APUSH unit 1

Roanoke Colony (Lost Colony)

A base set up off the North Carolina coast in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. Settled by Sir Walter Raleigh ordered by Elizabeth I. A ship bearing supplies arrived and found the land abandoned, the inhabitants evidently moved to live among the Indians

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years Colonists transported by nobles and army officers to take their place in feudal society

Native American views on Gender

Membership in a family defined women's lives, but they openly engaged in premarital sex. Could choose to divorce their husbands. Most societies: matrilineal- centered on clans/ kinship groups- kids became members of the mother's family, not the father's. Tribal leaders (almost always): men, women played an important role in certain religious ceremonies. Female elders often helped select a male village leader and took part in tribal meetings. Indian Women owned dwellings and tools, the husband moved to live with the wife's family. Men: hunting and catching fish. Women: household responsibilities and agricultural work. Where there was less hunting- men were the primary cultivators.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims. The minority of Puritans (such as those who settled at Plymouth) who abandoned the church of England entirely to form their own independent churches. Most hoped to purify the church from within.

Middle Ground

Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth. Area in New France that witnessed considerable cultural exchange and intermixing between colonial and native populations. In the upper Great Lakes region in French America, Indians and whites encountered each other on a basis of relative equality.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. the "reconquest" of Spain from the Moors (African Muslims who had occupied part of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries)

King Philip's War

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under King Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them Metacom- King Philip; Wampanoag leader. White population outnumbered the Indians. Colonial and Indian forces inflicted devastating punishment on the rebels. Indian villages were destroyed, and captives, including men, women, and children, were killed or sold into slavery in the West Indies. Most survivors fled to Canada or New York. Both sides committed atrocities in this merciless conflict, but its aftermath caused the image of Indians as bloodthirsty savages. This war produced a broadening of freedom for white New Englanders by expanding their access to land. This freedom rested on the final dispossession of the region's Indians.

dominion of new england

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. A single-super-colony made up of Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and East/West Jersey. Created by James II between 1686-1689 to try to raise money in America in order to reduce his dependence on parliament. This reinforced the impression that James II was an enemy of freedom.

Santa Fe, NM

1st permanent European settlement in the Southwest. Established by Spain in 1610. Oñate captured 800+ inhabitants and punished them. Spain called him home where he was punished. Then Spain established Santa Fe.

Maryland

2nd Chesapeake colony that followed a similar course of development as Virginia. Tobacco came to dominate the economy and tobacco planters society. Established in 1632 as a proprietary colony. Governed by Cecilius Calvert (son of one of King Charles I's friends) The charter granted Calvert proprietor of the colony and granted him "full, free, and absolute power." Calvert imagined Maryland as a feudal domain (land would be laid out in manors with the owner paying "quitrents" to the proprietor) and disliked representative institutions and believed ordinary people should not meddle in gov affairs. Charter also granted "all privileges, franchises, and liberties" of Englishmen to freedmen (caused conflict)

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. A covenant made in 1662 to try and address the problem of dwindling church membership. It allowed the baptism and "half-way" membership to grandchildren of those from the Great Migration. Ancestry became the pathway to an inclusion among the elect instead of religious conversion. However, church membership continued to stagnate.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. Threatening to the Puritan establishment bc of gender and a large following. A midwife and the daughter of a clergyman. "A woman of ready wit and bold spirit." Arrived in Massachusetts with husband in 1634 to join their minister John Cotton (expelled from the pulpit in England). Began holding meetings in her home and led discussions of religious issues among men and women. Thought salvation was God's direct gift to the elect and could not be earned by good works, devotional practices, or other human efforts. Had a charge that nearly all the ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching for distinguishing "saints" from the damned on the basis of activities such as church attendance and moral behavior instead of an inner state of grace. Placed on trial before a civil court for sedition (expressing opinions dangerous to authority). Position as a "public woman"- more outrageous. Governor Winthrop said her meetings were neither "comely in the sight of God nor fitting to your sex." Debated well until she spoke of God speaking to her directly. B/c of this- seen as a threat to organized churches and was banished. Went to Rhode Island, the Westchester, where she and most relatives perished during an Indian war. Her career showed how the Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism religiously and politically.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. Proprietor of Pennsylvania. Envisioned it as a place where those facing religious persecution in Europe could enjoy spiritual freedom, and colonists and Indians would co-exist in harmony. His late father had been a supporter and creditor of Charles II. To cancel his debt to their family and bolster the English presence in North America, the king granted him a vast tract of land south and west of New York in 1681, as well as the old Swedish-Dutch Colony that became Delaware. Devout Quaker, particularly concerned with establishing a refuge for his coreligionists, who faced increasing persecution in England. He had already assisted a group of English Quakers in purchasing 1/2 of what became the colony of New Jersey from Lord John Berkeley, who had received a land grant from the duke of York. Largely responsible for the frame of government announced in 1677, the West Jersey Concessions, one of the most liberal of the era. Hoped that West Jersey would become a society of small farmers, not large landowners. Considered his colony a "holy experiment", but of a different kind- "a free colony for all mankind that should go hither". Hoped that Pennsylvania could be governed according to Quaker principles, among them equality of ALL persons before God and the primary of the individual conscience. To Quakers, liberty was a universal entitlement, not the possession of any single people- a position that would eventually make them the first group of whites to repudiate slavery. Also treated the Indians with a consideration almost unique in the colonial experience, arranging to purchase land before reselling it to the colonists and offering refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies by warfare. He sometimes purchased the same land 2x, when 1+ Indian tribe claimed it. His chain of friendship appealed to the local Indians, promising protection from rival tribes who claimed domination over them. Most fundamental principle- religious freedom. Condemned attempts to enforce "religious uniformity" for depriving 1000s of "free inhabitants" of England of the right to worship as they desired. His charter of liberty- offered "christian liberty" to all who affirmed a belief in God and did not use their freedom to promote "licentiousness." His frame of gov. prohibited swearing, drunkeness, and adultery, as well as popular entertainments such as "revels, bull-baiting, and cock-fighting". Foundation of his social order- virtuous citizenry (not religious uniformity)

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691. Where the Pilgrims actually landed b/c they were blown off course from Virginia. Today: Cape Cod. Established by the 102 surviving Pilgrims

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south Gave the first sustained criticism of the existing order. Arrived in Massachusetts in 1631 and soon began to insist that its congregations withdraw from the Church of England and that church and state should be separated. Believed "Soul Liberty" required that individuals be allowed to follow their consciences wherever they led. Believed any law-abiding citizen should be allowed to practice whatever form of religion he chose. Believed- for the government to "molest any person, Jew or Gentile, for either professing doctrine or practicing worship" violated the principle that genuine religious faith is voluntary. Aimed to strengthen religion, not weaken it. Insisted on the embrace of government corrupted the purity of the Christian faith and drew believers into endless religious wars. Rejected the conviction that Puritans were an elect people on a divine mission to spread the true faith. Denied that God has singled out any group as a favorite.

Mayflower Compact

A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good A compact drawn up before the pilgrims landed in Plymouth in which adult men going ashore agreed to obey "just and equal laws" enacted by representatives of their own choosing. First written frame of government in what is now USA

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry Persons of mixed European (father) and Native American (mother) origin. Repopulated the valley of Mexico (disease had decimated the original inhabitants)

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land Accelerated the shift from white indentured servants to African slaves. 1676. Gov. William Berkley had run a corrupt regime in alliance w/ a inner circle of the colony's wealthiest tobacco planters. He rewarded his followers with land grants and lucrative offices. Soon there were more freed servants who would work as tenants/ move to the frontier. Caused overproduction and falling prices. Gov. Berkley didn't allow white settlements in areas reserved for Indians- angered many. In 1676- long simmering social tensions and resentment against the injustices of the Berkley Regime- Bacon's Rebellion. Settlers demanded that the gov authorize the extermination/ removal of the colony's Indians, to open more land for the whites Berkeley refused. An uprising followed- got out on control. Quickly grew into a full-fledged rebellion against Berkeley and his system. To some extent: conflict w/ in the Virginia elite. Leader= Nathaniel bacon- called for the removal of all Indians from the colony, a reduction of taxes, and an end to rule by "grandees" rapidly gained support by small farmers, landless men, indentured servants, and some African Americans. Bacon promised freedom and access to Indian lands to all who joined his ranks. in 1676, Bacon gathered an armed force for an unauthorized and indiscriminate campaign against those he called the governor's "protected and darling Indians" refused Berkeley's order and burned Jamestown. Berkley fled and Bacon became the ruler of VA. His forces plundered the estates of Berkley's supporters- arrival of a squadron of UK warships restored order.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. 1688- struggle for dominion of English gov. between parliament and the crown. Established parliamentary supremacy and secured the protestant succession to the throne Charles II- expanded parliament control over finance foreign affairs, and excluded from political power over Catholics/ Dissenters. In 1687- James II decreed religious toleration for Dissenters and Catholics. People didn't want a new catholic monarchy- invited William of Orange (James's daughter's (Mary)-husband) and he brought an army. James II fled. bc of this- they have the English Bill of Rights

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. Arose in England late in the 16th century. Term initially coined by opponents to ridicule those not satisfied with the progress of the Protestant Reformation. Originally called themselves "godly" or "true Protestants". This came to define a set of religious principles and a view of how society should be organized. They differed among themselves on many issues. All shared the conviction that the church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its religious rituals and doctrines. Saw elaborate church ceremonies, the rule that priests could not marry, and ornate church decorations s vestiges of "popery." Many rejected the Catholic structure of religious authority descending from a pope or king to archbishops, bishops, and priests. Believed only independent local congregations should choose clergymen and determine modes of worship. These= Congregationalists. All of them shared beliefs on the Church of England and society as a whole (hatred of Catholicism and pride in England's greatness.) Believed neither the church or nation was living up to its ideals. Considered religious belief and complex and demanding matter and urged believers to seek the truth by reading the Bible and listening to sermons by educated ministers, rather than devoting themselves to sacraments administered by priests and to what they considered formulaic prayers. Sermon= central right of this. Followed the ideals of John Calvin (predestination). Decided to emigrate b/c they feared "popish" practices emerging. Blamed many of England's social problems on the poor. Would establish a "city set upon a hill." Came to the new world in search of liberty (liberty= spiritual affair). Freedom= elect had a right to establish churches and govern society.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. A ship capable of long-distance travel. This + compass and quadrant system enabled sailors to determine their direction and location with greater accuracy. Made it possible to sail down the coast of Africa and return to Portugal.

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa carried british manufactured goods to Africa and Colonies; colonial products to Europe; and slaves from Africa to the New World. Slaves, crops produced by slaves, and goods destined for slave soceities.

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies the voyage across the Atlantic (called by slaves) bc it was the 2nd/ middle leg in the triangular trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and America. Men, women, and children were crammed aboard vessels as tightly as possible to maximize profits. Many Africans did not survive bc of the bad conditions and diseases. 1/5 of the slaves died before reaching the new world. Captains were likely to throw the sick overboard.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him An Englishman employed by the Dutch East India Company. Sailed into New York Harbor looking for a Northwest Passage to Asia. He + crew became the 1st Europeans to sail up the Hudson River. Didn't find a route to Asia, but did find Native Americans willing to trade furs for European goods. He claimed the area for the Netherlands and planted the seeds for NYC.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. Believed he discovered a new route to China and India by sailing West. A seasoned mariner and fearless explorer from Genoa. Sailed the Mediterranian and North Atlantic, studying ocean currents and wind patterns. Knew the earth was round but underestimated its size. Believed that by sailing westward he could relatively quickly cross the Atlantic and reach Asia. Devout Catholic- drew on bible for his estimate of the size of the globe. Hoped to convert Asians to Christianity and enlist them in a crusade to redeem Jerusalem from Muslim control. Sought financial support throughout Europe for the planned voyage. Most of his contemporaries knew that he considerably underestimated the earth's size. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain were his sponsors along with bankers and merchants of Spain and the Italian city-states. Arrived at the Bahamas on Oct 12, 1492. In 1493, European colonization of the New World began. Columbus returned with 17 ships but his settlement failed. Died in 1506. Sailed to the New World 4 times: 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502. Thought he had discovered a westward route to Asia. Called Native Americans "Indians"

Great League of Peace

An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America. Group formed by 5 Iroquois peoples (Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga) that brought a period of stability to the area. Contained a Great Council.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought The government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. It should encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other measures. Trade should be controlled so that more gold and silver flowed into the country than left it. Exports of goods, which generated revenue paying foreigners for their products. The role of colonies was to serve the interests of the mother country by producing marketable raw materials and importing manufactured goods from home. Commerce- foundation of an empire

English Liberty

An idea that certain ''rights of Englishmen'' applied to all within the kingdom. The struggle over this in England expanded the definition of freedom in England and North America. In 1600- a set of privileges confined to one or another social group and "Rights of Englishmen" which applied to all within the kingdom. (The English Bill of Rights listed certain rights that were "true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people." It limited the powers of the king in taxation and keeping a standing army.)

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. Admiral who led 7 large naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean between 1405-1433. 1st convoy: 62 ships- larger than any european ships, 225 support vessels, 25,000 mn. 6th voyage: explored coast of East Africa- impress then with China's might. Could have gone to america but didnt.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism. A symbol of the mixing of Indian and Spanish cultures, and later of the modern nation of Mexico. In 1531, a poor Indian, Juan Diego, reported seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary, looking very much like a dark-skinned Indian, near a Mexican village. Miracles began to be reported and a shrine was built in her honor.

Religion in Maryland

Calvert envisioned Maryland as a refuge for persecuted Catholics. Most appointed officials initially were Catholic, but Protestants always outnumbered Catholics in the colony. Although it had a high death rate, Maryland offered servants greater opportunity for land ownership than Virginia. Calvert (Catholic) viewed Maryland as a refuge for his persecuted coreligionists. He hoped Protestants and Catholics could live in harmony (unknown in Europe). Many protestants took advantage of this and moved to Maryland. Almost 70% of men in Maryland died before 50 y/o and 50% of children. Offered servants a greater opportunity for land ownership than Virginia. Freedom dues= 50 acres of land. Evolved toward a society dominated by a small aristocracy ruling over numerous bound laborers.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. Capital of the Aztec empire wit​h a population of 250,000. It is in modern day Mexico and was one of the world's largest cities. Its temple, palace, and central market made it seem "like an enchanted vision"

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown Caused the elite to grow rapidly in wealth and power. Introduced to the West Indies by John Rolfe. King James I: this= "harmful to the brain and dangerous to the lungs." Increasing numbers of Europeans enjoyed smoking and believed it had medical benefits. This became Virginia's substitute for gold and enriched an emerging class of planters. The crown benefitted from customs duties (taxes on tobacco that entered/ left the kingdom). IN 1624, 200,000+ lbs exported; 1664, 15 mil lbs; 1680s, 30 mil lbs. Spread of this farming produced a dispersed society with few towns and little social unity. Inspired a "get rich quick" attitude and frenzied scramble for land and labor. Expansion of this increased demand for field labor (male indentured servants). Allowed Virginia to grow just like England (wealthy, small farmers, poor laborers).

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill" Overshadowed Plymouth. Chartered in 1629. Founded by a group of London merchants who hoped to further the Puritan cause and turn a profit through trade with Indians

Black Legend

Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer. Spread with Las Casas's writings

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following the execution of previous king The struggle between Parliament and the Stuart monarchs (James I and Charles I) culminated in this. The 1640s and early 1650s. Battles arose from religious disputes about how fully the Church of England should distance its doctrines and forms of worship from Catholicism. Conflict also developed between the powers of king and parliament which led to a great expansion of the concept of English freedom. Leaders of the house of commons accused the Stuart kings of endangering liberty by imposing taxes without parliamentary consent, imprisoning political foes, and leading the nation back towards Catholicism. Civil war broke out in 1642, resulting in a victory by parliament. Charles I was beheaded in 1649- the monarchy was abolished and England was declared a commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell ruled for almost a decade until Charles II assumed the throne in 1660. Most New Englanders sided with Parliament, b/c of this- Quakers. Virginia tended to side with Charles I.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. "criollos"; persons born in the colonies of European ancestry

Plantation slavery

Economic system in which slave labor was used to grow crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton on large estates. Compared to indentured servants- slaves had many advantages- could not proclaim protections of English common law. Terms of service never expired. Children=slaves. Hard to escape b/c of skin color. Accustomed to intensive agricultural labor- encountered many diseases known in Europe and developed a resistance- less likely to succumb to epidemics. Race-not fully developed- civilization v barbarian, christianity v heathenism, color/race. Why Indians weren't slaves- knew location so could run away, declining pop., slaves=outsiders. Based on the plantation- an agricultural enterprise that brought together many workers under a single owner. Imbalance- magnified chase of slave resistance- police system rigidly- encouraged sharp boundary between slavery and freedom. Labor on plantations- very demanding- higher death rate. In new world- slavery became associated with race- even free slaves carried a mark (skin color). By the time this was a major feature of the new world- well entrenched in all of the Western Hemisphere. *Sugar (1st mass marketed crop) and tobacco grew slowly in North America- lays grew more strict Barbados became huge in slave labor (sugar plantations)

Proprietary Colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment A grant of land and governmental authority to a single individual. In Maryland's case- Cecilius Calvert. B/c he was the proprietor of the colony, he had "full, free, and absolute power."

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage A Genoese merchant who had settled in England who was inspired to follow in Columbus' footsteps and reached Newfoundland in 1497

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony. Sponsors of the voyage of Jamestown. A private business organization whose shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members or Parliament. Given​ blessing by Queen Elizabeth I before her death in 1603. Had more interest in searching for gold and in other resources than in establishing a functioning society.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain Founded by Samuel de Champlain and sponsored by a French fur-trading company in 1608. 1st successful French settlement

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. French settlements in the New World. Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet (located MS river), René- Robert Cavelier/ Sieur de La Salle (descended to the Gulf of Mexico and claiming the entire MS river valley for France). Eventually formed a giant arc along the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. More humane toward local Indians. History dominated by Samuel de Champlain.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) Intrepid explorer who dominated the early history of New France. Insisted on religious toleration to all Christians. Denied that Native Americans were intellectual or culturally inferior. Dreamed of making a colony based on mutual respect between diverse peoples.

New England town and government

Gov of Massachusetts: reflected the Puritans' religious and social vision. The shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony emigrated to America taking the charter with them and transforming a commercial document into a form of government. At first- 8 shareholders chose men who would rule the colony. In 1634 a group of deputies elected by freemen (landowning church members) was added to form a single ruling body, the General Court. 10 years later, company officers and elected deputies were divided into 2 legislature houses. Virginia: governors appointed by Virginia company/ crown, Maryland: proprietor, Massachusetts: people elected governor. Church government was decentralized- each congregation had "complete liberty to stand alone". Churches were formed by voluntary agreement among member who elected the minister. No important church decision was made without the agreement of male members. Towns governed themselves, and local officials, delegates to the General Court, and the colonial governor were all elected. Church membership: only given to those who had experienced divine grace and could be considered a "visible saint" (conversion experience). Voting in colony-wide elections was limited to men accepted as full church members. The General Court issued a Body of Liberties outlining the rights and responsibilities of Massachusetts colonists. Church and state were closely interconnected. Law: each town must establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister. No separate church court- state-enforced religious devotion. Body of Liberties affirmed the rights of free speech and assembly and equal protection of the law for all within the colony. Laws of Massachusetts prescribed the death penalty for worshiping "any god, but the lord god," practicing witchcraft, or committing blasphemy

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. 1st Puritans to emigrate to America and separatists. Had fled to the Netherlands in 1608 believing that Satan had begun "to sow arrows" in England. Decided to emigrate to Virginia 1 decade later. Their expedition was financed by a group of English investors who hoped to establish a base for profitable trade. Left on the Mayflower in September 1620 carrying 150 settlers and crew. Landed at Plymouth

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly. English colonial administrator in North America. Governor of the dominion of New England. Former NY governor. Did not have to answer to an elected assembly. His actions alienated nearly everyone not depended on his administration for favors. Appointed local officials instead of elected ones, imposed taxes without the approval of elected representative, declared earlier land grants void unless approved by him, and enforced religious toleration for all protestants. Rule threatened both English liberties and the church-state relationship @ the hear of Puritan order. Seized and jailed by Boston militia in April of 1689, after James II was overthrown.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Landed in Virginia in 1607. "every man may be the master and owner of his own labor and land." One of the colony's 1st leaders. "Would rather starve than work." A forceful man whose career before coming to America included a period fighting the Turks in Hungary, where he was captured and, for a time, enslaved. Imposed a regime of forced labor on company lands. "He that will not work, shall not eat." Autocratic mode of governing alienated many of the colonists. After being injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion in 1609, forced to return to England. His immediate successors continued his iron rule. Held the colony together with his rigorous military discipline. Powhatan captured him and Pocahontas (daughter) saved him.

Yeoman Farmers

Independent and hardworking farmers in the south, lived and worked on smaller-sized farms with their families. Plantation owners got food from Yeoman farmers to feed their slaves, but Yeomen did not have on slavery on their farms. small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves. exposed slaves to white culture

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. 1689. justified the ouster of James II. Listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals (including trial by jury). "Ancient" and "undoubted... rights and liberties" of all Englishmen. Followed by toleration act

Encomieda

Land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans 1st settlers had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the native inhabitants. Gov. replaced with repartimiento system

Haciendas

Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants Large-scale farms or mines controlled by Spanish landlords on which Indians were forced to work in gold/ silver mines, which supplied the empire's wealth, or farms. Farms: corn, beans, squash

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. "crime against humanity" In the 18th century- a regularized business in which European merchants, African traders, and American planters engaged in the complex bargaining over human lives, all with the expectation of earning a profit. Vital part of world commerce. Growth fueled by rising demand of mass consumer goods (sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco)

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. Aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch, whose merchants profited from free trade with all parts of the world and all existing empires. Parliament passed in 1651 under Oliver Cromwell. Additional measures followed in 1660 and 1663. England's new economic policy, mercantilism, rested on the idea that England should monopolize the profits arising from the English empire. Certain "enumerated" goods (most valuable colonial products such as tobacco and sugar) had to be shipped through England, where customs duties were paid. This enable English merchants, manufacturers, shipbuilders, and sailors to reap the benefits of colonial trade, and the government to enjoy added income from taxes. As members of the empire, American colonies would profit as well, since their ships were considered English. Simulated the rise of New England's shipbuilding industry.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt The most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans and the only wholesale expulsion of settlers in the history of North America. The Pueblo Indians surrounded Santa Fe and forced the Spanish to surrender. Most of the Spanish survivors and Catholic Indians left. The Pueblo Indians had triumphantly reestablished the freedom lost through Spain's conquest.

Dissenters

Protestant whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England Protestants who belonged to denominations other than the established church. Many settled in Rhode Island

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill" Governor of colony in New England. 2 kinds of liberty- natural liberty (liberty to do evil) and moral liberty (restraints on speech, religion, etc.). Puritan. Made a speech on liberty in 1645. Believed a woman achieved genuine freedom by fulfilling her prescribed social role and embracing "subjection to her husband's authority." In a sermon aboard the Arabella, he spoke of the settlers binding themselves together "in the bond of brotherly affection" in order to promote the glory of God ad their own "common good." "Some must be rich and some poor."

The Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society. History's 1st democratic political movement. Proposed a written constitution, The Agreement of the People. This began by proclaiming "at how high a rate we value our just freedom." Democracy was seen as the equivalent of anarchy and disorder. The document proposed to abolish the monarchy and House of Lords and to greatly expand the right to vote. Thomas Rainsborough- "any man... born in England... ought to have his voice in election." Offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement in a society based on equal rights, not a function of social class. Spawned by the Civil War but crushed.

Rhode Island

Roger Williams founded this colony when he was expelled from Massachusetts for religious disagreements. Supported the separation of church and state and paying the Indians for their land. Established by Roger Williams and his followers bc they were banished from Massachusetts. Eventually received a charter from London. Became a beacon of religious freedom. Had no established church, no religious qualifications for voting (until the 18th century), and no haven for Dissenters and Jews. The frame of government- more democratic. Assembly- elected 2x year, governor- annually, town meetings- held more frequently

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. Witch: usually women- middle aged, outspoken, broke gender norms. punishable by definition. In Salem, Massachusetts. Began in 1691 when several young girls began to suffer fits and nightmares. Soon 3 "witches" were found- only way to avoid persecution- confess and name others. Became a snowball- local authorities took legal action against almost 150 people. Many confessed to save their lives- but 14 women and 5 men were hanged while protesting their innocence. Accusations of witchcraft spread far beyond the usual profile of people. As accusations and executions multiplied- became clear something was wrong with the colony's system of justice. 1692- Gov. of Massachusetts dissolved the Salem court and ordered all other prisoners released. Increase Mather published: Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits. Accelerated a commitment among colonists to finding scientific explanations for natural events.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river. Expeditions marched through the Gulf regions of the South West, fruitlessly searching for another Mexico/ Peru. His men tortured, raped, and enslaved countless Indians and transmitted deadly diseases. When Europeans returned to colonize the area, little remained

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires. Spanish people who were inspired by a search for wealth, national glory, and the desire to spread Catholicism and were often accompanied by religious missionaries and carried flags emblazed with the signs of the cross. Radiated outward from Hispaniola

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) 1st explorer to encounter a major American civilization. In 1519 arrived in Tenochtitlan, the nerve system of the Aztec empire, whose wealth and power rested on domination of numerous subordinate peoples nearby. Conquered Tenochtitlan with only a few 100 men, relying on superior military technology (iron weapons and gunpowder), and shrewdness in enlisting the aid of some of the Aztec's subject peoples, who supplied him with thousands of warriors. Most powerful ally: disease (smallpox)

St Augustine FL

Spanish erected fortress; erected 1565; oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the modern USA Spanish fort established by Menendez. Oldest site in the continental USA continuously inhabited by European settlers and their descendants. People of Santa Elena were forced to go here.

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. A fur trader was killed by Pequots in 1637. A force of Connecticut and Massachusetts soldiers, augmented by Narragansett allies, surrounded the main Pequot fortified village at Mystic and set it ablaze, killing those who tried to escape. Over 500 men, women, and children died. This started this war. A few months later- most of the Pequots had been exterminated or sold into Caribbean slavery. The destruction of the Pequots opened the Connecticut River Valley to rapid white settlement and persuaded other Indians that the newcomers possessed a power that could not be resisted

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land Awarded 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own/ another's passage instead of the Virginia Company retaining all the land for itself. B/c of this, anyone who brought a large number of servants would get a large estate.

Borderlands

The area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States A meeting place of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined. Came into existence during the era of European Conquest and settlement, including the "middle ground"

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans The transitive flow of goods and people that altered millions of years of evolution. Plants, animals, and cultures that has evolved independently on separate continents were now thrown together. Products introduced to Europe from Americas: corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, cotton. Products introduced to Americas from Europe: wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, germs

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia Named for the King of England and situated on the James River. Became the 1st permanent English settlement in the area that is now the USA. Led the way for new empires. It's founding took place during a time of heightened European involvement in North America

stono rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. September 1739- a group of South Carolina slaves from Kongo seized a store containing numerous weapons at the town of Stono. the armer band marched southward toward Florida, burning houses and barns, killing whites they encountered, and shouted "Liberty"! (FL's Spanish rules offered "liberty and protection" to fugitives from the British colonies. Eventually grew to 100 slaves. The rebellion took the lives of over 2 dozen whites and over 200 slaves. This led to a severe tightening of the South Carolina slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, landlords sought profits by raising sheep for the expanding trade in wool and introducing more modern farming practices such as crop rotation. They evicted small farmers and fenced in "commons" previously open to all. Many landlords, farmers, and town merchants benefitted, 1000s of people were uprooted from the land and fled to English cities or wandered the roads in search of work.

House of Bugesses

Virginia assembly, the first representative assembly in the American colonies Convened in 1619 and became the 1st elected assembly in colonial America. Hardly a model of democracy: only freemen could vote, and the company and its appointed governor retained the right to nullify any measure the body adopted. Established a political precedent that all English colonies would eventually follow. Laid the foundation for a society dominated economically and politically by slave-owning plantations

Pennsylvania

William Penn proprietor= William penn- envisioned it as a place where those facing religious persecution in Europe could enjoy spiritual freedom, and colonists and Indians would coexist in harmony. Was granted a vast tract of land south west of NY (PA &DE) to cancel debt w/ dad by king. Considered a "holy experiment" by penn- hoped it could be governed according to Quaker principles (equality of all)-religious freedom. No established church in PA- voluntary. However strict morality code. Penn owned all land and sold it to settlers @ price. Religious toleration, healthy climate, and inexpensive land, along w/ Penn's aggressive efforts to publicize the colony's advantages- attracted immigrants form all over Western Europe. The freedoms PA offered to European immigrants- deterioration of freedom of others. Lass indentured servants went to VA and MS- reliance on slave labor.

Aztec

a member of the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century. Modern day Mexico with a capital of Tenochtitlan. Rivaled Europe. Violent warriors who engaged in the ritual sacrifice of captives and others.

Quakers and "inner light"

a persecuted religious group who were pacifists, believed all were equal in the sight of God (didn't recognize mundane titles), wouldn't take off their hats(we are all children in God's eyes), and refused to support the Anglican Church with taxes, among other strange things. Believed all could be saved as all had the holy spirit (inner light) within them, and thus rejected predestination. No one seemed to like them. Some principles: equality of ALL (including women and all races) before God and the primacy of the individual conscience. Liberty= universal entitlement, not the possession of any single people (1st whites to repudiate slavery) Pacifists who came to America unarmed and didn't organize a militia until the 1740s- peace with native population was crucial. Upheld a strict code of personal mortality- prohibited wearing, drunkeness, and adultery, as well as popular entertainment. Quakers form the British Isles= majority of the early settlers.

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida Initially strengthened by English rule. In the mid 1670s, Sir Edmund Andros formed an alliance known as the Covenant Chain (imperial ambitions of the English and Indians) reinforced one another. The 5 (later 6) Iroquois Nations assisted Andros in clearing parts of New York of rival tribes and helped the British in attacks on the French and their Indian allies. Beginning in the 1680s, Indians around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regrouped with French aid, attacked the Iroquois, pushing them to the east. By the end of the century, the Iroquois Nations adopted a policy of careful neutrality, seeking the play the European empires off one another while continuing to profit from the fur trade.

New Amsterdam

a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island, modern day NYC The main dutch population center. A fortified military outpost controlled by appointees of the West India Company. Neither and elected assembly nor a town council was established. As early as the 1630s, at least 18 languages were spoken there.

English Toleration Act of 1690

allowed all Protestants to worship freely New law in newly reformed Massachusetts that said- allow all protestants to worship freely. This heightened anxiety among Puritan clergy (saw everyone else as heretics that weren't being punished)

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. After the decline of the "mound builders" where culture flourished. Present day St. Louis. Fortified community with 10,000-30,000 inhabitants in 1200. Residents built giant mounds (largest topped with a temple). Little known about their political and economic structure. Largest settled community in the US until surpassed by NY and Philadelphia around 1800

Mound Builders

native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places The name given to Indians of the Ohio River valley by 18th century settlers who encountered the large earthen burial grounds they created. Traveled across 1/2 of the continent 1000+ years before Columbus came. Lived 1000+ years before Columbus, established trading networks the covered 1/2 of the continent

Repartimiento System

required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation Residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year. Indians were not slaves, however were still abused by spanish landlords and priests

Bartolone de Las Casas

spanish priest who told the spanish encomiendas were unfair A Dominican priest who published an account of the decimation of the Indian Population with "A very brief account of the destruction of the Indies." His dad sailed with Columbus on his 2nd voyage and he participated in the conquest of Cuba. Freed his own Indian slaves in 1514 and began to preach against the injustices of Spanish rule. Denounced Spain for causing the death of millions of innocent people. Wrote: the Indians had been "totally deprived of their freedom and were put in the harshest, fiercest, most terrible servitude and captivity. Insisted that Indians were rational beings, not barbarians, and that Spain had no grounds on which to deprive them of their lands and liberty. "The entire human race is one." Suggested that importing slaves from Africa would help to protect the Indians from expulsion. Believed that the main justification for empire was converting the Indians to Christianity. Because of his efforts, Spain promulgate the New Law, commanding that Indians no longer be enslaved.

Native American Views of Land

these people believed land was a resource, not an economic commodity; families owned rights to land but not land itself (non-ownable); areas of land were for specific purpose (farming, hunting, etc.); unclaimed land was free for anyone to use Village leaders assigned plots of land to individual families to use for a season or more, tribes claimed specific areas for hunting. Unclaimed land remained free for all. Families "owned" the right to use land, didn't own the land itself. Land= basis of economic life for both hunting and farming societies; basic resource. Land was not an economic commodity. "The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon, and cultivate as far as necessary for the subsistence: and as so long as they occupy and cultivate it, they have a right to the soil."

Majority of emmigrants

young, single men from the bottom rungs of English society. Indentured servants