APUSH Unit 11 terms

58. Bonanza farms

- Bonanza farms refers to farms becoming like factories. With a new increase in technology, it took less work to grow crops since the machines made it easier. Since it was easier to grow crops, not as many farmhands were needed. They drove farmers off of their land, fueling the need for new factory workers. These bonanza farms were managed by business people and funded by credit. Since they were large scale like factories, they had an enormous output and profit.

68. Dingley Tariff bill

- The Dingley Tariff bill was the result of the emergence of the tariff issue after the election of 1896. The previous Wilson-Gorman law was not resulting in enough revenue to cover Treasury costs. It was passed in the House in 1897. It was descended upon in the Senate, resulting in over 850 amendments. In the end, it made the average tariff rates at 46.5 percent. Farm state representatives fought to block the new protectionist duties, but lacked the political strength.

54. Long Drive

- The Long Drive was the new method of taking cattle to the newly emerging slaughterhouses. Texas cowboys drove herds numbering form one thousand to ten thousand cattle. These cowboys drove their herds as traveled across the unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal. The cattle grazed on the lush grass as they passed over government land. There were many hazards such as Indians and disease.

56. Sooner State

- The Sooner State is the nickname for Oklahoma. After driving the Indians from their land, the government took control of this area. It made vast stretches of fertile land available to settlers. Scores of overeager and well-armed "sooners," illegally jumping the gun, had entered the Oklahoma Territory. They were evicted repeatedly by federal troops. It was legally opened to settling in April of 1889. This resulted in the entrance of some 50,000 "boomers" who were poised expectantly on the boundary line.

66. "16 to 1"

- The phrase "16 to 1" refers to the relation of silver to gold as planned by the Populists during the election of 1896. Republicans were arguing for hard money, which is the use of only gold to back currency. Bryan demanded for inflation through the use of the unlimited coinage of silver. The proposed ratio was 16 ounces of silver for 1 ounce of gold, however; on the market at that time, the ratio was 32 to 1. This meant that silver in a dollar would be worth about fifty cents. It also became one of the slogans for the Populist Party.

47. Apache

A Native American people inhabiting the southwest United States and northern Mexico. Various Apache tribes offered strong resistance to encroachment on their territory in the latter half of the 19th century. Present-day Apache populations are located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. They were originally from the Southwest.

48. Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good. Ghost dance prophets foretold the imminent disappearance of whites, the restoration of traditional lands and ways of life, and the resurrection of dead ancestors.

49. Battle of Wounded Knee

A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indian reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing Indian men women and children.

55. Homestead Act

A homestead act is a United States federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to an area called a "homestead" - typically 160 acres (65 hectares or one-fourth section) of undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi River. The original Homestead Act, known as the Homestead Act of 1862, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. The law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, including freed slaves, could file an application to claim a federal land grant. The occupant also had to be 21 or older, had to live on the land for five years and show evidence of having made improvements.

15. megalopolis

A word that means a very large city or an area that is made up of several large cities that mesh to form a complex urban area. An example is the urban area from Boston to New York to Washington D.C.

39. Frederick Jackson Turner

According to Frederick Jackson Turner, American character and culture were primarily influenced by the existence of the frontier and the westward expansion. He wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" about the "closing" of the frontier and argued that the existence of cheap, unsettled land had played a key role in making American society more democratic. The frontier helped shape a distinctive American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism. He enabled factory workers to escape bad economic conditions and find new opportunities and also stimulated nationalism and individualism.

16. settlement house

An agency that helped the poor and immigrants in city slums to become accustomed to city life. Jane Addams Hull-House is an example of a settlement house. The houses often were involved in action for workers' rights and anti-child-labor. The idea of a settlement house expanded in American in the 1900s, with over 400 settlement houses by 1910.

51. Little Big Horn

At the Battle of the Little Big Horn, on June 25-26, 1876, the US 7th Cavalry suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a superior force of Native American tribes, mainly the Sioux. Its commander, George Armstrong Custer, perished along with more than 260 of his men, notably at the skirmish known as Custer's Last Stand. The battle took place in the Montana Territory, near the present Crow Indian settlement of Crow Agency, in southern Montana near the Wyoming border. The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho were led by chiefs Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull, who fought in the Great Sioux War (1876-1877).

52. Buffalo Soldiers

Buffalo soldiers were African-American soldiers that formed one-fifth of the frontier soldiers after the Civil War. They were nicknamed for the resemblance between their hair and the buffaloes'. The soldiers took part in almost 200 engagements. Noted for their courage and discipline, they had the army's lowest desertion and court-martial rates.

18. evolution

Charles Darwin was the first to formulate a scientific argument for the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Evolution by natural selection is a process that is inferred from three facts about populations: 1) more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, 2) traits vary among individuals, leading to differential rates of survival and reproduction, and 3) trait differences are heritable. Controversy over this subject resulted in conflict between Fundamentalists and Modernists.

41. Jacob S. Coxey

Coxey was a wealthy Ohio quarry owner who marched on Washington in 1894, demanding that government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program. His "Commonwealth Army" was arrested for walking on the grass of the capital.

63. Coxey's Army

Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. Officially named the Army of the Commonweal in Christ, its nickname came from its leader and was more enduring. It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington and the expression "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army" originates from this march.

42. Eugene V. Debs

Debs was the head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike. A federal court found him guilty of restraint of trade, stopping US mail, and disobeying a government injunction to stop the strike. He was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America. He later ran for president as a candidate of the Social Democratic Party.

44. Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Hanna was an Ohio businessman and Hamiltonian who aided McKinley personally and politically. He believed in "trickle down" economics. His campaign helped nominate McKinley. He also led the "Gold Bug" movement against Bryan.

6. W. E. B. Du Bois

He helped found the National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He wanted complete black equality. He worked hard, being the first black to earn a Ph.D. At Harvard. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington and thought that he was making blacks into only manual laborers. He pushed for the rights of the "talented tenth" of the blacks so that they could contribute. He was a historian and a poet as well, famous for his book The Souls of Black Folk. He later became associated with foreign countries and was charged as a foreign agent. He renounced his citizenship in 1961 before dying in Ghana in 1963.

13. Cardinal James Gibbons

He was a Catholic leader who was popular with both Catholics and Protestants alike. He was acquainted with presidents and used his influence to help the labor movement. He helped received Papal permission for Catholics to join labor unions. He wrote several books and was honored by President William Taft and Theodore Roosevelt.

31. George A. Custer

He was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. He was lieutenant-colonel of the Seventh Cavalry. Wars who today is most remembered for a disastrous military engagement known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Served in Union army in Civil War. After the Civil War, Custer was dispatched to the West to fight in the Indian Wars. The overwhelming defeat in his final battle overshadowed his achievements in the Civil War. Custer was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, against a coalition of Native American tribes in a battle that has come to be popularly known in American history as Custer's Last Stand.

40. James B. Weaver

He was a former Greenbacker and became the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892. Weaver received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West, and so gained several states of electoral votes primarily in the West.

8. Henry George

He was a journalist-author and a thinker who, even with little education, wrote about the subjects in the title of his book Progress and Poverty. He wrote and spoke about the driving up of the value of land which gave profits to undeserving landowners. He proposed a "single tax" of 100% on all rented land, eliminating the undeserved profit of the few and making the land of all equal value. He believed this to be enough to pay for all of the government's needs, so he proposed this as the only tax or a "single tax."

33. Geronimo

He was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who fought against Mexico and the United States for their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades during the Apache Wars. During his career as a war chief, Geronimo was notorious for consistently urging raids and war upon Mexican Provinces and their various towns, and later against American locations across Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. In 1886 Geronimo surrendered to U.S. authorities after a lengthy pursuit. As a prisoner of war in old age he became a celebrity and appeared in fairs but was never allowed to return to the land of his birth.

14. Dwight L. Moody

He was formerly a shoe salesman in Chicago. He made good money and went on to preach a gospel of forgiveness and kindness, relating religion to the facts of the city. He worked with the YMCA before founding his own Moody Church. He founded the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago in 1889. Large crowds came to hear Moody speak in Chicago.

32. Chief Joseph

He was the leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other "non-treaty" Nez Perce to a reservation in Idaho. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker.—Chief Joseph was the leader of the Nez Perce tribe, whose lands were in what is now Oregon and Washington in the western United States. In 1877 he led his tribe in a 1400-mile retreat from U.S. troops in 1877, which ended in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountains in Montana.

7. William James

He worked at Harvard for many years. He wrote about the subjects of psychology and philosophy. He established the principles of behavioral psychology from his book Principles of Psychology. He explored the concept of religion in relation to psychology and philosophy in his Varieties of Religious Experience. He also came up with the philosophical idea of pragmatism in his book with the same name. Pragmatism concluded that the truth was to be tested,and it would be by action rather than theory.

5. Booker T. Washington

He worked for the cause of black education in the South. He taught the blacks skills so that they could gain financial security and self-respect. He founded a normal and industrial school in Tuskegee Alabama that grew into the Tuskegee Institute. He did not fight for immediate social, political, and economical equality. He believed that black social equality would have to come later, in contrast to W. E. B. Du Bois.

59. National Grange

Hudson Kelley formed the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry in 1867. The Grange was devoted to educational events and social gatherings. The Grange spread rapidly throughout the farm belt following the Panic of 1873. This is because: farmers in all areas were plagued by low prices for their products, growing indebtedness, and discriminatory treatment by the railroads. These concerns transformed the Grange into a political force. Under pressure from groups like the grange, many Midwestern legislatures tried to regulate the railroad monopoly. It was also important in passing the Granger Laws.

23. Hull House

Hull House is a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House opened its doors to the recently arrived European immigrants. Stressing the principle of "neighborhood sovereignty"——that is, mutual self-help and cooperation among immigrants in the urban villages—the settlement workers tried to teach the English language, offer training in labor skills for the unemployed, and instill respect for law and order and an understanding of the political workings of American democratic government. It enabled women reformers to develop their capacity for political leadership.

50. Dawes Severalty Act

It acted to try and better assimilate natives to white culture. The government disallowed communally owned lands and put them on their own land for their individual families. 160 acres for the head, 80 to a single adult or orphan, 40 to each dependent titles. Adults were given American citizenship. They had to live on their land for 25+ years so they couldn't sell it off to speculators. All the land that wasn't given to families was then held by the government who sold it to land speculators. It was pretty much the Homestead act for natives, but instead of trying to gain a population, they were trying to break-up tribes and native culture.

36. Oliver H. Kelley

Kelley built partnerships that developed into the seven original founders of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. On November 15, 1867, he laid the groundwork to build a new foundation for American agriculture through the organization of the Grange, of which he was the first secretary until he resigned in 1878. Kelly was the National Grange of the Patron's of Husbandry's leading spirit. The Grange's primary objectives were to stimulate the minds of the farm people by social, educational, and fraternal activities.

38. Mary Elizabeth Lease

Lease was an eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell". She spoke out and attacked those who hurt farmers such as the banks and railroads. Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy.

43. William McKinley

McKinley was an Ohio ex-congressman who ran for the Republican party in 1896. He was supported by Marcus Alonzo Hanna, who gave him financial support and promoted his campaign. Though he supported silver, the Republican campaign was for the gold standard. It gained a bit more support when it introduced the concept of international bimetallism.

21. New Immigration

New immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, like Poland Italy, Slovakia, and Croatia. Many came from areas with little democratic tradition, so the American method of politics was completely foreign to them; they were used to autocratic reign. They were usually Catholic, uneducated, and generally penniless. In 1880, they made up on 19% of the immigrant population, but by 1910 the consisted of 66%.

46. Nez Percé

Nez Percé North American Indian tribe of Shahaptian located in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. In 1877, the Nez Percé, led by the great Chief Joseph, engaged the U.S. Army in a series of running battles as they sought refuge in Canada. At last forced to surrender at Bear Paw Mountain, the Nez Percé were confined in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) until 1885 when they were allowed to go to a reservation in Washington.

35. John Wesley Powell

Powell took many expeditions down the Colorado River, describing the earliest of these in Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries. He developed the first comprehensive classification of American Indian languages and was the first director of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology. In 1881 he became director of the U.S. Geological Survey, where he worked extensively on mapping water sources and advancing irrigation projects. John Wesley Powell was a United States soldier and explorer. He was best known for his Powell Geographic Expedition which was the first known passage through the Grand Canyon.

1. Jane Addams

She co-founded the Hull-House social organization in 1889. She was a college graduate who wanted to use her talents to volunteer. She bought the old Hull mansion and began Hull-House to help the poor in the slums of Chicago. Hull-House helped newcomers cope with city life, also offering childcare and cultural activities. She later expanded her goals to include suffrage and other rights for women, mandatory education, and labor laws. She also founded the Women's Peace Party She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

3. Mary Baker Eddy

She founded the Christian Science Church in 1879. She taught that true Christian faith and prayer could heal illnesses, as it had supposedly done for her. She wrote the book Science and Health with Key to Scriptures that sold an amazing 400,000 copies.

12. Carrie Chapman Catt

She took a stand for womens' right to vote in the 1900s. She took a different approach to achieving the right to vote for women. Instead of emphasizing on the fact that women deserve to vote because they are equal to men, she stood for the womens' right to vote because of their increasing role in the public in cities. The women needed the right to vote on the matters of public health, police, and school because of their role in the public society.

34. Helen Hunt Jackson

She was a United States writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. She detailed the adverse effects of government actions in her history A Century of Dishonor (1881), and in her novel Ramona she dramatized the federal government's mistreatment of Native Americans in Southern California.

11. Charlotte Perkins Gilman

She was a feminist in support of the independence of women. She wrote Women and Economics which encouraged women to leave their dependent roles as mother and contribute to the larger society. She wanted women to go to work so she created centralized nurseries and kitchens where women could work. She stood for the idea that women do not deserve different than men because of biology.

2. Florence Kelley

She was a voice for the prevention of sweatshops and child labor. She worked with Hull-House to make laws against these crimes. She fought for the rights of women, children, and the consumer. She worked with the National Consumers' League for many years for industrial reform for the consumer. She also helped to found the NAACP for the rights of blacks.

30. Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull (also known as Tatanka-Iyotanka) was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux tribal leader in the mid-western plains during the westward expansion of American settlers in the 1800s. In the 1860s he fought efforts by U.S. troops to move the Lakota tribes west onto reservations. He earned a reputation as a fearless warrior and by 1868 was the chief of a united Lakota Nation. He fought U.S. general George Armstrong Custer in a battle at Little Big Horn on 25 June 1876.

65. Cross of Gold speech

The "Cross of Gold" speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former congressman from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". Bryan's address helped catapult him to the Democratic Party's presidential nomination; it is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history. It is considered to be one of the main reasons Bryan was made the Democratic nominee.

24. American Protective Association

The American Protective Association, or APA was an American anti-Catholic society similar to the Know Nothings. This was a secret anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant society formed in Iowa in 1887. Its membership, consisting mainly of farmers who feared the growth and political power of immigrant-populated cities, rose to more than two million in the 1890s. Membership dwindled after the election of 1896 and the return of agricultural prosperity in the Midwest. By 1911 the society had disappeared.

28. Comstock Law

The Comstock Law of 1873 was a federal law that made it a crime to sell or distribute materials that could be used for contraception to send such materials or information about such materials through the federal mail system, or to import such materials from abroad. It was motivated by growing societal concerns over OBSCENITY, abortion, pre-marital and extra-marital sex, the institution of marriage, the changing role of women in society, and increased procreation by the lower classes. This made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. In addition to banning contraceptives, this act also banned the distribution of information on abortion for educational purposes.

53. Comstock Lode

The Comstock Lode was the first major U.S. discovery of silver ore, located under what is now Virginia City, Nevada, on the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range. After the discovery was made public in 1859, prospectors rushed to the area and scrambled to stake their claims. Mining camps soon thrived in the vicinity, which became bustling centers of fabulous wealth. Over $340 million worth of gold and silver was mined by the "Kings of the Comstock." Also, it led to the premature entry of Nevada into the Union.

61. Farmers' Alliance

The Farmers Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement amongst farmers that flourished in the 1880s. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after the American Civil War. First formed in 1876 in Lampasas, Texas, the Alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers. The movement was strongest in the South, and was widely popular before it was destroyed by the power of commodity brokers. Despite its failure, it is regarded as the precursor to the Populist Party, which grew out of the ashes of the Alliance in 1892. The Farmers' Alliance sponsored social gatherings, was active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.

67. "fourth party system"

The Fourth Party System is the term used in political science and history for the period in American political history from about 1896 to 1932 that was dominated by the Republican party, excepting the 1912 split in which Democrats held the White House for eight years. History texts usually call it the Progressive Era. The era began in the severe depression of 1893 and the extraordinarily intense election of 1896. The central domestic issues concerned government regulation of railroads and large corporations ("trusts"), the protective tariff, the role of labor unions, child labor, the need for a new banking system, corruption in party politics, primary elections, direct election of senators, racial segregation, efficiency in government, women's suffrage, and control of immigration.

69. Gold Standard Act

The Gold Standard Act of the United States was passed in 1900 on March 14. It established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, stopping bimetallism, which had allowed silver in exchange for gold. It was signed by President William McKinley. The Act fixed the value of the dollar at 25 8⁄10 grains of gold at 90% purity, equivalent to 23.22 grains (1.5046 grams) of pure gold. The Gold Standard Act confirmed the nation's commitment to the gold standard by assigning gold a specific dollar value at just over $20.67 per Troy ounce.

60. Granger laws

The Granger laws were a series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. They were passed through political agitation both by merchants' associations and by so-called Granger parties, which were third parties formed most often by members of the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers commonly called the Grange. The Granger Laws were at issue in two very important court cases in the late 19th century, Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.

27. Morrill Act

The Morrill Act of 1862 was also known as the Land Grant College Act. It was a major boost to higher education in America. The grant was originally set up to establish institutions is each state that would educate people in agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, and other professions that were practical at the time.

62. Populist (People's) Party

The People's Party, also known as the "Populists." It was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1891 during the Populist movement. It was most important in 1892-1896, then rapidly faded away. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), it represented a radical crusading of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally. It sometimes formed coalitions with labor unions, and in 1896 the Democrats endorsed their presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan. The terms "populist" and "populism" are commonly used for anti-elitist appeals in opposition to established interests and mainstream parties. It is the successor after the fall of the Farmers Alliance.

25. Salvation Army

The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian denomination and an international charity which has become famous around the world for its work in the social services. This Christian denomination is run much like a military. This organization was founded in 1865 by William Booth in London, England. His decision to focus on people like prostitutes, child laborers, and thieves allowed the Salvation Army to flourish without directly competing with other evangelical Christian sects, and his extremely efficient, military-like organization quickly made the Salvation Army a major charity.

45. Sioux Wars

The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. The Sioux Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and various subgroups of the Sioux people that occurred in the latter half of the 19th century. These fights were caused by the discovery of gold on Sioux land. When Americans found out, they wanted some for themselves. The earliest conflict came in 1854 when a fight broke out at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, when Sioux warriors killed several American soldiers in the Grattan Massacre, and the final came in 1890 during the Ghost Dance War.

22. social gospel

The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. In the late 19th century, many Americans were disgusted by the poverty level and the low quality of living in the slums. The social gospel movement provided a religious rationale for action to address those concerns. Activists in the Social Gospel movement hoped that by public health measures as well as enforced schooling so the poor could develop talents and skills, the quality of their moral lives would begin to improve. Important concerns of the Social Gospel movement were labor reforms, such as abolishing child labor and regulating the hours of work by mothers. By 1920 they were crusading against the 12-hour day for workers at U.S. Steel.

29. Women's Christian Temperance Union

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was the first mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity." The connections and contradictions between the two parts of its purpose - Christianity and Temperance - meant that the women involved confronted ideological, philosophical, political and practical dilemmas in their efforts to improve society around the world. It was officially declared at a national convention in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1874.

4. Charles Darwin

The naturalist that discovered evolution and wrote about it in his book On the Origin of Species. He studied finches, among other things, on his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He revolutionized the way we view ourselves and the creation of the Earth. He set off a battle in the Churches between creationism and evolution between "Fundamentalists" and "Modernists."

17. nativism

The prejudice against immigrants in a society. It was present earlier with the Germans and the Irish and flared up again in the 1880s with the arrival of new immigrants from Italy and Poland. The new immigrants fled for the same reasons as the old, but they did not know English and were destitute. With this new wave, came protests to Congress that they lowered wages, were used to break strikes, and brought dangerous new ideas. In response, Congress restricted the incoming immigrants because of calls from the American Protection Association (APA) to exclude paupers, criminals, and later the insane, polygamists, alcoholics, and people who had a disease.

57. safety-valve theory

The safety valve theory was a theory about how to deal with unemployment which gave rise to the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States. Given the concentration of immigrants, and population, on the Eastern coast, it was hypothesized that making free land available in the West, would relieve the pressure for employment in the East. By analogy with steam pressure, it was believed that the enactment of a free land law would act as a safety valve. A distinction has to be made between the safety valve theory as an ideal and the safety valve theory as embodied in the Homestead Act of 1862.

10. Mark Twain

The talented author who coined the Gilded Age in his book with the same name. He was born in Missouri with the original name of Samuel Clemens. The Gilded Age criticized the post-Civil War age of politicians and corruption. He was a new type of American author, in contrast to the old, refined, New England authors. He wrote the classics The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which were considered trash at the time. Mark Twain wrote satire and humor, and he wrote for social justice while capturing the realism of the frontier.

19. Pragmatism

This is a philosophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory. It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice, and applied back to practice to form what is called intelligent practice. Pragmatism as a philosophical movement began in the United States in the 1870s. Its direction was determined by The Metaphysical Club members Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Chauncey Wright, as well as John Dewey and George Herbert Mead.

9. Horatio Alger

This man, "Holy Horatio" as he was nicknamed, was a Puritan from New England who wrote over a hundred different juvenile stories teaching morals. He came up with the idea in New York when watching the newspaper boys. He sold over a hundred million copies, besides being criticized for his own life. Some of the books he wrote were: Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York; Sink or Swim. Paul the Peddler; Ben's Nugget; and Joe's Luck.

64. Pullman Strike

This was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shutdown of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions. Eugene V. Debs led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union.

26. Chautauqua movement

This was an adult education movement in the United States, highly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Chautauqua assemblies expanded and spread throughout rural America until the mid-1920s. The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community, with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers and specialists of the day. They often roved in lyceum circuits.

37. William Hope Harvey

William Harvey was an American teacher, businessman, author, and politician best remembered for his views and his book on bimetallism and the health resort he built in Northwest Arkansas, Monte Ne. His enthusiasm for silver money was later incorporated into the both the Democratic and the American Populist Party in the early 1890s. He also discovered that discovered that your blood circulates all around your body and your heart works as a pump.

20. yellow journalism

Yellow journalism or the yellow press is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. The term originated during the American Gilded Age of the late nineteenth century with the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The battle peaked from 1895 to about 1898, and historical usage often refers specifically to this period. Both papers were accused by critics of sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation, although the newspapers did serious reporting as well.