apush test #1
The Republican party originated in the mid-1850's as a sectional party committed to which of the following? A. Opposition to the further extension of slavery into the territories B. Immediate emancipation of the slaves C. Repeal of Whig economic policies D. Restriction of immigration E. Acknowledgement of popular sovereignty as the basis for organizing federal territories
A. Opposition to the further extension of slavery into the territories
After the Civil War, women reformers and former abolitionists were divided over A. creation of a sharecropping system in the South B. legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males C. use of military forces to keep order in the South D. reliance on female workers in Northern factories E. redemption of greenback dollars for gold currency
B. legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males
Alfred R. Waud, "The Freedmen's Bureau," 1868 During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South? A. Many African Americans found manufacturing employment. B. Many White Southerners supported African Americans' rights. C. African Americans favored the Democratic Party. D. African Americans were able to exercise political rights.
D. African Americans were able to exercise political rights.
"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,... Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following was the most significant impact of the South's expansion described in the excerpt? A. Conflict over the future of slavery B. Growth of a national railroad network C. Fewer social differences among White settlers D. Greater opportunities for free African Americans
A. Conflict over the future of slavery
"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt that "ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue" of the period? A. Growing concern about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants B. Growing fear of political radicalism among southern and eastern European immigrants C. Increasing cultural influence of European Romanticism in the United States D. Increasing support for the antislavery cause among the immigrant community
A. Growing concern about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following? A. Proslavery arguments B. Policies favoring immigration C. Expanded United States federal authority D. United States sale of disputed territory
A. Proslavery arguments
"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to? A. Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments B. The compromise that resolved the election of 1876 C. Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations D. Supreme Court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson
A. Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt? A. The Fourteenth Amendment B. Plessy v. Ferguson C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
A. The Fourteenth Amendment
"[I am] commanded to explain to the Japanese that. . . [the United States] population has rapidly spread through the country, until it has reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now large cities, from which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or twenty days; [and] that . . . the Japan seas will soon be covered with our vessels. "Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in peace and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no friendship can long exist, unless Japan ceases to act toward Americans as if they were her enemies. . . . "Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and [the United States has], as an evidence of [its] friendly intentions . . . brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo [Tokyo] in the ensuing spring with a much larger force." Commodore Matthew C. Perry to the emperor of Japan, letter, 1853 The population trend described in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following domestic developments in the nineteenth century? A. The belief that it was the Manifest Destiny of the United States to control territory across the continent B. The question of the role of government in funding internal improvements C. The claim that the United States should limit European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere D. The dispute over whether Congress should reestablish a national bank
A. The belief that it was the Manifest Destiny of the United States to control territory across the continent
Which of the following was true of the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases and the 1883 Civil Rights cases? A. They weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment. B. They weakened the protections given to women under the Fourteenth Amendment. C. They were reversed in Plessy v. Ferguson. D. They were concerned with the constitutionality of the Emancipation Proclamation. E. They were deplored by President Grant.
A. They weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Alfred R. Waud, "The Freedmen's Bureau," 1868 The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the A. expansion of federal power B. decline of an agrarian economy C. increase in sectional divisions D. institutionalization of racial segregation
A. expansion of federal power
During the Civil War, the Republican Party passed legislation promoting economic development concerning all of the following EXCEPT the A. granting of government subsidies to encourage the export of manufactured goods B. establishment of a high tariff to protect American industry from foreign competition C. organization of a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency D. provision of government loans and land grants to private companies to construct a transcontinental railroad E. passage of the Homestead Act
A. granting of government subsidies to encourage the export of manufactured goods
Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the United States following the potato famine of the 1840s settled in A. urban areas of the North B. seacoast cities of the South C. rural sections of the Old Northwest D. California E. Appalachia
A. urban areas of the North
During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the A. creation of large commercial and banking centers B. spread of sharecropping C. rise of large-scale commercial farming D. decline of the textile industry E. emergence of the cotton economy
B. spread of sharecropping
"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 Which of the following most directly contributed to "the sharp increase of immigration after 1845" referenced in the excerpt? A. The Second Great Awakening B. Crop failures and revolutions in Europe C. Removal of American Indians from the Southeast D. Tariff policies during Andrew Jackson's administration
B. Crop failures and revolutions in Europe
The Republican Party of the 1850s took which of the following positions on slavery? A. Residents of territories could decide on the basis of popular sovereignty whether to have slavery. B. Slavery could remain where it existed but should not be extended into territories or new states. C. The federal government should abolish slavery. D. The federal government should purchase slaves from their masters and relocate them to the west coast of Africa. E. Slavery was a state issue, and the federal government should play no role in its regulation.
B. Slavery could remain where it existed but should not be extended into territories or new states.
"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following most likely supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A. Abolitionists B. Southern Democrats C. Free soil advocates D. Northern Republicans
B. Southern Democrats
"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision in the excerpt? A. Tensions over slavery diminished. B. Support grew for the Republican Party. C. The United States fought a war with Mexico. D. Most slave states voted to secede from the Union.
B. Support grew for the Republican Party.
"Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.... It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist." Speech by Secretary of State George Marshall initiating the aid program known as the Marshall Plan, 1947 The policies advocated by Marshall had most in common with which of the following developments in other periods in United States history? A. The expansion of a market economy in the early 1800s, which shaped a distinctive middle class B. The attempts by the federal government to foster economic opportunities for former slaves after the Civil War C. The emergence of political machines in the late 1800s, which provided economic and social services to urban residents D. The forcing of American Indians onto reservations by the United States government following the extension of White settlement
B. The attempts by the federal government to foster economic opportunities for former slaves after the Civil War
"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 Which of the following late-nineteenth-century federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt? A. The passage of antitrust legislation B. The sale of land to settlers at low cost C. The exclusion of immigrants from Asia D. The purchase of silver by the United States Treasury
B. The sale of land to settlers at low cost
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century? A. The end of the Spanish-American War B. Westward expansion C. The booming internal slave trade D. Increased manufacturing
B. Westward expansion
"[I am] commanded to explain to the Japanese that. . . [the United States] population has rapidly spread through the country, until it has reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now large cities, from which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or twenty days; [and] that . . . the Japan seas will soon be covered with our vessels. "Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in peace and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no friendship can long exist, unless Japan ceases to act toward Americans as if they were her enemies. . . . "Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and [the United States has], as an evidence of [its] friendly intentions . . . brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo [Tokyo] in the ensuing spring with a much larger force." Commodore Matthew C. Perry to the emperor of Japan, letter, 1853 The excerpt best supports the conclusion that in the 1850s, the United States government A. sought to prevent Japan from forming a naval alliance with the British empire B. was willing to intimidate Asian countries like Japan to secure economic opportunities C. attempted to monopolize Japanese commerce and to exclude the participation of Europeans in trade D. was interested in making the government of Japan more democratic
B. was willing to intimidate Asian countries like Japan to secure economic opportunities
"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt? A. Disputes over taxation and representation B. Tensions between isolationism and international engagement C. Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories D. Debates about the role of religion in society and government
C. Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories
"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 The advice in the excerpt most directly reflects the influence of which of the following prevailing American ideas? A. Nationalism B. Popular sovereignty C. Manifest Destiny D. Isolationism
C. Manifest Destiny
"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 The decision in the excerpt held which of the following to be unconstitutional? A. The Northwest Ordinance B. The Louisiana Purchase C. The Missouri Compromise D. The Wilmot Proviso
C. The Missouri Compromise
"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the speech? A. The United States rejection of membership in the League of Nations B. Support for assimilationist policies in the 1880s and 1890s C. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson D. The Great Migration of African Americans out of the South in the 1910s
C. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson
"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010 The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to conflict in what other period? A. The period from after the Seven Years' War through the 1760s B. The period from after the War of 1812 through the 1820s C. The period from after the First World War through the 1920s D. The period from after the Second World War through the 1950s
C. The period from after the First World War through the 1920s
"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt? A. Campaigns by moral reformers to promote temperance B. Efforts by American Indians to achieve political sovereignty through treaties with the United States government C. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution D. The passage of legislation by southern states intended to nullify federal laws
C. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following? A. The entry into the Mexican-American War B. The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act C. The secession of most Southern states D. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment
C. The secession of most Southern states
The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the A. measure's endorsement of popular sovereignty B. admittance of Missouri as a slave state and the establishment of the 36°30' line C. passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act D. admittance of Texas as a slave state E. legislation permitted the surveying of a southern transcontinental railway line
C. passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act
Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction? A. The passage of the Black Codes B. A permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party C. The creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states D. The formation of the Ku Klux Klan E. Widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves
D. The formation of the Ku Klux Klan
"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Lincoln's main purpose in the excerpt was to A. advocate racial equality B. encourage the punishment of the South C. propose expanded democratic voting rights D. gain continued support for the war effort
D. gain continued support for the war effort
Alfred R. Waud, "The Freedmen's Bureau," 1868 The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction A. led to the unfair punishment of White Southerners by the North B. encouraged large-scale rebellions by former slaves C. involved unconstitutional abuses of government power D. temporarily altered race relations in the South
D. temporarily altered race relations in the South
All of the following contributed to Northern fear of a slave power conspiracy in the 1840s and 1850s EXCEPT the A. enforcement of a new fugitive slave law B. decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case C. imposition of a gag rule in the House of Representatives D. proposal of the Ostend Manifesto E. passage of the Wilmot Proviso
E. passage of the Wilmot Proviso