APUSH Unit 5

Grants administration

corrupt. boss tweed. credit mobilier. The Whiskey Ring (Federal liquor agents conspired with distillers to defraud the government of millions in taxes.)Wall Street corruption turned people more toward a need for reform in the government. (In 1869 Wall Street financiers Jay Gould and James Fisk employed President Grant's brother-in-law in an attempt to corner the nation's gold market.The Treasury Department brake the scheme, but not before Gould raked in huge profits)

The Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

encouraged states to use the revenue from sale of federal lands to support Agricultural and Technical Colleges (North Carolina A&T and NC State University are examples in North Carolina).

Gettysburg

-50,000 casualties were suffered by the two armies at this horrific battle. -Lee ordered the infamous "Pickett's Charge" on the final day of -Gettysburg and much of the Confederate Army was destroyed. Lincoln would later make his "Gettysburg Address" in memorial of the battle and his words gave purpose to the war, redefined the Union , and stated that slavery was the "unfinished business" these men had died for -"Turning Point" of the Civil War. The Confederate Army would never fully recover and the end of the War was at least conceivable at this point.

Containment of African Americans in the South

-African Americans would naturally support the Republican Party following the Civil War, if they all moved north or west the Party would lose influence in the south. -African Americans that moved north would represent a significant increase in job competition for low-wage northern immigrants and urban poor. -Many northerners supported ending slavery, as long as the freed slaves stayed where they were. The South did not have a monopoly on racism.

Grant takes command:

-Grant had been placed in command of the Union Army in the west successfully sieging Confederate Forts Henry and Donelson. -Grant's conquest of the Northern Mississippi River was completed at the horrific Battle of Shiloh. -Grant's push into the State of Mississippi was complimented by the capture of the city of New Orleans by the U.S. Navy commanded by David Farragut. -Grant completed his conquest of the Mississippi River Valley on July 4, 1863 when he finally completed his siege of Vicksburg (the same day that Lee was defeated at Gettysburg). -In early 1864, Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union Armies. -wasn't afraid of being aggressive and losing lives, no strategy

Mini civil war in kansas

-Shortly after the two governments were formed, pro-slavery forced attacked and massacred citizens in the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas (the Sack of Lawrence). -In response to the Sack of Lawrence, John Brown organized a massacre of his own at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas -Together with other events this became a mini-Civil War in Kansas.

freedmans bureau

-The Freedmen's Bureau took lands from former slave owners and redistributed it to poor whites and former slaves to use for farmland and subsistence farming. -The Freedmen's Bureau established schools to educate African Americans and poor whites, many of which were operated by northern women. -President Andrew Jackson (placed in the Vice Presidency only because he was a War Democrat from Tennessee) undermined the Freedmen's Bureau by returning confiscated lands to their previous owners.

The Establishment of the Republican Party as a National Party and the demotion of the Democrat Party to at best a nuisance.

-The Planter Aristocracy was stripped of their political rights in the South (many of which had been the politicians of secession prior to the war). -African Americans were provided just enough political and economic opportunity to entice them to stay in the South and establish a southern base for the Republican Party. -The Democrat Party was labeled the Party of Secession in an effort to prevent their reemergence after the war.

What role did the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson play in the conflict between Congress and the President over Reconstruction?

-The Radical Republicans passed the Tenure of Office Act over Johnson's veto. -The President was barred from dismissing any military or civilian official without the consent of the Senate. -This would have dramatically reduced the President's powers as Commander-in-Chief -In a challenge to the law, Johnson fired Secretary of State Edwin Stanton (an ally of the Radical Republicans and head of the military occupation of the south). -Johnson was charged with "high crimes and misdemeanors" and impeached, but Congress failed to convict by one vote. -Potential consequences had Johnson been successfully removed from office: -The system of checks and balances would have been irreparably damaged. -The independence of the Executive Branch would have been destroyed. -It would have encouraged any majority party in Congress to remove any sitting President that opposed their political philosophy.

Bringing war to an end

-grant's total war -sherman's march to the sea -The fall of Atlanta and the support of federal troops through absentee ballots helped Lincoln win reelection in 1864 facing stiff opposition from General George McClellan and the Democrat Party. -On April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House ending the Civil War.

the most severe example of the new willingness of the Federal Government to exert political and military force to employ federal policy

-the stationing of federal troops in the south after the Civil War to maintain peace and stability. -The former Confederacy was eventually broken down into military districts governed by Generals who carried out federal law. -During this brief window from 1864 to 1877 African Americans were able to attend school, start businesses, vote, and hold political office.

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Allowed the southern states to count three of every five slaves toward Congressional representation.

The Slave Trade (Commerce) Compromise

Banned the importation of slaves as of 1808

Compromise ("Corrupt Bargain") of 1877?

Federal Troops had been removed from all southern states except South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The Democrat Party had retaken control of much of the South.The Republican Party nominated Rutherford B. Hayes from Ohio, untouched by the scandals of the Grant administration.The Democrats nominated Charles Tilden, who had made a name fighting the corruption of the Tweed Ring in New York. Tilden won the popular vote by a landslide, but the results in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were contested.A Congressional Panel was assembled to decide the issue and voted a straight party line giving those states to Hayes who would then win the electoral college. The Democrats threatened to filibuster the results and send the election to the House of Representatives where they held a majority.The stage was set for "corrupt bargain".Hayes becomes President. The last of the Federal Troops would be removed from the South. Congress would support the construction of a Southern Transcontinental Railroad.Hayes agreed to name a Southern Democrat to a Cabinet position.

"border ruffians"

Missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in Kansas's election during the mid-1850's

Copperheads

Northern Politicians who sympathized with the Confederacy and undermined Lincoln.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Robert E. Lee's brilliant victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville (split his force in the face of larger Union adversaries and won anyway), inspired his second invasion of the North.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas was pushing a Bill that would build a major railroad line through Illinois (through his own landholdings). To get the Bill passed he went to Southern Democrats and struck a deal that became known as the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Nebraska Territory would be divided into the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Settlers there would determine the status of slavery through popular sovereignty. Northerners were outraged, both these territories were north of 36 30 and deemed free territory by the Missouri Compromise. So angered were Northerners that they formed the Republican Party with the intent of standing against the "slavocracy" of the South.

Who made sure compromise of 1850 was passed after henry clay died

Stephen Douglass

The Confederacy

Strengths: Better Generals (Lee and Jackson).Their President, Jefferson Davis, had been the Secretary of War. Cotton Weaknesses: Small Population,New and weak central government, Economy was underdeveloped, Lacked a powerful navy

The Union

Strengths: Large Population. More factories, railroads, telegraph lines, food production; did not depend on foreign assistance Strong and effective political leadership. Although not powerful by European standards, a much more powerful navy than the Confederacy Weaknesses: A population that was not totally committed to "Lincoln's War", Copperheads, Less experienced Generals, although this would change by the end of the war.

Battle of antietam

The Battle of Antietam was one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. Lincoln was furious that his commander did not pursue Lee's Army into Virginia. Lincoln used the "victory" (it was really a draw) at Antietam to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which shifted the focus of the war from preserving the Union to abolishing slavery. This encouraged slaves to run away from the plantations, tying up valuable Confederate resources. This made possible the enlistment of African American soldiers in the Union Army (400,000). This destroyed any Confederate hopes that Britain would enter the war.

Compact Theory

The States, not the people, created the union. States' Rights are supreme in conflicts with the laws and actions of the Federal Government The use of Personal Liberty Laws by Northern States that did not wish to cooperate with the new Federal Fugitive Slave Law drafted in 1850. The States can deem the laws of the Federal Government null and void if they deem it "necessary and proper" to do so. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions The Hartford Convention The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (related to the Tariff of Abominations) The Ordinance of Nullification (1832) (again related to the Tariff of Abominations). If a State voluntarily joined the Union, it should be able to voluntarily withdraw (secede) from the Union.

Battle of first bull run

The first major battle of the Civil War,Although it appeared the Union was on the brink of victory, a counterattack led by General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson sent the Union Army into a panicked retreat back to Washington DC. Some historians argue that if the Confederates had taken advantage of the situation and marched on the Capitol, they may have won the war in 1861. That assumes the Confederate Army was prepared enough to siege Washington DC.

Contract Theory

The people, not the States, created the Union. The Federal Government is Supreme. Federal laws and actions take precedence over the States. Reference the rulings of the Marshall Court, John Locke's Two Treatises of Government, and the general intent of the Constitution. Secession is illegal Texas v. White (1869) - Supreme Court ruled that Texas had never seceded from the Union, that secession and legislative actions therein were null.

The Compromise Tariff of 1833

This Compromise came in response to John C. Calhoun's call for secession in South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations (1828) and President Andrew Jackson's potential use of the Force Bill to send federal troops into South Carolina to collect the tariff. The Compromise Tariff lowered the Tariff gradually over the next ten years and John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice President to return to the Senate. South Carolina was now to the Civil War what Massachusetts was to the Revolution.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820

This compromise was initially designed to sooth Northern fears of an imbalance in the Senate between Free and Slave states. Maine was admitted to the Union as a Free State, Missouri as a Slave State. The Compromise established a dividing line at 36 30 North Latitude. North of the line would be free, south of it would be slave. Although initially successful, the Compromise would later stir Southern fears of an imbalance in the Senate that would be further stirred by the Wilmot Proposal (banning slavery in all of the Mexican Cession).

The anti-slavery government formed in _____________

Topeka, Kansas

Fire Eaters

a group of militant political leaders who saw abolition as an act of war against the southern states

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

authorized the construction of a transcontinental railroad over northern territories to link the markets of California, the Midwest, and the Eastern states.

Northern "carpetbaggers"

came south to buy land cheap and flip the real estate for profit.

Morrill Tariff Act of 1861

initiating a Republican program of high tariffs to protect American Industry.

The Homestead Act of 1862

promoted settlement of the Great Plains by granting 160 acres of federal land free to any person or family that would live on it for five years

American Colonization Society

proposed to move African Slaves back to Africa

How did lincoln assert war powers

set a precedent that the constitution could be viewed more flexibly during time of war giving the President the authority to limit free speech, right to assembly, free press, and various rights of the accused (including habeas corpus).

What prompted Lee to invade north (Antietam)

victory at 2nd bull run