APUSH Unit 7 The Civil War and Its Aftermath
immigrants protested draft, burned draft offices, attacked police, sacked homes of Republicans, attacked blacks
1863 NYC Draft Riots
Union army outline plan for suppressing Confederacy
Anaconda Plan
location of savage attacks, Bloody Lane filled with Confederate bodies, battle bloodiest day in US military history
Antietam
a town and not a court house!!!! where Lee surrendered, Grant allowed Confederate officers and men to return home so long as they would not fight again
Appomattox Court House
John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865 Ford's Theater, Washington, DC revenge for Confederate states
Assassination of Lincoln--- who, when, where & why?
captured by Sherman, led to re-election of Lincoln
Atlanta, GA
first battle of Grant's Virginia Overland Campaign, both armies lost half their strength
Battle of the Wilderness
laws designed to force former slaves back to plantation labor, having to do with the political interest of the plantation owners
Black Codes
Civil War veterans efforts of commemoration and reconciliation
Bloody Chasm
on border of country, helped boost the Union
Border States
in Virginia, where McDowell launched strong assault, Confederate soldiers counterattacked, Union retreated to Washington
Bull Run
leader of Radical Republicans in Senate during Civil War, authored nation's first civil rights legislation
Charles Sumner
declared formerly enslaved people as citizens, granted them equal protection and rights of contract, all access to courts
Civil Rights Act of 1866
written in response to violation of rights of African Americans, to protect their civil and legal rights, ensure equal treatment
Civil Rights Act of 1875
name of poisonous snake, used to define Peace Democrats, hatching treasonous plots
Copperheads
Confederate commander, helped South win Bull Run, took port of New Orleans, moved gunboats up Mississippi River, earned first ever ranks of Rear, Vice, and Full Admiral
David Farragut
first American to successfully drill for oil
Edwin Drake
lawyer, Secretary of War during Civil War under Lincoln Administration, organized military resources, guided Union to victory
Edwin Stanton
ordered by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, changed legal status of 3.5 million slaves in South from slave to free
Emancipation Proclamation
federal garrison in Charleston Harbor, where Carolina's government demanded surrender, cut off of supplies
Fort Sumter
established by Congress in 1865, used to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees
Freedmen's Bureau
replaced General McDowell after Bull Run, spent winter 1861-62 training recruits, launched major offensive in March 1862
George McClellan
Union commander, placed troops in hilltop positions in Gettysburg, called for reinforcements, army did not turn when assaulted by Lee, frightened by bloodshed and allowed Confederates to escape
George Meade
where the armies of Lee and Army of Potomac accidentally met, location of great Union victory
Gettysburg
1870-1900, transformation of economy, technology, government and social aspects of America
Gilded Age
strength gained after capture of Atlanta, attack on Democrats for spoiling Union, foreseen end to Confederacy
Give three reasons why Lincoln won reelection in 1864.
disorganized retreat of Union back to Washington after defeat at first battle of Bull Run
Great Skedaddle
Revels first African American Senator, Bruce first to serve full term
Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce
founder and editor of New York Tribune
Horace Greeley
black families reunite, marry, more Black churches, education of children became priority, new Black communities, some slaves remained loyal to masters, others tortured their masters, others left and followed Union forces, barely prepared
How did Black society respond to immediate emancipation?
Lincoln expanded the power of the presidency by building a war machine and strategic priorities. He slowly turned the negativity toward the Confederacy by making the Union stronger.
How did Lincoln expand the power of the presidency?
The Proclamation abolished slavery in all states not in the Union, allowing these states to preserve slavery by renouncing secession. However, none of the states did so. This act did not immediately free all slaves, but it did begin a movement of Union soldiers in the north telling slaves to begin working for themselves. This act put the focus on the emancipation of slaves.
How did Lincoln's Proclamation change the course of the war by late 1862?
tariff revenue, industrial economy, and bonds
How did each side pay for the war?
The war ended in Lee surrendering at Appomattox Court House. The Confederacy was weak due to Grant's war of attrition, the fall of Atlanta, and pessimism in the Confederacy causing men to abandon their cause.
How did the War end?
Black Codes- limited rights of blacks Freedmen's Bureau- aided displaced blacks Civil Rights Act of 1866- gave equal protection to blacks Fourteenth Amendment- protected rights of citizens
How did the four phases of Reconstruction differ?
At first, enslaved African Americans used the wartime conflicts to take their freedom. They would escape and be labeled contraband of war. These Blacks then camped with Union soldiers and created a humanitarian crisis, where many would die of smallpox or dysentery. Congress then passed the Confiscation Act, allowing the seizure of all property to support the rebellion
How did the service of Blacks in the Union army evolve over the course of the war?
As a result of the war, the American economy, had faced increased national debt and inflation of the greenback. The country faced a demand for war material. A high protective tariff formed the perfect storm for northern capitalists. It began an industrialist era of American politics, now making the industrialists the most influential groups instead of southern plantation owners. The millionaire class came from hard fights by the 2 million Union troops. Now, corruption and profiteering ran high with the start of the Gilded Age of politics.
How did the trajectory of the American economy change as a result of the war?
The war affected soldiers and their families greatly. The war killed countless soldiers due to violence or disease. Mothers, wives and sisters mourned the death of a breadwinner. They wore all black to mourn, and created a new cult of mourning. An innovation that allowed the body of the fallen soldier to be sent home for the funeral created common funeral practices of today.
How did the war affect soldiers and their families?
Some volunteered for the Sanitary Commission or Freedman's Aid Society. Others worked as nurses, clerks, and factory operatives. Others became government clerks, worked the postal service, farmed, worked in schools and offices, and worked in textile. Others became spies, scouts, or soldiers.
How did the war provide new opportunities for women?
phrase refers to promise made to give land to free slaves and agrarian reform, but many free slaves were left in poverty, could not find a place to live, had to work for old slaveholders, could not afford food, little wage labor
How is "forty acres and a mule" a symbol of the failure of Reconstruction?
chosen president of the Confederacy
Jefferson Davis
battle in which Union fleet by Farragut attacked smaller Confederate fleet by Buchanan, result in Union win
Mobile Bay, AL
made to create national banking system, float federal war loans, establish national currency, help resolve financial crisis of Civil War
National Banking Act of 1863
new party formed by Republicans, used to attract border-state and Democratic voters, chose Andrew Johnson as running mate
National Union Party
commissioner of Freedmen's Bureau to aid free Black men
O.O. Howard
attempt by McClellan to capture Confederate capital at Richmond
Peninsula Campaign
where Grant gained control of railroad junction, forced Lee to abandon Richmond
Petersburg, VA
assault ordered by Lee against Meade's Union army, last day of Battle of Gettysburg
Pickett's Charge
led call for war to end slavery
Radical Republicans
Lincoln sent troops to attack troops and end rebellion, Confederate soldiers counterattacked and forced retreat
Richmond, VA
launched attack of six days costing 20,000 casualties
Robert E. Lee
slur for secessionist, used to make fun of a person for choosing secession
Secesh
Battle of Shiloh, Confederate Army of Mississippi launched surprise attack on Grant's army, largest Western battle
Shiloh, TN
marched Confederate force northward through Shenandoah Valley, threatened Washington, returned to Richmond when Lincoln called for McClellan to protect capital
Stonewall Jackson
proposed by Lincoln, idea of allowing each rebel state to return to Union once 10 percent of voters take loyalty oath and state approves 13th Amendment
Ten Percent Plan
argued that freed slaves had right to land grants, proposed that southern plantations be treated as forfeited estates of the enemy, broken into smaller farms for free slaves
Thaddeus Stevens
meatpacking districts in Chicago and Cincinnati
Union Stockyards
where garrison surrendered, where Grant advanced toward
Vicksburg, MS
vowed to continue fighting until the end of the rebellion came
War Democrats
phrase used to ridicule opposing politicians who called to avenge the blood of fallen northern soldiers during the Civil War, Republican party's constant reminder to voters that the Democrats caused the Civil War
Wave the Bloody Shirt
supplied military leadership for states in rebellion
West Point, NY
failure to use advantages; delayed attacks causing major casualties, poor leadership
What consistent weakness in the Union's approach to the war hampered them in the first 2 years?
gave voting rights to African Americans; didn't give voting rights to women
What did the Fifteenth Amendment do and what didn't it do?
The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and freed all slaves. The Fourteenth Amendment declared all people born in the US citizens and declared that national citizenship came before over state citizenship when a person's rights were at stake.
What did the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment do?
sharecropping
What economic system primarily replaced slavery in the South?
were opposed because they were near appalachians, did not have as many slaves
What generalization can you make about the regions of the South with the most OPPOSITION to secession?
the fact that they formed a confederate government based on the governance by the states, which failed when the war began with no central authority
What ironic aspect of the Confederacy likely doomed them from the start?
took command of Army of the Tennessee, developed idea and tactics of hard war, captured Atlanta, led March to the Sea and used scorched-earth policy to destroy and demoralize Confederacy, causes Confederates to abandon cause, total war
What was Sherman's contribution to ensure Union victory?
Reconstruction Act; Sumner and Stevens now control Reconstruction agenda, want to readmit southern states only as conquered provinces, Southern social structure destroyed, planters punished and free Blacks protected by Army
What was the most extreme action by Radical Republicans in control of Reconstruction?
created schooling and education for next generation of freed Blacks
What was the primary achievement of the Freedmen's Bureau?
The Confederate States of America were a group of secessionist states. These states were Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
What were the Confederate States of America?
Union: two-thirds of population and railroad mileage, most of industrial output, arms factories for mass production Confederate: industry in Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia, gun-making in Richmond, capture of Union guns, Enfield rifles, mobilize enormous armies
What were the advantages of both sides as the war began?
minie balls
What were the bullets in the new rifles called?
The slavocrats justified secession by wishing for expansion of slavery, wishing to be left alone and having the freedom to make their own choices, and self-governance.
What were the slavocrats' justifications for secession?
The Confederacy couldn't count on support from allies such as Britain because their cotton industry was no longer pertinent. Britain had found cotton resources in India and Egypt.
Why couldn't the Confederacy count on support from allies?
favored strategy of simultaneous advance against major Confederate armies, would ensure victory before next election
Why did Lincoln finally put Grant in command of the Army of the Potomac?
It was a great Union victory that sparked a turning point of military, political and diplomatic aspects. The politicians who supported Jefferson Davis were now rejected as southerners began to criticize their government. The victory of the Union changed the minds of the British so that the South would not receive new warships, and instead would pay $15.5 million for the damage done to Alabama.
Why is the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg key?
rallied people to fight for cause, caused turning point in war so that southern politicians were rejected, split Confederacy
Why is the 1863 Battle of Vicksburg key?
urged liberty and equality as foundations of emancipation, forced people to think about the lives lost due to colonization, respected unsung heroes, rallied people to take up the cause and fight, easily understood by people
Why is the Gettysburg Address among the greatest speeches in world history?
treason, bribery, misconduct and infringement of powers of Congress, breached Tenure of Office Act
Why was Andrew Johnson impeached?
Johnson believed Grant would follow his orders, but Grant opposed Johnson and openly repudiated his views, Grant resigned to Stanton could remain secretary of war
Why was Grant's administration largely ineffective?
The Border States were important to the Union because these were places where yeoman farmers held high political power and knew that slaveholders tricked people into following them. Since they knew these things, they influenced other states to resist secession and maintain stability of the Union. Border state Maryland supported the Union because it surrounded the capital on three sides.
Why were the Border States so important to the Union?
instructed by Grant to invade Georgia and take Atlanta
William T. Sherman
counterbalancing influences, making sure political power isn't concentrated in one specific area
checks and balances
obligatory enlistment for state service
conscription
army of escaped and emancipated slaves in Union army
contraband army
partiality in awarding jobs, promotions, etc. to friends or relatives
cronyism
credit system for cotton farmers, sharecroppers and tenant farmers get supplies and food by credit from local suppliers
crop-lien system
part of fourteenth amendment, protects people from being denied jurisdiction and protection by laws
equal protection
troops held in a fortress or town for defense
garrison
form of political corruption, unfair use of authority for personal gain
graft
article exempting certain people or classes from certain legislations that affect their rights and privileges
grandfather clause
currency used during Civil War
greenback
writ forcing person under arrest to be brought before a judge
habeas corpus
violent uprising against authority
insurrection
alliance between military and defense industry supplying it, influencing public policy
military-industrial complex
tax on everyone without reference to income or resources
poll tax
payments after war made by vanquished to the victors, used to make up for injury and damage
reparations
landowner allows tenant to use land and receives crops in return
sharecropping
farming on land owned by landlord
tenant farming
