APUSH Terms

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Oklahoma Land Rush

1889; former Indian lands;opened up for settlement, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)

Blitzkreig

"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Herbert Spencer

"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures

Congregation

"flock" or gathering of people for religious worship

King William's War

(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Seneca Falls

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Mary Pickford

(1892 - 1979) A Canadian movie star who went to Hollywood in the 1920s and became known as "America's sweetheart."

Plessy vs. Ferguson

(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendment) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Trust Busting

(Law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

Pottawatomie

(May 24, 1856) the slaughter of 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas by John Brown and his followers, in reaction to the Sack of Lawrence; as a result of this event, Kansas collapsed into a civil war and over 200 citizens were killed as pro and antislavery advocates attacked each other

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Shiloh and Vicksburg

Ulysses S. Grant's major victories from the War.

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Major battles of WWI

Verdun, the Somme, Gallipoli, Tannenburg

Thomas Dew

Was an American educator and writer. He was the thirteenth president of The College of William & Mary.

bracket creep

When average tax payers are gradually pushed into higher and higher tax brackets over time due to rising average incomes.

Illinois Central

When it was finished in 1856, it was the longest railroad in the world and one of the first company to use lobbyists.

A Peace Without Victory

Wilson's hope for the outcome of the war

hillbilly

a disparaging term for an unsophisticated person

bounties

payments of money to a person to enlist in the armed services

Anti-Catholicism

the fear that Catholic immigrants threatened the American way of life

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60%

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

John Glenn

1962: first American to orbit the Earth, made three orbits

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Walter Webb

A 20th-century U.S. historian and author noted for his groundbreaking historical work on the American West.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Beecher's Bibles

A New Haven abolitionist minister called Sharp's rifles a greater moral force than the Bible in keeping slavery out of Kansas. This helped increase the tension as Kansas became an armed camp.

The Prophet

A Shawnee Indian leader whose brother was Tecumseh

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Munn vs. Illinois

A Supreme Court Case that allowed the state governments to regulate the railroads in favor of farmers or Grangers

Henry Teller

A U.S. politician from Colorado, serving as a US senator between 1876-1882 and 1885-1909. He also served as Secretary of the Interior between 1882 and 1885. He strongly opposed the Dawes Act, intended to break up communal Native American lands and force assimilation of the people.

Civil Rights Act of 1960

A United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register to vote.

Olive Branch Petition

A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain

David Walker

A free African American who urged blacks to take their freedom by force

Oneida

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. By John Humphrey Noyes, called a "free love" community.

NAACP

A group that attempted to defend all colored people.

Headrights

A legal grant of land to settlers

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Gold Rush

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

The Great Society

A plan which included: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Medicare, Medicaid, the War on Poverty, and programs offering federal aid for education.

White Man's Burden

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

A relief effort for the unemployeed with immediate relief goals

Space Shuttle

A rocket-launched spacecraft able to land like an unpowered aircraft, used for journeys between earth and craft orbiting the earth.

Darwinism

A theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley

social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Job Corp

A work training program for young people between the ages of 16 and 21

Writs of Assitance

A written order (a writ) issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official, such as a sheriff or a tax collector, to perform a certain task.

American Expeditionary Forces

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

union recognition

Acceptance by an employer of a union as the collective bargaining representative of his workers.

Landrum-Griffin Act

Act that protects the rights of union members from corrupt or discriminatory labor unions; also known as Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA)

Death of FDR

After returning from the Yalta conference, FDR experienced increasingly poor health until he died on April 12, 1945

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

War Relocation Authority

Agency for rounding up more than 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast and interning them in camps located in the western mountains and the desert. The Japanese Americans were forced to abandon their property. Most were released by late 1944 and allowed to return to the West Coast in early 1945.

three-fifths compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

gentlemen's agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

CENTO

Alliance designed to prevent Soviet expansion to the south

Leland Stanford

American financier of the Central Pacific Railroad (built 1863-1869) and founder of Stanford University (1885).

John Hancock

American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

draft dodgers

Americans who opposed the war and left the US rather than fight

Nonintercourse Act

An 1809 law that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France

Jimmy Carter

An American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize

John F. Kennedy

An American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until he was assassinated in November 1963.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Truth in Lending Act

An act which requires lenders to inform borrowers of all direct, indirect and true costs of credit.

Molly Maguires

An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence

Cuban Missile Crisis

An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

National Women's Suffrage Association

An organization to work for women's right including voting rights, legal rights, political & economic rights

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Democratic Party

Andrew Jackson decided to create this new party after becoming angry with the Democratic-Republicans during the election of 1824. Pro property rights (slavery) and Rights of the Common Man. Mostly Southerners and Westerners supported this.

Appomattox Courthouse

April 1865., the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assasination

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Harlan F. Stone

Associate Justice(1925-1941); Chief Justice (1941-1946)

Vienna Conference

At this, Khrushchev tries to use the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion to get Kennedy to agree to get out of Berlin

Salary Grab

Attempt by Senate to double their pay, is met by public outrage

judicial review

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

isolationism

Avoiding foreign affairs.

Chateau Thierry

Battle where Americans saw their first serious action; helped turn back a German offensive on the Marne River in June 1918

Predestination

Belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of life is already determined by God

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

Cohens vs. Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony. Mayflower.

merger

Combination of two or more companies into a single firm

Dixiecrats

Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a candidate.

Whigs

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Twentieth Amendment

Constitutional amendment moving presidential inauguration from March to January

Equal Rights Amendment

Constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Diem government

Corrupt Vietnam government in Saigon which the CIA held a coup against in 1963

Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Roscoe Pound

Defined law as having multiple meanings including the legal order, the aggregate of legal precepts, and the judicial process

satellites

Eastern European countries conquered by the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Rockefeller Foundation

Establishment that provided funds to found the University of Chicago, and created a medical institute that helped cure yellow fever

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

European imperialism

Europeans had sought to expand the size of their nation seeking raw materials.

Locofocos

Extremest democrats, attacked monopolies

Russia and the Pacific Coast

Fight over Alaska.

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino General - helped US take Philipines during Spanish-American war - helped Philippines gain freedom from US

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Bartolome de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Sam Houston

First president of the Republic of Texas

Charles Talleyrand

French supporter of Metternich's balance of power idea, signed the alliance against Russia & Prussia, wanted balanced power

Queen Isabella

Funded Columbus' voyage to the West and West Indies.

Granger Laws

Granger's state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

John Quincy Adams- Sec. of State

Had a design for continental expansion that required lessening Spanish claims east and west of the Mississippi.

Eldridge Cleaver

He was a black activist who wrote Soul on Ice. He was an influential black power advocate.

Timothy S. Arthur

He wrote "Ten Nights in a Bar," a book that promoted legal prohibition of alcohol.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

border states

In the Civil War the states between the North and the South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri

Specie Resumption Act

Issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers

Election of 1964

LBJ beats Senator Goldwater who voted against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican

unionism

Labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union

Missouri Compromise

Missouri= slave state Maine= free soil 36.30 line (Mason Dixon line)

Oliver North

National Security Council; headed the initiative in the Iran-Contra Scandal; convicted of perjury but later overturned

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Harry Hopkins

One of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration

Anti-Imperialists

Opposed annexation of Philippines; believed that maintaining a large costly fleet would tax the national economy

William Crawford

Property protection (slavery) in the election of 1824.

farm tenancy

Rather than farm ownership; trend especially marked in sharecropping South; 1880 1/4 of all American farms operated by tenants

Berlin blockade and airlift

Stalin's attempt to block access to Berlin. Truman sent a huge airlift to Berlin with food, fuel, and equipment to stock the City with supplies.

Taft and trust busting

Supported Mann-Elkins Act, which beefed up the ICC regulation. It extended to telephone, telegraph companies. He prosecuted more trusts than TR, but had little publicity.

Benjamin Harrison

The 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893)

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Chickamauga and Chattanooga

The Confederacy's only major victory in the Western Theater, after leaving a huge gap in the Union lines at this battle, Confederate forces were able to attack and force the retreat of the entire Union army.

Adlai Stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

supreme law of the land

The U.S. Constitution's description of its own authority, meaning that all laws made by governments within the United States must be in compliance with the Constitution.

UN police action

The United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

Desegregation

The act of freeing of any law, provision, or practice requiring isolation of the members of a particular race in separate units

ABC mediation

The conference in which the U.S. and 3 South American nations encouraged Huerta to resign

U-2 incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

vertical combination

The integration within one company of individual businesses working separately in related phases of the production and sale of a product.

miscegenation

The interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types.

Inchon landing

The landing of UN troops, by General Douglas MacArthur, behind enemy lines at Inchon in Korea. In order to push back the North Korean troops.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

The last two strategically important islands held by the Japanese in the War in the Pacific. The Japanese lost more than 130,000 men defending the islands they considered as the gateway to their homeland, and the Americans lost more than 19,000 soldiers.

Pierre T. L'Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian Revolution

University of Chicago

The major university funded by Rockefeller

The Founding Fathers

The men who attended one or more sessions of the convention at the Philadelphia State House from May to Sept. 1787. Well educated men of the time who were mostly property owners. Feared "turbulence and follies" of democracy. Leaders of writing constitution.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Conway Cabal

The name given to the New England delegates in the Continental Congress who tried to wrest control of the Continental Army and the Revolution away from George Washington. Named after Major General Thomas Conway.

"Mr. Madison's War"

The name given to the War of 1812 by pro-British Federalists. The War of 1812 was fought to gain Canada and was opposed by the Federalists. The War of 1812 is considered America's second war of independence, and resulted in a wave of nationalism that swept throughout the country.

Railroad Administration

The name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States between 1917 and 1920. It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency

William Henry Harrison

The ninth President of the United States, an American military officer with the Battle of Tippecanoe and politician, and the first president to die in office.

pardon of Nixon

The pardon of Richard Nixon, which occurred in 1974, was US history's most significant presidential pardon. Given by Gerald Ford, the President at that point in time, the pardon of Richard Nixon removed all punishment towards Richard Nixon as a result of Nixon's attempt to steal information from the Democratic Party at Watergate. Richard Nixon was impeached as a result of the Watergate incident, although he did not have to serve any time in prison as a result of this pardon. This is significant as this was the first and only pardon of a presidential impeachment.

demobilization

The postwar process of dismissing the troops from military service and dismantling the war machine

rights of property

The rights of having slaves

Laos and Cambodia

The two neutral countries Ho Chi Minh trailed through to get supplies from the NV to the VC

Report on Public Credit

This was the first of three major reports on economic policy issued by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States. Hamilton proposed a remarkable set of policies for handling the debt problem. All debts were to be paid at face value. The Federal government would assume all of the debts owed by the states, and it would be financed with new U.S. government bonds paying about 4% interest.

Reagan Democrats

Traditional Democratic middle-class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s.

Committee on Civil Rights

Truman bypassed the southern Democrats in key seats in Congress and established this committee to challenge racial discrimination in 1946.

Bataan and Corregidor

Two sites of American defeat in the Philippines.

Limited Nuclear

On August 6, 1963, after more than eight years of difficult negotiations, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed this

Chesapeake and Ohio

On January 29, 1873, this railroad, which linked the Atlantic Coast with the midwestern United States, was completed, with the last spike driven at Hawk's Nest in Fayette County.

Chesapeake vs. Leopard

On June 22, 1807, the Chesapeake, commanded by Commodore Barron, met the H.M.S Leopard outside of the Capes. The Leopard attacked and boarded the Chesapeake, and after a short battle, Barron surrendered his vessel to the British.

Assassination of JFK

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Jacqueline. As the president and the First Lady rode through the streets in an open car, several shots rang out. Kennedy slumped against his wife. The car sped to a hospital, but the president was dead. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office as president. Johnson appointed Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States, to head a commission to investigate the Kennedy shooting. After months of study, the Warren Commission issued its report. Oswald had acted on his own. Many people believed the assassination was a conspiracy, or secret plot.

Collis P. Huntington

One of the Big Four with Leland Stanford, he was involved in both railroads and shipping. He founded Newport News Shipping, the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.

Knights of Labor

One of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

Army of Northern Virginia

One of the three major armies of the Confederacy (also called the South, and referred to as Rebels or Rebs). Its first mission was to defend Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Its second mission was to defeat the Army of the Potomac.

Lord Cornbury

One of the worst colonial governors, was a cousin of Queen Anne, who made him governor of New York and New Jersey.

Railroad Strike of 1877

One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed.

Oregon and California Trails

Oregon and California: 1840 people got "Oregon fever" (also travelled to California but at time still Mexican territory) b/c of fertile land, mild climate, forests w/ game; influenced by manifest destiny, land hunger, missionaries; in 1840s gold discovered in California, furthered idea of manifest destiny

Office of War Information

Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Red Grange

Outstanding football player at University of Illinois

Panic of 1819

Over extension of credit by the Bank of the US caused this depression.

Achille Lauro

PLO highjacks Italian passenger ship, and kills an American Jewish passenger. US retaliates and declares PLO as a terrorist organization.

Medicare Act

Part of President Johnson's Great Society legislative program. Medicaid provides health insurance for the poor, and Medicare provides health insurance for individuals sixty-five and over and the disabled.

League of Nations Covenant

Part of Versailles Treaty. Great step forward from international anarchy of 1914. U.S. Never Joined - Senate Wouldn't Ratify Despite Best Efforts of Woodrow Wilson. Germany did not join until 1926. Russia joined in 1934. League would only be as powerful as powers would allow it to be . Started operations in 1920 at HQ in Geneva, Switzerland.

Bureau of Corporations

Part of the Department of Labor created in 1903. The Bureau was given authority to investigate corporations and issue reports of their activities.

Primogeniture and Entail

Part of the two legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property. required that a man's real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son. The second required that property could only be left to direct descendants (usually sons), and not to persons outside of the family.

Twenty-first Amendment

Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime.

Morrill Land Act

Passed by Congress in 1862, this law distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges.

Panama Canal Treaties

Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Twenty-second amendment

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

Mayaguez incident

Peace time military rescue operation conducted by American armed forces against Cambodia

Jayhawkers

People in Kansas who were anti-slavery and willing to use violence

bootleggers

People who produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages illegally during the era of Prohibition

Imperialists

People who want a national policy of gaining foreign territories or establishing dominance over other nations; claim other countries

fourty-niners

People who went to California in search of gold in 1849

Utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

John Sutter's mill

Place where gold was found in California in 1848

Election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

assumption of state debts

Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another

Albany Plan of Union

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

cash and carry

Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Latin American Revolutions

Political revolutions in various Latin American countries beginning in the late 18th century. These revolutions were aimed at overthrowing the European powers that controlled these nations. Many were successful, but few achieved the success of the American Revolution..

Wendell Wilkie

Popular choice for Republican nominee in election of 1940. Criticized New Deal, but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain. Lost to Roosevelt.

Rudolph Valentino

Popular movie star and heart throb of the 1920's

Tampico and Vera Cruz incidents

Port cities where clashes between Mexicans and American military forces nearly led to war in 1914

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Bernard Bailyn

Post-revisionist author of "The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution" who argued that a genuine ideology motivated the colonists to act and that the Revolution above all else was a political struggle.

Occupation of Germany

Postwar Germany was divided by the Allies into 4 occupation zones. US, France, Britain, and USSR each had a zone. Although Berlin was in the Soviet zone, the city itself was divided as well. The division of Germany into these zones was discussed at Yalta.

reserved powers

Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people

concurrent powers

Powers of government exercised independently by both the federal and state governments, such as the power to tax.

delegated powers

Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money.

Modern Republicanism

President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.

war on poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Charles Eliot

President of Harvard in 1896. Reduced the number of required courses and introduced electives to accommodate the teaching of modern languages and sciences.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

double digit inflation

Price increases rising at 10 to 99%/yr due to inflation.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since the 1866 and 1875 Acts.

POWs

Prisoner of war was a combatant who is impressed by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

Missouri ruffians

Pro-slavery activists from the slave state of Missouri, who in 1854 to 1860 crossed the state border into Kansas Territory, to force the acceptance of slavery there.

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

natural rights philosophy

Proposed by John Locke, it said that human beings had by nature certain rights, such as the rights to life, liberty, and property.

James Tallmadge

Proposed two amendments to the Missouri statehood bill: one to prohibit bringing in of slaves and one to slowly emancipate slaves

National parks and forests

Protects the West's environment. Roosevelt established these in order to preserve the wildlife.

Rural Electrification Act

Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas

G.I. Bill

Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

Book of Mormon

Published by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was named for the ancient prophet who was claimed to have written in. It was, he said, a translation of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. It told the story of two successful ancient American civilizations, whose people had anticipated the coming of Christ and were rewarded when Jesus actually came to America after his resurrection. Ultimately, however, both civilizations collapsed.

The Great Migration

Puritan migration of the 1630's.

Covenant Theology

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

Conservative revolution

Push by conservative religious groups to restore more traditional, Christian values, in response to tremendous social changes in the 60s and 70s

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

John Anderson

Ran against Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter on the independent ticket, tallying 7 percent of the popular vote and not a single electoral vote.

Election of 1984

Reagan ran against Walter Mondale , who chose Geraldine Ferraro the 1st woman for VP. Reagan won by a landslide with 525 electoral votes

SDI

Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack.

Nat Turner Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

fire-eaters

Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America

Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

The Cold War

Refers to the period following WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.This was a period when much of the world was divided by the communist/non-communist battle for military and political superiority. While the USA and the USSR were unquestionably the world's two superpowers, they avoided direct military conflict. Instead, they sought to bring other countries into their fold.

pooling agreements

Refers to the practice of railroads diving business in a given area and sharing the profit. Shows increasing cooperation by railroads to monopolize the market and maximize profit.

corrupt bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson. Adams made Clay the Sec. of State.

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Bloody shirt

Republican campaign tactic that blamed the Democrats for the Civil War; it was used successfully in campaigns from 1868 to 1876 to keep Democrats out of public office, especially the presidency.

Gun Control Act

Required a serial number and a licensing fee for the firearm manufactures, dealers, and importers. It also prevented interstate sell of handguns.

Coinage Act

Required all currency in the US to be backed by gold; helped cause the Panic of 1873

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Grenada invasion

Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- fire- power invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power

Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

evil empire

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Reagonomics

Ronald Reagan's economic beliefs that a captitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive

Election of 1940

Roosevelt (dem) vs. Wendell Wilkie (rep), Roosevelt wins ; FDR had to declare that he would not send Americans to war in order to win ; greatly plagued the years before WWII ; won in a landslide ; first time a president was elected for a third term

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

National Origins System

Rules that used country of birth to determine whether a person could enter as an illegal alien / # of previous foreign-born immigrants and their descendants used to set quota / favored Northern Europe

Brest-Litovsk Treaty

Russia signed a humiliating peace treaty with Germany at this site and dropped out of the war, marking Russia's exit from World War I by conceding Lithuania, Poland, and Finland. Although Lenin supported peace many other Bolsheviks were not prepared to lose one third of the population to Germany.

Hayes-Tilden Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. 20 electoral votes were disputed, and an electoral commission decided that Hayes was the winner - fraud was suspected.

James Hammond

SC senator who told his fellow senators in 1858 that "the slaveholding south is now the controlling power of the world... no power on earth dares to make war on cotton. Cotton is king."

The Alamo

Santa Anna's army succeeded in late 1836. His force of 4000 men laid siege to San Antonio, whose 200 Texan defenders retreated into an abandoned mission, the Alamo. After repeated attacks, the remaining 187 Texans including Davy Crockett were wiped out and a few weeks later Mexican troops massacred some 350 Teas prisoners.

George Fitzburgh

Says slavery in South is better than wage slavery in North

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

William Borah

Senatorial leader of the isolationist "irreconcilables", who absolutely opposed all American involvement in the League of Nations

reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Nicholas Trist

Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.

John Slidell's mission

Sent to buy off Mexico before the war - Mexico rejected the offer, President Polk told General Taylor to invade, and the war began

First Marne

September 1914. Along Marne River, outskirts of Paris, British/French resistance to German offence at beginning of war. Led to trench warfare.

Nuremburg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

James Garfield

Served as the 20th President of the United States (1881), after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863-81).

War Labor Board

Settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Victoria Woodhull

Shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871. She was a divorcee, sometime stockbroker, and a tireless feminist propagandist.

Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty

Signed 1987 ratified 1988, it eliminated a class of nuclear weapons with a range of 300-3400 miles, over 2600 missiles were destroyed under this by 1991

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time" appeasement to Hitler

Roosevelt revolution

Significant change in American politics, after 1930s became mostly democratic party being majority, hoover=republican, roosevelt= democrat, Blacks became die-hard democrats, women vote more democratic, republicans tend to save money no knew programs

Plains Indians tribes

Sioux, Gros Ventres, Cheyenne, Crow, Arapaho and more

Manila Bay

Site of famous naval battle where Commodore Dewey decimates the Spanish navy

San Juan Hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

MyLai

Small village where U.S. soldiers were accused of murdering hundreds of civilians

Destalinization

Social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Chinese volunteers

Soldiers who pushed back the American advance

Peggy Eaton

Some basic ****, members of Jackson's cabinet thought she was a ****, which started the Petticoat War.

S.C. Ordinance of Nullification

South Carolina's response to the protective tariffs, claimed that since the tariffs were not authorized by the Constitution they were not binding. South Carolina threatened to secede if the federal government tried to enforce the tariffs

bourbon government

Southern restoration movement after the civil war wanted smaller government, civil rights, and industry (pro-business)

Hinton Rowan Helper

Southern who argued against slavery not on moral grounds, but because he believed it was a system that impoverished poor southern whites and kept the South poorer than the North.

unionists

Southerners who remained loyal to the union during the civil war

Soviet dissidents

Soviet citizens who opposed their government, they got the beat down during the Brezhnev regime. When Gorbachev came into power, he released most of the dissidents, including Sakharov.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Joseph Cannon

Speaker of the House during Taft's presidency, he often contested Taft's attempts at reform. Taft's refusal to overcome Cannon's opposition also led the Progressives to lose faith in him. Historians generally consider him to be the most dominant Speaker in United States history, with such control over the House that he could often control debate. Cannon is the second longest-serving Republican Speaker in history,

George Norris

Sponsored the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. In appreciation, the TVA Norris Dam and a new planned city in Tennessee were named after him. Was also the prime Senate mover behind the Rural Electrification Act that brought electrical service to under-served and unserved rural areas across the United States.

Great Depression

Starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WWI contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Schechter Case

Stated that Congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive.

Coal Strike of 1902

Strike by the United Coal Workers of America, threatening to shut down the winter coal supply. Theodore Roosevelt intervened federally, and resolved the dispute

Pennsylvania Coal Strike

Strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal).

Thomas Gallaudet

Studied techniques for instructing hearing impaired people and established the first American school for the hearing impaired

Lecompton Constitution

Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Worcester vs. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Dartmouth vs. Woodward

Supreme Court case which protected contracts and businesses from state control and allowed future corporations to escape public control. Private college stay private.

Martin vs. Mott

Supreme Court ruled that the president had the authority to call out the state militia, an authority that had been exercised during the war of 1812. Unanimous decision, President had ultimate control (James Madison).

crop lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Old Guard vs. Insurgents

Taft had to choose to side with either of these groups

White House tapes

Tapes of all Nixon's conversations in White house, Nixon edited them - tapes show his guilt in Watergate and he resigns

excise taxes

Taxes placed on manufactured products. This tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program.

Solid South

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

massive retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Zachary Taylor

The 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Prior to his presidency, he was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to the rank of major general.

Millard Fillmore

The 13th President of the United States, the last Whig President, and the last President not to be affiliated with either the Democratic or Republican parties

Franklin Pierce

The 14th President of the United States and is the only President from New Hampshire. He was a Democrat and a "doughface" who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate.

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Andrew Johnson

The 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as Abraham Lincoln's vice president at the time of Lincoln's assassination.

Ulysses S. Grant

The 18th President of the United States following his success as military commander in the American Civil War

Twenty-third Amendment

The 1961 constitutional amendment permitting residents of Washington, D.C., to vote in presidential elections.

Rutherford Hayes

The 19th President of the United States (1877-1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.

Grover Cleveland

The 22nd and 24th President of the United States; as such, he is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms and to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.

The Monster

The 2nd Bank of the United States name

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States. Born to a Quaker family, was a professional mining engineer.

Harry Truman

The 33rd President of the United States of America. The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, who succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health.

Dwight Eisenhower

The 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander

Lyndon Johnson

The 36th President of the United States, a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States

Richard Nixon

The 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office.

Gerald Ford

The 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and prior to this, was the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974.

Great Northern Railway

The Great Northern had to stop construction in 1886 to wait for the government's negotiations for Indian lands. The 1887 agreement over the Sweetgrass Hills gave the Great Northern Railway a 75-foot right-of-way over the Rocky Mountains and through western Montana—plus permission to use all the stone and lumber it needed for construction. While the railroad waited, it stockpiled thousands of tons of building materials at Minot, Dakota Territory. Then, in the spring of 1887, Hill's track-laying crew started westward

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,

Craig et al. vs. Missouri

The Missouri legislature, in 1821, established an office for issuing paper Money that would be loaned to debt-burdened Missouri farmers. When Hiram Craig defaulted on his loan, a suit was brought in the circuit court of Chariton County to force payment. This court and the Missouri Supreme Court decided that Craig must pay. In an opinion rendered by Chief Justice John Marshall, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the decision, ruling that the loan-office certificates were unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state.

John Poindexter

The National Security Adviser convicted for his involvement and role in the Iran-Contra scandal.

French and Indian War

The North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies.

OPEC Oil Embargo

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.

The Populist Revolt

The People's Party, also known as the "Populists", was a short-lived political party in the United States established in 1891.

executive privelege

The President's right to withhold information from or refuse to testify before Congress or the courts.

Election of 1868

The Republicans nominated General Grant for the presidency in 1868. The Republican Party supported the continuation of the Reconstruction of the South, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour. Grant won the election of 1868.

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or _______ because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Afghanistan War

The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a nine-year proxy war during the Cold war involving the Soviet Union, supporting the Marxist-Leninist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan against the Afghan Mujahideen guerrilla movement and foreign "Arab-Afghan" volunteers

nationalism of judiciary

The Supreme Court decided again and again that the Federal Government could imply powers not specifically stated in the Constitution. Anything not specifically barred was allowable. This meant we evolved into a country with a strong Federal Government and weak State Governments.

Warren Burger

The Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremly controversal case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.

Thirteenth Amendment

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Army-McCarthy hearings

The Trials in which Senator McCarthy accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthy's irresponsibility and meanness.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Election of 1948

The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.

Roe vs. Wade

The U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right to privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

Destroyer-Naval Base Deal

The US loaned Great Britain some old destroyers four stackers and in return the US leased bases on British lands

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

nonimportation

The act of not importing or using certain goods

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Italian campaign

The allied campaign to take Italy. It took 18 months, from 1943-1944. Italy surrendered after many beach landings and other dangerous tactics.

paternalism

The attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good

wildcat banks

The banks of the western frontier. These banks were hit hard by the Panic of 1819. The Bank of the United States' response to the panic of 1819 made the nationalist bank a financial devil in the eyes of wildcat banks.

Boycott of 1767

The boycott of British goods until people got taxation with representation.

Bank of the U.S.

The central bank of the nation designed to facilitate the issuance of a stable national currency and to provide a convenient means of exchange for the people. The bank was responsible for providing the nation economic stability. Part of Hamilton's plan

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

expansionism

The doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country

Zebulon Pike Expedition

The expedition that explored the Southern Louisiana territory

Okies

The farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Civil Rights Act of 1866

The first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law.

Belleau Wood

The first battle that America was seriously involved in. They dug no trenches, and fought bravely. Great casualties were suffered, but emerged victorious.

Baltimore and Ohio

The first company to begin actual road operations, which opened a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830.

Gary Hart

The fore-runner for the Democratic nomination in the election of 1988. He was forced to drop out of the race in May 1987 after charges of sexual misconduct.

Alfred Landon

The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man".

Tokyo Raid

The intense bombings on Japan that lead to the capture of off shore islands and 63 cities. Japanese found themselves on the outside looking in.

Portsmouth Conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

Newburgh Conspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan.

brinksmanship

The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Central Pacific

The railroad company based on the West Coast that helped build the transcontinental railroad; starting point was Sacramento, California

Southern Pacific

The railroad completed in 1884 that extended from New Orleans to San Francisco and finally gave the South its direct link to the west coast

new immigration

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

Santiago Bay

The site of the US destruction of the Spanish fleet, Spain asked for US terms of peace after realizing it couldn't fight without a navy

reconversion

The social and economic transition from wartime to peacetime.

Hundred Days

The special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

The Grapes of Wrath

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck

Waltham System

The system of employing young, unmarried females to work in the mills and live in company boardinghouses

continuous voyage

The term for the justification used by Northern captains for seizing British ships not headed for Southern ports but believed to have the South as their ultimate destination.

sociological jurisprudence

The theory that law is the product of social forces and social movements involving different segments of the population.

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville

The two main victories the South had.

Conscience and Cotton Whigs

The two parties that the Whigs split into

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Ludlow Massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado in the on April 20, 1914.

Thorstein Veblin

Theroy of middle class-conspicuos consumption

poor whites

They rented farm land from landowners and paid for rent with crops. Owned no slaves, but could vote.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Roy Wilkins

This African American was the Executive Secretary for the NAACP from 1949 to 1977, a time of the major civil rights movement activity and a time of considerable racial turbulence in this country. He left the Kansas City Call newspaper to join the NAACP as assistant executive secretary under Walter White. He took over as editor of Crisis in 1934, succeeding W.E.B. Du Bois. During his tenure as Executive Director, he led and supported sit-in protests and the March on Washington. He was the leader behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It was his leadership that guided the NAACP to ensure the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act and the 1968 Fair Housing Act. Name this civil rights leader.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

The Federalist Papers

This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.

National Conservation Committee

This commission was created in 1908 by Theodore Roosevelt to achieve more efficient and responsible management of the nation's resources. Roosevelt was upset when Congress stopped funding the commission because the nation was not yet interested in environmental conservation.

London Naval Conferences

This consisted of three major international naval conferences in London, the first in 1908-09, the second in 1930 and the third in 1935. The latter two, together with the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22 and the Geneva Conferences (1927 and 1932), resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

This gave the president authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States."

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Northern Pacific

This railroad ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound. The terminus of this railroad was in Tacoma.

New York Central

This railroad ran from New York City to Chicago and operated more than 4500 miles of track. Owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt

Credit Mobilier scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

the strenuous life

This small but concentrated book is a collection of Roosevelt's published commentaries and public addresses on what is necessary for a vital and healthy political, social and individual life.

Bunau-Varilla Treaty

This treaty between US and Bunau-Varilla of Pana granted the US a 10 mile strip of land across Panama for $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000.

The Great Awakening

This was a major religious revival in the colonies, which began in the 1730's with its leader being Jonathan Edwards.

Point Four Program

This was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech.

Armistice 1918

This was the agreement between the Allies and Central Powers that ended the fighting after WWI. This marked a victory for the Allies and stated that the Central Powers lost. The Germans responded to Woodrow Wilson's 14 points as a peace treaty.

Universalists

Those who believe that some fundamental ethical principles are universal and unchanging. In this vision, these principles are valid regardless of the context or situation.

Dorothea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendent of women nurses for the Union forces.

slaughter of buffalo

To get rid of Plains and Southwest Indians, whites killed the buffalo. The US Army refused to enforce treaties that reserved hunting grounds for exclusive Indian use, so railroads sponsored hints which eastern sportsmen shot at buffalo from slow-moving trains. Even before this, Indians deleted herds by increasing their kills to trade with white and other Indians. Also, in the generally dry years of the 1840s and 50s, Indians relocated to fertile river basins and forced bison out of this grazing territory to face starvation. Whites, too, settled in basin areas, further pushing buffalo out. Lethal animal diseases such as anthrax and brucellosis, brought by white owned livestock, decimated buffalo already weakened by malnutrition and drought. Other livestock devoured Buffalo's food source. By the 1880's only a few hundred remained of the 25 million in 1820.

Treaty of Versailles 1919

Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies

Hay-Herran Treaty

Treaty that opened the door for the building of the Panama Canal; in return for a Canal Zone six miles wide, the United States agreed to pay Colombia Dollar 10 million in cash and a rental fee of $250,000 a year; the United States Senate ratified the Hay-Herran Treaty in 1903 but the Colombian Senate held out for $25 million in cash.

Test Ban Treaty

Treaty that prohibits nuclear weapon tests or any other nuclear explosion, in the atmosphere, outerspace, or nderwater.

Ralph Abernathy

Trusted assistant to Dr. King; tried to keep MLK's plans going after his death with his ambitious "Poor People's Campaign" but it didn't achieve any of the goals they had hoped it would

Izzie and Moe

Two Prohibition agents that were known for hidden tactics and bribery to bust many speakeasies and bootleggers. Acted as consultants to other towns agents and had a price on their head from the mob.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WWI

Sacco and Venzetti

Two men wrongly accused of murder and robbery because they were radical anarchists immigrants, finally sentenced to death in 1927

Jay Gould and Jim Fisk

Two millionaire businessmen who came up with the scheme to corner the gold market during the Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.

CIA and FBI investigations

Two organizations put against each other in the 1970's

Woodward and Bernstein

Two reporters for the Washington Post who uncover the Watergate scandal by constant digging and tips from "Deep Throat" bring down Nixon in 1974

arms for hostages

U.S. offered Iran weapons for use against Iraq in exchange for help in securing release of Americans held hostage by Islam groups in Lebanon.

Amos Kendall

U.S. postmaster general under Jackson and Van Buren. Editor of Washington Globe. Some see him as the intellectual force behind Jackson's presidency. Tutored Sir Henry Clay's children. Part of Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet"

General Assembly

UN in which all member nations have equal representation.

Shah Mohammad Pahlevi

US forced him to replace Mohamed Mossadegh after he was taken from office in CIA coup, acted as pawn for US for the next 25 years in Iran

freedom fighters

US term for local forces resisting communist revolution in developing countries

military advisers

US troops stationed in South Vietnam to help South defend itself from North Vietnamese takeover

Quasi-War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Aimee Semple McPherson

United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)

Organic Act of 1900

United States federal law enacted to provide a government for the territory of Hawaii.

Amnesty Act of 1872

United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy. The original restrictive Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on May 1866.

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

George Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)

Big Bill Haywood

United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

Edward Teller

United States physicist (born in Hungary) who worked on the first atom bombs and the first hydrogen bomb (born in 1908)

Gene Tunney

United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship by defeating Jack Dempsey twice (1898-1978)

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee

Virginia confiscated a land owned by British Loyalist and granted Hunger part of the land. Loyalist sued Hunter for return of the land. Marshal overruled an original ruling and declared the land belonged to the loyalist. States were equally sovereign to the federal government and enforced rights of supreme court over lower courts.

VISTA

Volunteers in Service to America which sent volunteers to help people in poor communties

Gradualists

Want an end to slavery over time. Perhaps enact legislation that sets a date where slave born after date are free.

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Tse Tung and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Jeffery Amherst

Was a British general that led British assault on Louisburg (Nova Scotia) to recapture it in 1758.

Preston Brooks

Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.

David Stephenson

Was a Klan leader or Indiana Grand Dragon. He was convicted of second-degree murder

Second Continental Congress

Was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.

First Continental Congress

Was a convention of delegates from twelve colonies. It was called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament. The Intolerable Acts had punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party.

John Adams

Was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801

Thomas Jefferson

Was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801. Was Washington's Secretary of State

Thomas Eakins

Was a painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He was one of the greatest American painters of his time, an innovating teacher, and an uncompromising realist

Liberty and Victory Loans

Was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time. The Act of Congress which authorized the Liberty Bonds is still used today as the authority under which all U.S. Treasury bonds are issued

Sir Thomas More

Was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.

Just Say No

Was an advertising campaign, part of the U.S. "War on Drugs", prevalent during the 1980s and early 1990s, to discourage children from engaging in recreational drug use. Former First Lady Nancy Regan was involved

Erie Canal

Was completed in 1825 and linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It was very important to the Industrial Revolution and allowed goods to flow between the great lakes and NYC.

Robert Kennedy assassination

Was killed on June 6, 1968 in Los Angeles. Sirhan Sirhan was the assassin. Sirhan Sirhan (Palestinian) was angered by Kennedy's Pro Israeli stance. Presidential campaign on 1968 continued with Hubert Humphrey a clear favorite.

Anna Shaw

Was one of the leaders of the Women's suffrage movement in the United States, she was also physician and minister.

Remagen Bridge

Was supposed to be destroyed by Germans, but instead was the US army's route into Germany over the Rhine River

Frances Perkins

Was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

James Monroe

Was the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, the third of them to die on Independence Day, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation.

Little Rock Central High

Was the site of forced desegregation in 1957 when the governor of Alabama wouldn't allow the "Little Rock nine" access to the school. President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students.

strict construction

Way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Domestic Allotment Act

Way of rewording what was declared unconstitutional in the AAA in order to conserve crops

task and gang systems

Were divisions in labor established on the plantation. Harsh on slaves

unrestricted submarine warfare

When Germans announced resumption of unrestricted submarine, US broke off diplomatic ties, and later declared war on Germany

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

mediation and arbitration

When negotiations are at an impasse, third-party approaches such as _____ and _____ offer alternative and structured ways for dispute resolution.

Hungarian Revolt

When the Hungarians tried to win their freedom from the Communist regime in 1956, they were crushed down by Soviet tanks. There was killing and slaughtering of the rebels going on by military forces.

Impeachment hearings

When they were eventually released in March 1974 they had clearly been edited to leave out certain sections (there was an 18 minute gap in a tape that was intended to clear up the presidents knowledge of the burglary and its cover up) and they contradicted some official testimony and showed Nixon's lack of decency and profane language. In July the House JC charged Nixon with three impeachable crimes: obstructing justice, abuse of power, and subverting the Constitution by defying eight subpoenas for tapes in order to block impeachment.

Chicago Democratic Convention

Where 10,000 antiwar protesters gathered outside as Hubert Humphrey was decided upon as the Democratic candidate in 1968

Cripple Creek

Where the last important gold strikes were found in 1891 and again in 1894, Mine workers strike, call in arbitrator Mine owners make concessions, but later take back complete control

peace talks

While the stalemate in Korea continued, there were peace talks by the opposing sides in July 1951.

Ray Stanard Baker

Writer of "Following the Color Line" (1908) which spotlighted the lives of America's 9 million blacks.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

Written by Charles Beard, this was the first book to attack the constitution as a conspiracy of the founding fathers to profit economically from a larger national government

A Century of Dishonor

Written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

John William Ward

Wrote "Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age". Princeton professor.

Henry D. Lloyd

Wrote "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894, exposing the corruption of Rockefeller as he monopolized the oil industry.

John O'Sullivan

Wrote an editorial that first mentioned the term "Manifest Destiny"

Ray Allen Billington

Wrote several short stories that expanded Turner's ideas. He emphasized the role of West in creating American democracy and other traits.

Election of 1944

Year in which Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey for president and John W, Bricker (an isolationist senator) for vice president. Democrats renominated Roosevelt but changed vice president to Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt won with sweeping victory. 4th term for Roosevelt.

Joseph Story

Youngest Supreme Court Judge ever appointed. Supported Christianity in government. Once said he would not support anyone who attempted to remove Christianity's influence from society.

run-off in house

a final election to resolve an earlier election that did not produce a winner.

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

popular sovreignty

a principle which states that all government power comes from the people

Privateering

a system in the colonial era by which privately-owned and operated vessels were used to raid enemy shipping

Covenant of Grace

agreement that Christ made with all who believed in him, which he sealed with his crucifixion, promising eternal life and savior by God's grace.

Stokley Carmichael

first leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); black activist

John W. MacKay

one of the four Bonanza Kings, a partnership which capitalized on the wealth generated by the silver mines at the Comstock Lode.

non-separating

still affiliated with the church of England. Occupied Boston. Massachusetts Bay Company, Puritans who wanted to purify the Anglican church of any Catholic meanings; strict Calvinists who did not want to leave the church of England

weapons of industrial conflict

strike, lockout, etc.

Congregationalism

system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing

virtuous citizenry

the post-revolutionary need for society to abstain from luxuries from England as to not fall under their control again.

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me death" Was an American attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s.

Frank Munsey

"Grand High Executioner" of newspapers; businessman who wanted to build a chain by purchasing newspapers in New York, Washington, Boston, Baltimore, and Philadelphia; ended with the death of most of them.

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War

James K. Polk

"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Oliver Evans

(1755-1819) developed the first application of steam power in an industrial setting. He also developed a method of automating flour mills

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partial to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed. New Harmony.

Samuel F. B. Morse

(1791-1872) American artist and inventor, he applied scientists' discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country.

William L. Garrison

(1805-1879) prominent American abolitionist; editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator; founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

Fletcher vs. Peck

(1810, Marshall) The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts. Property rights and invalidation unconstitutional state laws.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869.

Thomas Huxley

(1825-1895) English biologist, famous for his defense of Darwinism in his public debate with Archbishop Samuel Wilberforce. Coined the term "agnosticism".

Indian Removal Act

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense. Said he was a Whig but tbh he was probs a Democrat.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico; set the current borders of the contiguous United States (the U.S. states, minus Hawaii, Alaska, and commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Frederick Jackson Turner

(1861 - 1932) He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Chester Arthur

(1881-1885), an honorable man. Firmly believed in the spoils system but eventually demolished it, took Rutherford B. Hayes place when he was assassinated, Pendelton Act

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

(1896-1940) American writer famous for his novels and stories, such as The Great Gatsby, capturing the mood of the 1920s. He gave the decade the nickname the "Jazz Age."

Maximum Freight Rate Case

(1897) After Federal regulation of railroad rates through Interstate Commerce Commission, the Supreme Ct ruled in this case that the ICC did not have the power to set rates. Weakened govt railroad regulation considerably, but the principle of govt regulation did remain in force.

Elkins Act

(1903) Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Young Plan

(1929) Schedule that set limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr.

Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act

(1937) This Act made available rehabilitation loans to shore up marginally profitable farmers and prevent their sinking into tenancy. Made loans to tenants so they could buy their own farms. This act was supported by the FSA (Farm Security Administration) and was in place to try to fix the issues caused by the AAA

Geneva Conference

(1954) This agreement ended the war between France and Vietnam. Vietnam was partitioned into the North and South to provide for the two opposing governments. It also set up an election in 1956 which would decide if the government of the south or that of the north would become the head of Vietnam. The USA did not actively participate in or sign on to the accords.

Demonstration Cities Act

(1966) Provides extensive subsidies for housing, recreational facilities, welfare, and mass transit to selected "model cities" and cover up to 80 percent of the costs of slum clearance and rehabilitation.

Force Bill

(Andrew Jackson) , Bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina which is actually really funny and ironic.

Trail of Tears

(Andrew Jackson) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

spoils system

(Andrew Jackson) system in which incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends/supporters

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Social Security

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Battle of Britain

(FDR) 1940, German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were

McCulloch vs. Maryland

(James Monroe) McCulloch, Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law. Elastic Clause.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Bombing of North Vietnam

(Vietnam, 1958-1975)(February 1965) Following an attack on the United States base at Pleiku, President Johnson authorized the bombing of North Vietnam in an effort to destroy the arms depots and transportation lines bringing the North Vietnamese soldiers into South Vietnam.

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Federal Reserve System

(Woodrow Wilson) 1913 , independent agency in the federal executive branch. Established under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the _______ is the central bank of the United States. One of the most powerful agencies in the government, it makes and administers policy for national credit and monetary policies. The Fed supervises and regulates bank functions across the country, thus maintaining a sound and stable banking industry, able to deal with a wide range of domestic and international financial demands

Federal Trade Commission

(Woodrow Wilson) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Jones Act

(Woodrow Wilson) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Washington's precedents

1) He established a cabinet. 2) He stayed in office for only two terms. 3) He remained neutral in terms of international affairs-this did not hold for all presidents, but certainly set an example.

Monroe Doctrine

1)No USA interference in preexisting western colonies. 2)No USA interference in Europe 3)No other countries can colonize the western hemisphere, USA gets priority.

Nixon's resignation

1. Becomes more and more evident that Nixon will be removed from office through impeachment, 2. His release of incriminating tapes and transcripts; Nixon resigns August 8, 1974; blames Congress for lack of support and confesses to nothing; is given a pardon via President Ford; "I am not a crook."

Haymarket Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

John Winthrop

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

King George's War

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

John Marshall

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.

Currency Act

1764 Stopped colonial printing of paper money & forced colonists to pay in gold and silver

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Lord North

1770's-1782 King George III's stout prime minister (governor during Boston Tea Party) in the 1770's. Lord North's rule fell in March of 1782, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while.

French Alliance

1778 the French formed an alliance with America. The French promised the colonists independence and supplies, and gave the U.S. commercial privileges in french ports to avenge the British for the French defeat in the French and Indian war. In return, the U.S. promised to continue fighting until France was ready for peace.

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Treaty of Paris 1783

1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Nicknamed 'The Liberator'.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Pinckney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Jay Treaty

1795, Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to stop the seizing of American's ships but Britain refused which lead to the closing of the western posts for the British

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Alien Act

1798 (John Adams), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Sedition Act

1798, (John Adams) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Naturalization Act

1798, (John Adams) Act that increased the time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle, ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Jackson in Florida

1817 - The Seminole Indians in Florida, encouraged by the Spanish, launched a series of raids into the U.S. President J. Q. Adams ordered Andrew Jackson, whose troops were on the U.S./Florida border, to seize Spanish forts in northern Florida. Jackson's successful attacks convinced the Spanish that they could not defend Florida against the U.S.

Exposition and Protest

1828 (JQA) , John C. Calhoun wrote this (secretly) in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law (The Tariff of 1828)

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Amistad mutiny

1839 Spanish ship Amistad left from Cuba full of slaves from W. Africa, Joseph Sinque starts a mutiny, kills most of crew, wants to go back to Africa, ship gets captured in NY. Supreme Court Chief Justice = Roger Tawney. He rules that the slaves were free and illegally kidnapped, and the killings were an action of self-defense

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe, antislavery book, widely read- hated by southerners - made northerners more skeptical of slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

1857. Determined that people of African descent, imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendents, wether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States. Also, that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories, slaves could not bring a case to court, and that slaves could not be taken from their owners without due process. Superseded by 13th and 14th Amendments.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Antietam

1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. Model T

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

freedmen

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Ex parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Reconstruction Acts

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Virginius Affair

1873 - Spain and U.S. government got into a squabble over the Cuban-owned Virginius, which had been running guns. Spain executed several Americans who had been on board. The telegraph was used to negotiate a truce. The incident was played up by the yellow journalists.

Bland-Allison Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Contract Labor Law

1885 prohibited contract labor in order to protect American workers.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Spanish-American War

1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Root-Takahira agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Mann-Elkins Act

1910, gave right to prevent new rates if challenged in courts, communication now regulate directly by the Interstate Commerce Commission

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - President Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Tydings-McDuffie Act

1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines.

Gold Reserve Act

1934; United States nationalized gold and prohibited private gold ownership except under license.

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Butler Case

1936 - Declared AAA unconstitutional because it involved Congress levying a tax against the general wellfare.

Roosevelt recession

1937 economic downturn caused by sound fiscal policy due to cut spending and higher taxes

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Moscow Conference

1943 Hull/Soviet agreement to enter war against Japan after Germany defeated, world organization after

Korematsu vs. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

McCarran-Walter Act

1952 - Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported.

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

Voting Rights Act of 1970

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Truth in Packaging Act

1966 legislation that set standards for labeling consumer products

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Election of 1968

1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

SALT II

1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

El Salvador Civil War

1979-1992: 70,000 killed by death squads. many nuns and priests tried to help the poor but they were killed for it. in 1992, peace agreement negotiated by the UN

Olympic boycott

1980,The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America

Neil Armstrong

1st person to walk on the moon; U.S. Apollo 11; July, 1969; his famous words - "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Boston Police Strike

3/4 of Boston's fifteen thousand policemen went on strike and for a few days the streets belonged to rioters; Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Mass. National Guard which restored order and broke the strike

Election of 1796

71-68 Votes (Adams President, Jefferson Vice) 2) Adams vs. Hamilton and High Federalists, Hamilton led Federalist attacks on Adam's political ideals, Hamilton plotted against Adams

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Charlie Chaplin

A "silent comedian," this movie star continued to lengthen the silent film style and offer an alternative to the sound film with his trademark tattered suit, derby hat, and cane, playing the "little tramp" who made audiences laugh with his silent jokes.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Battle of the Bulge

A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

Twenty-fifth Amendment

A 1967 amendment to the Constitution that establishes procedures for filling presidential and vice presidential vacancies and makes provisions for presidential disability.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Siege of Petersburg

A 9-month long siege between Lee and Grant that ultimately opened the way for Grant's capture of Richmond

John Burgoyne

A British commander of the northern forces, who was supposed to lead his forces down from Canada and meet William Howe in Albany. He began a two-pronged attack to the south along the Mohawk and the upper Hudson approaches to Albany. He was abandoned by Howe, however, who instead of meeting with him, went to capture Philadelphia. This left him alone to carry out the plan in the north.

Rule of 1756

A British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations; they had to chose sides and only trade with one of the nations. This justified Britain's seizure of neutral American ships during the war between Britain and France in the early 1800s.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Seven Days

A Confederate victory; thwarted the Union's Virginia Peninsular Campaign of spring and summer of 1862; first battle in which Lee commanded the Confederate Army

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives" in 1890. Photographer

Charles Fournier

A French philosopher. An influential thinker, some of his social and moral views, held to be radical in his lifetime, have become mainstream thinking in modern society

Robert E. Lee

A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.

Sam Adams

A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under his management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of him, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

John Breckenridge

A Political leader who favored the extension of slavery. His opponents were Douglas and Bell. He polled fewer votes in slave states than the combined strength of his opponents. Showing that because of Uncle Toms Cabin, Americans were mainly abolitionists.

Baron Friedrich von Steuben

A Prussian-born military officer who served as inspector general and Major General of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

half-way covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan spiritual adviser and important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

silver Republicans

A United States political faction active in the 1890s. It was so named because it split from the Republican Party over the issues of "Free Silver" and bimetallism. The main Republican Party supported the gold standard.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Jesse Jackson

A black candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1988 election who attempted to appeal to minorities, but eventually lost the nomination to Michael Dukakis

Universal Negro Improvement Association

A black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey. The organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1920s, prior to Garvey's deportation from the United States of America, after which its prestige and influence declined. Since a schism in 1949, there have been two organizations claiming the name.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Hamburger Hill

A bloody 10-day battle in which 72 US soldiers killed, and immediately after the hill is abandoned. Leads US public to question what US is fighting for.

Council of Economic Advisers

A board of three professional economists was established in 1946 to advise the president on economic policy.

Presbyterianism

A branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops

Watergate scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Knight Case

A case relating to the Sherman Antitrust Act, it dealt with monopolization between states. It was decided that it did not apply.

Wabash Case

A case that ultimately established that the State Government had no control over interstate commerce. Largely reduced States' power.

Charlie Goodnight

A cattle rancher in the American West, perhaps the best known rancher in Texas. He is sometimes known as the "father of the Texas Panhandle".

Joseph McCoy

A cattle trader who built large cattle pens called stockyards near some railroad tracks in Abilene, Kansas

Crazy Horse

A chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877).

Dienbienphu

A city in Northwestern Vietnam. Home to the battle of Diebienphu, which was fought between pro-communist Vietnamese and Democratic United Sates and France. This battle lead to the leave of the French, and Vietnam divided into two. Communist North Vietnam lead by victorious Ho Chi Minh, and pro-Western government South Vietnam lead by Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon. Vietnam remained a dangerously divided country.

grandfather clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Theodore Parker

A clergyman, theologian, and the author of A Letter to the People and A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion. He was also an active opponent of slavery who aided in the escape of slaves and the rescue of Anthony Burns, supported New England Emigrant Society, and participated in John Brown's raid in 1859.

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners, southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

peculiar institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Pickett's Charge

A failed Confederate assault against Union lines during the Battle of Gettysburg. Named for Confederate General George Pickett, who led the attack. Ended in defeat and death of 10,000 Confederate soldiers. Marked "high-water mark" of Confederacy; southern troops never advanced farther north than Pickett's Charge

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Congress of Industrial Organization

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

holding company

A form of business which does not create anything itself; instead, it owns the stock of companies that do produce goods

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Atomic Energy Commission

A former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States, Created a monopoly for the Federal government's control of fissionable materials (Uranium and Plutonium), Control atomic energy, control spread of nuclear weapons. Russia refused to let the US inspect.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

New Jersey Plan

A framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, the establishment of the acts of Congress as the "supreme law" of the land, and a supreme judiciary with limited power.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Enumerated Commodities

A group of colonial products that had to be shipped from the colony of origin to England or another colony. The most important products were sugar and tobacco.

trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

John Fiske

A historian and popular lecturer on Darwinism who developed racial corollaries from Darwin's ideas that bolstered imperialist theory; in American Political Ideas (1885) he stressed the superior character of "Anglo-Saxon" institutions as a reason for global domination.

Charles Beard

A historian who argued that the Founders were largely motivated by the economic advantage of their class in writing the Constitution

Civil Rights Act of 1968

A landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin and made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin."

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").

George Innes

A landscape painter from New Jersey, painted "The Lackawanna Valley"-train coming through countryside with tree stumps

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. The war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

British Orders in Council

A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies, but American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812.

War Powers Resolution

A law passed in 1973 in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension. Presidents view the resolution as unconstitutional.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

William Dean Howells

A leading late nineteenth-century literary realist and influential critic, his works described both the genteel, middle-class world he knew and the whole range of metropolitan life (considered problems industrialization and unequal wealth). "Silas Lapham," his masterpiece, dealt with the ethical conflicts inherent in a competitive society.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

List of Grievances

A list of complaints about the British King (King George). "For quartering large bodies of armed troops around us" "For cutting off our trades with all parts of the world" "For imposing taxes on us without our consent"

Charles Townshend

A man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even while drunk. He rashly promised to pluck feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. He seized a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes and made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. But colonials didn't want taxes.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

horizontal combination

A merger between two or more companies producing the same good or service

island hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

bimetallism

A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks

Jacksonian Democracy

A movement for democracy in American government that was led by Andrew Jackson during his presidency, this movement campaigned greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation. It was aided by the strong spirit of equality among the people of the newer settlements in the South and West. It was also aided by the extension of the vote in eastern states to men without property; in the early days of the United States, many places had allowed only male property owners to vote. It was also attributed to the spoils system, strict constructionism and laissez-faire economics. In his democracy he also added another cabinet to the White House, known as the Kitchen Cabinet.

Birmingham Desegregation Campaign

A movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama

Demon Rum

A negative term for alcohol that was groggy and to be floored by the Eighteenth Amendment

Committees of Correspondance

A network of communicaiton set up in Massachusetts and Virginia to inform other colonies of ways that Britain threatened colonial rights

subtreasuries

A network of government-owned warehouses where farmers could deposit their crops.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

King Andrew I

A nickname given to President Jackson by his enemies, the Whigs. His supporters, "supporters of the king", were Tories and his enemies were the Whigs. It came about because many thought he was assuming too much power as president.

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

hydrogen bomb

A nuclear weapon that releases atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium

Dustbowl

A period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936.

overseer

A person who watches and directs the work of other people.

republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

New Federalism

A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Tammany Hall

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Roscoe Conkling

A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Was highly against civil service reforms, it was thought that the killing of Garfield was done in Conkling's behest.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Johns Hopkins University

A private university which emphasized pure research. It's entrance requirements were unusually strict -- applicants needed to have already earned a college degree elsewhere in order to enroll.

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.

Whip Inflation Now

A program by the Ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods

Alliance for Progress

A program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Carry A. Nation

A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet.

Vietnam

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

Hubert Humphrey

A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

H. Rap Brown

A proponent of Black Power, he succeeded Stokely Carmichael as head of SNCC. He was indicted by inciting riot and for arson.

Report on Manufactures

A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies.

Election of 1952

A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Ghost Dance

A religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Bear Flag Revolt

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white Southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Individual Retirements Accounts

A self-funded retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Navigation Acts

A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Caroline Crisis

A series of events beginning in 1837 that strained relations between the United States and Britain.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Aroostok War

A small clash between Canadian and Maine lumberjacks, over the disputed northern Maine territory.

I Have a Dream Speech

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Winona Speech

A speech that Taft said that the Agricultural Fair in Minnesota, which said that the Payne-Aldrich Tariff is the best thing in the world. This kills Taft's chances at re-election.

standard gauge

A standard distance separating the two tracks adopting in 1886 that allowed for the first time trains of one company to travel on another company's track.

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

townships

A subdivision of a county that has its own government

Alice Paul

A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.

San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.

federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Direct Representation

A system of choosing delegates to a representative assembly in which citizens vote directly for the delegates who will represent them.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

protective tariffs

A tariff designed to shield domestic producers of a good or service from the competition of foreign producers. Benefited the North because it allowed businesses to compete. The South did not like this because it was taxed on the goods it was buying.

pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Literacy Test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

war of attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine".

Cairo Conference

A war time conference held at Cairo, Egypt that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek. It addressed the Allied position against Japan during WWII and made decisions about postwar Asia.

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by De Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Bessemer process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

John Bell

A wealthy slave owner from Tennessee who served in both the House and the Senate, he ran for U.S. President against Lincoln, Breckenridge, and Douglas in 1860 with the Constitutional Union Party on a moderate pro-slavery platform.

Utopia

A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place

Thomas Hart Benton

A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Immediatists

Abolitionists who wanted a quick end to slavery were called __________ , while gradualists preferred to work within the existing governmental structure.

Abrams vs. United States

Abrams, self-proclaimed anarchist, threw leaflets from window urging general strike against American government, sentence to 20 yrs under Espionage and Sedition Acts, 7-2 upheld conviction

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Activated the low tariff policies of New Dealers, aimed at both relief, recover, reversed the traditional high protective tariff

John Smith

Admiral of New England was an English soldier, explorer, and author. He was knighted for his services to Sigismund Bathory, Prince of Transylvania and his friend Mózes Székely.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Burr-Hamilton Duel

After personal and political disagreements, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and fatally wounded him. Effectively the end of Burr's political career. Tried for treason by the Supreme Court, but Marshall acquitted him.

Federal Farm Board

Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

Nikita Khrushchev

Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job

Suffolk Resolves

Agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias.

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

Agreement between the United States and Russia to cut their long-range nuclear arsenals by half.

Connecticut Compromise

Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that Congress should be composed of a Senate, in which states would be represented equally, and a House, in which representation would be based on a State's population

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Albert Gallatin

Albert Gallatin was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget.

funding at par

Alexander Hamilton's policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

Election of 1928

Alfred E. Smith (D) vs. Herbert Hoover 2) Smith was a Catholic 3) Republicans took credit for prosperity of 1920s => Republican victory in all but the south

SEATO

Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia

George Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

Tea Act of 1773

Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy. Boston Tea Party

Pauncefote Treaty

Allowed US to build and fortify canal in Isthmus-Panama region

Soil Conservation Act

Allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to "conserve soil", prevent erosion, and accomplish other minor goals.

Meuse-Argonne

Also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender;

National Road

Also called the Cumberland Road. The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that this would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. Drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Tenth Amendment

Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

Elijah Lovejoy

American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Sojourner Truth

American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Theodore Weld

American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Doug Fairbanks

American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer. He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood

mountain men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who built the first paddle-wheel steamboat in 1807, captain of the Clermont

Robert Livingston

American minister to Paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent real estate deal. Louisiana Purchase

Alan Shepard

American naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut, who in 1961 became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space.

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Mary Cassatt

American painter whose sensitive portrayals made her one of the prominent new impressionists

Know Nothings

American party who met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda, hated foreigners (nativism)

Francis Gary Powers

American pilot that is shot down over the Soviet Union; US had been sending spy planes over Russia for over 3 and a half years; When this plane is shot down Eisenhower denied sending the spies but after investigation the Russians uncover enough photos and evidence to force Eisenhower to take responsibility for his actions; Right before the East-West Summit a meeting in Paris between Eisenhower and Khrushchev; Great embarrassment to US

containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

James B. Weaver

American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892).

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Iran-Contra Affair

Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Administration of Justice Act

An Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. It became law on May 20, 1774. It is one of the measures (variously called the Intolerable Acts, the Punitive Acts or the Coercive Acts by those whose political agenda ran contrary to Parliament's) that were designed to secure Britain's jurisdiction over the American dominions

Reverend Frederick Gates

An American Baptist clergyman, educator, and the principal business and philanthropic adviser to the major oil industrialist and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller (Senior), from 1891 to 1923.

Ronald Reagan

An American actor and politician. He was the 40th President of the United States. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California.

John J. Pershing

An American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

George H.W. Bush

An American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States.

Blanche K. Bruce

An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.

William Sherman

An American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States

Franklin D. Roosevelt

An American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

James Madison

An American statesman, political theorist and the fourth President of the United States.

Johnathan Edwards

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death.

Eddie Rickenbacher

An ace pilot who shot down 26 enemy planes. top american pilot in WWI

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

Securities Exchange Committee

An agency created in 1934 that monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

National Security Council

An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on national security.

empresario

An agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony

Taft-Katsura agreement

An agreement where the U.S. recognized Japan's sphere of influence in Korea, and Japan recognized the United State's sphere of influence in the Philippines. The Taft-Katsura Agreement was an initial step that paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 1905.

Twelfth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1804, that specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college.

Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Webster-Hayne Debate

An argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue states' rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delivering what became known as his "Second Reply to Hayne." He concluded with the ringing appeal: "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable."

Wendell Phillips

An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, this man founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833.

Charles G. Finney

An avid reformer who started the Second Great Awakening

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Economic Opportunity Act

An economic legislation that was part of the Great Society. It created many social programs to help the poor.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

John Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

ballot box stuffing

An illegal action that involves voting many times to affect the result of an election

speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

sit-ins at lunch counters

An integral part of the nonviolent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that eventually led to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which ended legally-sanctioned racial segregation in the United States and also passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that struck down many racially-motivated barriers used to deny voting rights to non-whites.

Xenophobia

An irrational fear of foreigners or strangers

Election of 1832

Andrew Jackson (Democrat) ran for re-election with V.P. Martin Van Buren. The main issue was his veto of the recharter of the U.S. Bank, which he said was a monopoly. Henry Clay (Whig), who was pro-Bank, ran against him The Anti-Masonic Party nominated William Wirt. This was the first election with a national nominating convention. Jackson won - 219 to Clay's 49 and Wirt's 1.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams, 178 electoral college votes to 83 electoral college votes; marks the first success of the new national party system.

stock market crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

Drago Doctrine

Argentine jurist, Luis Drago, proposed that European countries could not use force to collect debts owed by countries in the Americas. They could not blockade South American ports. Adopted as part of the Hague Convention in 1907.

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Irish & German immigration

Arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction. Other group also came because of economic distress, Immigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavy drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era.

elastic clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Chrysler bailout

As company faces bankruptcy the federal government handed them a bailout package with loan guarantees (couldn't get loan) and opposition.

Santa Ana

As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.

Charles Guiteau

Assassinated President Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Assassination of King

Assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39. On June 10, 1968, James Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested in London at Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States, and charged with the crime.

Atoms for Peace

Atomic Energy Commission promoted nuclear power as an alternative energy source without environmental/health hazards. But there was still public anxiety. (The military-industrial complex, The space race) 1950s

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Peter Zenger

Attacked royal governors with his newspaper, NY Weekly Journal, establish the right of free press by winning a court case

Court packing

Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.

North Africa campaign

Attempt to get Germans out of North Africa; Patton vs. Rommell; pushed Germans out of Tunisia back up into Italy

Allied Counter-Offensive

August, 1918; Allied attack and breakthrough leading to German retreat to the Hindenburg line

Henry Kissinger

Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.

Union Pacific

Based in Omaha, it was and is the largest railroad company in the united states.

Frances Willard

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Age of Reason

Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a pamphlet, written by a British and American revolutionary Thomas Paine, that challenges institutionalized religion

reformism

Belief that gradual changes within existing institutions of a society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations, economic system and political structures.

loose construction

Belief that the government can do anything that the Constitution does not prohibit

Unitarians

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.

Copperhead Democrats

Believed that slavery should be untouched by the Union, states should have the right to secede, strong presence in Ohio, Indian and Illinois

All Mexico movement

Benito Juarez overthrew Mexican dictator Santa Ana. Mexico began blocking American immigration (Mexico for Mexicans only).

James Blaine

Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state and played an important role in the Pan-American Conference. The charming and popular man was the Republican nominee for president in 1884 who lost to Grover Cleveland. His candidacy was hurt by charges of corruption with the railroads exposed in the Mulligan letters. Half-breeds

Lord Cornwallis

Best remembered as one of the leading British Generals in The American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered to de-facto end of war, as a bulk of British troops surrendered to him.

Veto of Bank Bill

Biddle feared Jackson wouldn't renew the bank charter so he tried to do it early and wow Jackson said no who woulda thought.

Tea Pot Dome

Biggest scandal of Harding's administration; Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932).

Tariff of 1832

Bill intended to replace the Tariff of Abominations. It did not lower the tariff rate sufficiently to meet Southern demands and led to the Nullification Crisis.

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

The Gospel of Wealth

Book published by Andrew Carnegie - argued the wealthy people have the obligation to give back to poor

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

rate wars

Broke out as rival railroads cut their fares to win customers

Winslow Homer

Broke the Old World traditions in art, and was vigorously American in his paintings of New England maritime life and other native subjects. Realist

James Duke of York

Brother of Charles II; took possession of the conquered Dutch province of New Netherland, renaming it NY, and conveyed ownership of the adjacent province of New Jersey to two of the Carolina proprietors.

USS Nashville

Brought American troops to stop Colombian troops from stopping revolution in Panama

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Burr Treason Trial

Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr's punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr.

Sioux

By the early nineteenth century the most powerful tribe in the Missouri River valley was the ____

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. Pinchot, head of the Forestry Department, accused Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot.

The Elect

Calvinistic belief that this is the group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven.

Atlanta and March to Sea

Campaign with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ending with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. His forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property and disrupted the South's economy and its transportation networks. Sherman's bold move of operating deep within enemy territory and without supply lines is considered to be revolutionary in the annals of war.

Prohibition Party

Campaigned for Abolition of Alcohol, supported women's suffrage, economic reforms, and improving race relations.

Election of 1848

Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

Alfred Mahan

Captain of the U.S. Navy who was for imperialism. He thought that a bigger navy was needed to protect American ships.

Carnegie Libraries

Carnegie used his wealth to help found multiple libraries and educational advances (Library of Congress) public libraries

Henry C. Frick

Carnegie's "management genius" helped with idea of processing coal; helped break up strikes, ended work at steel mill

Desert One

Carter issued a rescue attempt on Iranian hostages, they were not released until Reagan was inaugurated

Camp David Agreement

Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement. This was when the president of Egypt and the Prime Minister of Israel both agreed to a very promising peace treaty at the presidential retreat in the Maryland Highlands.

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Paul Volker

Chairman of the Federal Reserve under Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan, Volcker battled stagflation through extremely high federal funds rates. The peak was at 20%. He's often attributed for stopping stagflation as inflation dropped from 14% in 1981 to 3% in 1983.

Henry Hobson Richardson

Changed direction of American architecture. His designs were baised on the Romanesque style of massive stone walls and rounded arches..

Twenty-sixth Amendment

Changed the legal voting age from 21 to 18.

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Cherokee indians appeal to the Supreme Court, and the they decide that the state has no authority to negotiate with tribal reps. Jackson repudiates. Treaty between US and some cherokee, exchange of land for $5 million. Forces Cherokees to leave, Trail of Tears

Civilized tribes

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. they were called the civilized tribes because they adopted some of the colonists' customs and generally got along peacefully with their neighbors. Own language and alphabet.

Black Hawk War

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Chief Justice Earl Warren

Chief Justice from 1953-1969; led activist liberal court; known for cases expanding rights of criminal defendants (Mapp v Ohio, Gideon v Wainwright, Miranda v Arizona)

Roger Taney

Chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional

apologists

Christian thinkers who defended and explained Christian beliefs

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

James Farmer

Civil rights leader who founded the Congress of Racial Equality

Election of 1892

Cleveland v. Harrison, in which Cleveland won. The former was anti-protectionist tariffs, while the latter supported them. The people's party ran with Weaver, and showed their worth in this election. They did not win the presidency, but won several seats in both the house and the senate.

Bank Holiday

Closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Boston Port Bill

Closed down Boston Harbor until the damage from the tea party was paid for in full.

Manhattan project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

El Alamein

Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria

John Chivington

Commander who attacked the Cheyenne at Sand Creek

twenty-year compromise

Compromise to determine whether to give the legislative branch power to control slavery

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate cavalry leader who later became a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan

Newlands Act

Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

Anti-Masons

Conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Shipping Board

Controlled over 1500 vessels leftover from the war. They were authorized to dispose of ships under the Merchant Marine Act and couldn't well operate the other ships because the Lafollette Seaman Act made it difficult to hire and support sailors.

Sequoyah and Cherokees

Created Cherokee writing system

John Rockefeller

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

Evangelina Cisneros

Daughter of a Cuban general that gets captured by the Spanish. She becomes a frequent target for the yellow journalists during the Spanish-American War. Cisneros is made out to symbolize Cuba and effeminates the nation in the eyes of the USA.

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Women's rights advocates as well.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Teheran Conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Senator Huey Long

Democratic governor from Louisiana; publicized his "Share Our Wealth" society; said that the Depression stemmed not from overproduction but from under-consumption; increased taxes, built new highways; almost dictatorial control of state government

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

William Sims

Developed the convoy system

Bartholomew Dias

Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope.

Hostage crisis

Diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian revolution

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Election of 1840

Displayed two major shifts in American politics: triumph of populist democratic style and the formation of the two-party system. Race between Martin Van Buren, second term, and William Henry Harrison. Harrison won due to how Van Buren handled the Panic of 1837.

Truman vs. MacArthur

Dispute between MacArthur and Truman; MacArthur wanted to expand war to China mainland but Truman was all like "We have to limit war man because I fear that this would lead to a WWIII". MacArthur was fired because of public disagreement with Truman's war policy

Expedition Act

Document that sped up the handling of antitrust cases in the federal courts

John Quincy Adams- President

Doesn't have the power to reach his goals, no Spoils System, Tariff of Abominations, National Naval Academy/Observatory/University

Confederate Constitution

Drafted 1861; similar to the original; guaranteed sovereignty of the Confederate states & prohibited the Confederate Congress from enacting protective tariffs & from supporting internal improvements; specifically sanctioned slavery; president had 6-year terms; line-item veto

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies,opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

James J. Hill

Driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder"

Omnibus Bill

During Taylor Administration. Proposed by Henry Clay in congress. Regarding California, New Mexico, Utah, D.C., Texas, South. Fails miserably

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

annexation controversy

During the panic of 1837, Americans settled in Texas for free land that Texas government offered to attract settlers and help area prosper. Houston signed document stating Texas was part of the US, but US refused to ratify it so Houston pretended to ally with Britain. The U.S. feared Britain would take over Texas so it agreed to annex Texas under Polk. The Mexicans were outraged because they thought they still owned Texas and the feared the US would also take over Mexican-owned CA and NM

Frank Lester Ward

Dynamic Sociology "Government protect working members of society government involve in just intellectual"

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Massachussetts Government Act

Effectively abrogated the existing colonial charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and gave its royally-appointed governor wide-ranging powers

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

balancing the budget

Eisenhower did it only three times out of eight, incurred biggest peacetime deficit in history.

1946 mid-term election

Elections to the House of Representatives for the 80th Congress under Truman's presidency resulting in for the first time in 14 years a republican dominated House.

The American Scholar

Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own literary techniques instead of using European ideas

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

The Continental Association

Enforced ban through elected local committees, would expose violators of the boycott as traitors, eventual government as war progresses

Venezuela Debt Crisis

England, Germany, and France lend Venezuela $. Venezuela is unable to pay the loan back. TR said it was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine when England sent navy to Venezuela. Germany and England went into arbitration.

Pilgrim Separatists

English Puritans fleeing religious persecution; founded Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

George Whitfield

English evangelical preacher of the Great Awakening whose charismatic style attracted huge crowds during his preaching tours of colonies.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Mint Act of 1792

Established a mint/currency and provided for the coinage of gold, silver, and copper

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. Croatoan.

Second Bank of the U.S.

Established in 1816 to serve as a check on the state banks by forcing them to resume specie payments.

Standard Oil

Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller

U.S. Steel

Established in 1901 by J.P. Morgan and Carnegie, it was a combination of steel operations into a single corporation

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Charles Darwin

Evolution by "natural selection" (the weaker die out) wrote On the Origin of Species. Social Darwinism

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Jingoism

Extreme and emotional nationalism, or chauvinism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war.

Election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

John Mitchell

Famous United States labor leader, and was president of the United Mine Workers from 1898 to 1908. Helped incorporate ethnic workers into the UMW and got an 8 hour day and minimum wage for miners.

Office of War Mobilization

Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

internal improvements

Federal projects (mostly Henry Clay's idea), such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

St. Mihel

First time airplanes were used; Pershing and troops drive out the Germans who are in full retreat now

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

trunk lines

Following the Civil War, four major eastern railroad networks, or trunk lines, emerged from a flurry of mergers and consolidations. All were designed to connect the eastern seaports to the Great Lakes and western rivers.

Death March

Forced marches under brutal conditions required of death camp and concentration camp inmates by the Nazis to avoid liberation by advancing Allied forces.

Election of 1976

Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Arab League

Formally called the League of Arab States, includes Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq. The Arab League was formed with British encouragement, as a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Middle East. The League exists to this day, but its mission now focuses more on issues that affect the collective Arab states.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

United Nations Organization

Formed in 1945 by the fifty nations allied against Germany, Italy and Japan during the Second World War. There are now over 190 -member countries. The main purpose of the UN was and is to maintain peace. The organization consists of the General Assembly where there is one seat for each member country; a Security Council consisting of 15 members-5 permanent (USA, UK, France, Russia and China) and 10 non-permanent; a Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General of the UN; and numerous agencies such as UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO.

Eli Thayer

Formed the New England Emigrant Aid Society which encourages anti slavery people to move to Kansas

Harold Ickes

Former Bull Moose progressive who spent billions of federal dollars on public building projects while carefully guarding against waste

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

Muammar al-Qaddafi

Former dictator of Libya overthrown and killed by the people of Libya in a revolution in 2011

James Birney

Former slaveholder who at one time was a member of the American Colonization Society, the American Anti-Slavery Society, and the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; in 1840 and 1844, he ran for president on the Liberty Party ticket.

John C. Calhoun

Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.

American Railway Union

Founded by Eugene V. Debs; created in a short-lived attempt to bring all railroad workers under the umbrella of one organization; key strike at Pullman

Anti-Saloon League

Founded in 1895, the league spearheaded the prohibition movement during the Progressive Era.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

George Rapp

Founded the Rappites, took the Bible literally

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch non-interventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Holy or Quadruple Alliance

France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria.

Revolution of 1910

Francisco Madero led a revolt against Diaz and the growing U.S. influence in his country; scheduled the first free elections in 35 years, and campaigned for Mexico to be controlled by Mexicans - not the foreign interests; won the presidency, but was assassinated before he could assume power and implement his plan.

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Gulf of Sidra

Gaddafi claimed much of the Gulf of Sidra to be within Libyan internal waters by drawing a straight line at 32 degrees, 30 minutes north between a point near Benghazi and the western headland of the gulf at Misrata with an exclusive 62 nautical miles (115 km) fishing zone. Gaddafi declared it The Line of Death, the crossing of which would invite a military response.

Weyler

General sent by Spain to restore order after Cuban revolt; moved entire population into concentration camps where thousands die

Nelson Miles

General that lead invading forces in Puerto Rico and became governor, helping set up the new government

Stephen W. Kearny

General that led a detachment of 17,000 troops over the Santa Fe Tail from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. Secured California for the US.

Tom Watson

Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremist

Nelson Rockefeller

Gerald Fords vice president, a liberal Republican governor of New York and an heir to one of America's great fortunes. This angered the rights.

Checkers Speech

Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal.

Pikes Peak Gold Rush

Gold rush in 1859 that resulted in the settlement of Colorado.

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

John Altgeld

Governor of Illinois, and leading figure in the Progressive movement. He improved safety in the workplace and child labor laws. He pardoned 3 convicted at Haymarket Square Riot

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

The Enterprise

Group which illegally sold weapons to the Iran Contra

anti-federalists

Group who rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service.

Perry Miller

Harvard writer of Puritan history, prominent goal was to attain an intellectual history of Puritanism. Hated criticism.

Hawks vs. Doves

Hawks supported the Vietnam war, where doves opposed it. Most doves were college students who were afraid of being drafted

Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

He is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in Supreme Court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.

William Miller

He led the group that believed that Jesus was to come back to earth on October 22, 1844. They originated in the Burned-Over-District. Adventism

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

John Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Nicholas Biddle

He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

August Spies

He was one of the organizers of the protest at Haymarket on May 4, 1886. When a bomb was thrown into the crowd and killed seven police officers, he was tried, convicted, and hanged for murder.

Alfred Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. The "happy warrior"

Walter Mondale

He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.

Alexander Stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Creel Committee

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty

International Court of Justice

Headquartered at the Hague, the Court started work in April of 1946. The Court usually hears only cases brought before it by any of the 189 U.N. Member States, but has made several concessions over the years.

Jack Dempsey

Heavyweight boxing champion

March on Washington

Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Horace Tabor

Helped establish Leadville near the Silver deposits formed Grubstake Discovered Little Pittsburgh mine. Became mayor of leadville and US senator

Washington's cabinet

Henry Knox (Secretary of War/Defense; Thomas Jefferson (Sec. of State); Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury); Edmund Randolph (Attorney General)

rugged individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance

Joint Chiefs of Staff

High-ranking military officers who represent the Navy, Army, Air Force and Marines. They assist the civilian leaders of the Department of Defense-advise the president on security matters.

Civilian Conservation Corporation

Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.

limited government assistance

Hoover's approach to aid during the Great Depression

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Hoover-created gov lending bank to businesses "millionaire's loan"

Election of 1916

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

Laissez Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

contraband

Illegal traffic, smuggled good

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Mormon Trail

In 1847, about 1,600 Mormons followed part of the Oregon Trail to Utah. They built a settlement by the Great Salt Lake.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Alger Hiss Case

In 1948 committee member Richard M. Nixon led the chase after Alger Hiss, a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment." accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's, hiss demanded the right to defend himself. His dramatically met his chief accuser before the Un-American Activities Committee in August but was convicted of perjury.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Swann case

In 1969, the Justice Department in Washington, D.C, used the authority of the Civil Rights Act to order the closing of black schools across the south. A school could only be used if it was fully integrated.

Geraldine Ferraro

In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Mondale.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Pullman Strike

In Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Purchase of Alaska

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Increased the amount of silver the government bought for coinage, but the money supply did not increase enough to satisfy silver supporters

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. Froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

Algeciras Conference

International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French gets Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat.

pullman cars

Introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Alexander G. Bell

Inventor of the late 19th century; most famous for inventing the telephone; Atlantic Telephone and Telegraph

American Insurance Co. vs. Canter

Involved an appeal by a libellant in admiralty from a salvage award by a local court in the Florida territory. The larger questions presented by the case included the power of Congress to acquire and govern territories and the source of that power; the division of jurisdiction between federal and local courts; the scope of the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction conferred by Article III; and the sources of law in the territories.

Arthur Schlesinger Jr.

Isolationism vs Internationalism, called for protection of democracy

Menachem Begin

Israeli Prime Minister who signed the Camp David Accords in 1979

David Ben-Gurion

Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Berlin and Milan Decrees

Issued by Napoleon stating that neutral ships trading with Britain or obeying the Orders in Council could be seized

Specie Circular

Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Panama Revolt

It occurred on November 3, 1903, after the Colombian senate voted to reject a treaty that would have given the United States broad control over a canal. So, the Panamanians launched a revolt.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters.

Log Cabin campaign

It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Army of the Potomac

It was the major Union army in the eastern front. It fought many battles and ultimately won the war.

Giovanni Verrazano

Italian explorer, who sailed for France, was looking for Northwest passage. He journeyed along the Carolinas including present day New York harbor.

interlocking dictorate

J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as an

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisers consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used this more than his official Cabinet.

Election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

War Hawks

James Madison, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, one of the members of congress from the south and the west who called for war with Britain prior to the war of 1812

Japan in Manchuria

Japan, growing in strength, began to impose their culture and exert their influence on northern China

kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

Impeachment of Samuel Chase

Jefferson wanted the removal of an arrogant Supreme Court justice who was so unpopular that Republicans named vicious dogs after him; impeachment charges were voted by the House of Representatives which then passed the question of guilt or innocence to the Senate; the judge was not guilty of "high crimes"

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Peaceable Coercion

Jefferson's not trading with, fighting with or associating with other countries

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

complex marriage

John Humphrey Noyes led Oneida community on belief that Postmenopausal women should introduce teenage males to sex, so that they rarely resulted in pregnancies; Likewise, older men introduced young women to sex.

Election of 1824

John Q. Adams (winner) William Crawford Henry Clay Andrew Jackson

Election of 1866

Johnson took to the road and used his infamous, "swing around the circle" speeches to attack Congressional opponents; appealed to racial prejudices of whites; Republicans accused Johnson of being a drunkard and a traitor and used antisouthern prejudices by employing a campaign tactic known as "waving the bloody shirt"-inflaming the hatreds of northern voters by reminding them of the hardships of war; Johnson won but Republicans owned both House and Senate

James DeBow

Journal editor from the South who encouraged greater economic diversification for the area.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Second Marne

July 15 - August 6, 1918; World War I; France, United Kingdom, United States, & Italy v. German EMpire. Turning point of the war

New York City draft riots

July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

D-Day

June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

poll tax and literacy test

Kept African-Americans from gaining control in the South

Alvin York

Killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

Selma March

King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. Two northern white marchers were murdered, and the outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

land grants

Land subsidies granted to railroad companies to encourage construction of rail lines to the West

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

Landmark Supreme Court Case in 1842; Massachusetts court declared that labor unions were legal & had the right to strike for better wages.

planters

Large-scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves

Leyte Gulf

Largest naval battle of World War II; Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion, but failed to achieve its objective, suffered very heavy losses, and never afterwards sailed to battle in comparable force; first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Income Tax Act

Law passed in 1986 that lowered income taxes, especially for the poor

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Clement Vallandingham

Leader of the Copperheads during the Civil War. He was briefly imprisoned in 1863 for maintaining in a speech that the war was being fought to free African-American and enslave whites. The 1864 Democratic platform reflected his pro-Southern views

Charles DeGualle

Leader of the French Underground Movement which fought the presence of the Germans in France during WWII

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Marcus Hanna

Leader of the Republican Party who fought to get William McKinley the Republican nomination for president. Ohio

Osceola and Seminoles

Led a small band of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the Seminoles from their lands. He became an adviser to Micanopy, the principal chief of the Seminole from 1825 to 1849

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Fuel Administration

Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

Reed-Johnson Act

Limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

38th Parallel

Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

36-30 line

Line that divided slave sates from free states

construction loans

Loans used to finance the costs associated with erecting the building or buildings.

Promontory Point

Located in Utah, it is the point where the Union Pacific and Central pacific railroads met to connect the Atlantic and Pacific states.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Anglo-American declaration

Louisiana Purchase and Canada border. 49th parallel. Joint occupation of Oregon (America and Britain).

sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Bossism

Manifestation of politics in big cities. putting together of political machines run by political bosses. helped immigrants "under the table" (jobs, apts., etc.) bosses won votes in return.

bombing of Cambodia

March, 1969 - U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral, but done because North Vietnam was itself illegally moving its troops through those areas. Not learned of by the American public until July, 1973.

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren v. Whigs (William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, Hugh Lawson White). Whig strategy - by running several candidates, no one would receive a majority of the electoral vote sending it the House of Representatives (where they thought they could defeat Van Buren and the Democrats)! Martin Van Buren won big!

Election of 1900

Mckinley, Bryan, Roosevelt. Mainly favored McKinley's "Sound Money," but hated his imperialism. Many who favored Bryan's anti-imperialism feared his free silver. Prosperity and Protection. McKinley with 7,218,491 popular votes. 292 electoral votes.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Meant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Paris Summit

Meeting planned in May 1960 Paris for Eisenhower and Khrushchev to discuss the "brain drain" caused by people fleeing East Berlin for the West-- as well as other tensions. It never happened because a U-2 plan was shot down, increasing U.S.-Soviet tensions

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Europe First

Military strategy adopted by the United States that required concentrating on the defeat of Germany while maintaining a holding action against Japan in the Pacific.

Vice-admiralty Courts

Military tribunals composed only of a judge, not local common-law jury, Sugar Act required that offenders be tried in these courts rather than local courts, provoking opposition from smugglers accustomed to acquittal before sympathetic local juries

Red Scare

Most intense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due process, with widespread support.

woman suffrage

Movement that was meant to give women the rights to vote. It had two main leaders, Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt who disagreed in their means of achieving this goal.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

William Marcy Tweed

N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

Black Friday

Name for September 24, 1869, when Fisk and Gould bid the price of gold absurdly high, until Grant released gold from the Treasury.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

The Jazz Age

Name referring to the 1920s; a time of cultural change; generally refers to the arts such as writing, music, artwork, and architecture

continental system

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Buffalo culture

Native Americans made tepees from buffalo hides and also used their skin for clothing, shoes, and blankets. Buffalo meat was dried into jerky or mixed with berries and fat to make a staple food called pemmican.

Clayton Antitrust Act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Hearst vs. Pulitzer

Newspaper war between Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst- each tried to outsell the other by printing wild stories to attract attention. Two of the starters of the yellow press movement

Neal Dow

Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Quitrents

Nominal taxes collected by the crown in crown colonies, or by the proprietor(s) of proprietary colonies.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Fall of South Vietnam

North Vietnam initiated a two-year plan to conquer South Vietnam. South Vietnam fall and finally dissolved with rapidity that astonished its attackers.

Beirut marine barracks bombings

Occurred during the Lebanese Civil War when two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces—members of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Lebanon—killing 299 American and French servicemen.

James Wilkinson

Officer of the Continental army who would later serve as a member of the board of war and clothier general for the army. One of the commissioners appointed to receive the Louisiana Purchase from France. Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. Informed Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, primary of witness against Burr at his trial for treason even though he was implicated in the plot.

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles