zenger Case was a trial against the author of an article in a New York newspaper that criticized a corrupt British governor. Zenger was charged with sedition and libel, but he was acquitted.

Triangular Trade

The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.