APUSH Vol. 1 to 1877 Ch. 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854

John C. Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery involved all of the following except

Included: -leave slavery alone - return runaway slaves -give south rights as minority -restore political balance -2 presidents (North and South each with a veto)

A scheme to acquire Cuba from Spain in the 1850s was known as the

Ostend Manifesto

In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except

Platform: -pro-wilmot proviso -anti-slavery -advocated federal aid for internal improvement -urged free government homesteads for settlers -Distrusted Cass/Taylor

Ostend Manifesto

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

The Pierce administration's secret scheme to gain control of Cuba was stopped when

Spain, England and France signed the Ostend Manifesto: us buy cuba for 120 million

The event that threatened to destroy the longstanding equality of free and slave states in the United States Senate was the

The admission of California as a free state.

Harriet Tubman gained fame

by helping slaves to escape to Canada

The public liked popular sovereignty because it a. upheld the principles of white supremacy. b. stopped the spread of slavery. c. fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination. d. supported the Wilmot Proviso. e. provided a national solution to the problem of slavery.

c. fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination.

Most American leaders believed that the only way to keep the new Pacific Coast territories from breaking away from the U.S. was to

construct a transcontinental railroad

In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder by

demanding strong fugitive-slave laws

One of Stephen Douglas's mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was

did not foresee effects of repealing missouri compromise angered north, no chance of winning election

An event that helped the cause of compromise in 1850, was when President Zachary Taylor

died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president

The event that threatened to destroy the longstanding equality of free and slave states in the U.S. Senate was the

discovery of gold in California

The public liked popular sovereignty because it

fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination

The Free Soilers condemned slavery because

for destroying the chances of freewhite workers to rise up from wage-earning dependence on the esteemed status of self-employment.

In 1848, the Free Soil Party platform advocated all of the following except

giving women the right to vote

Some Southerners felt Cuba would be an enticing prospect for annexation for all of the following reasons except it

large pop of slaves may be made into several slave states balance in senate

The election of 1852 was significant because it

marked the end of the Whig Party

In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was

open to slavery: popular sovereignty

The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession

threatened to split national politics along North-South lines

In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was

to be decided by popular sovereignty

The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession

-Wilmot Proviso: prohibited slavery in new territory -South wanted new slave states, north wanted new free states-balance in congress -threatened to split parties along sectional lines over slavery issue

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 included all of the following provisions except

-slaves could not testify in own behalf -denied trial by jury -federal commissioner received 5 dollars by freeing slave, 10 by not-almost bribe -northerners who helped slaves escape liable to heavy fines/jail/become a slave catcher

Of those people going to California during the gold rush

a distressingly high proportion were lawless men

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington, D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.

Gadsden Purchase

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Seventh of March speech

Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred-year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Harriet Tubman (ca. 1820-1913)

Famed conductor on the Underground Railroad, Tubman helped rescue more than three hundred slaves from bondage. Born into slavery, she fled to the North in 1849 but returned to the South nineteen times to guide slaves to freedom. After the Civil War, she worked to give freedpeople access to education in North Carolina.

Caleb Cushing (1800-1879)

Massachusetts-born congressman and diplomat who "opened" China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844.

Fugitive Slave Law

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the question of slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory be decided by

popular sovereignty

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 included all of the following provisions except

the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada

The Pierce administration's secret scheme to gain control of Cuba was stopped by

the secret Ostend Manifesto was leaked to the public

Many northern states passed personal liberty laws in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regarding

runaway slaves

The fatal split in the Whig party in 1852 occurred over

slavery

The South grew increasingly worried about the future of slavery because

the admission of California might permanently tip the political balance against them

One of Stephen Douglas' mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was

underestimation the depth of the northern opposition to the spread of slavery

California gold rush

Inflow of thousands of miners to northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

Underground Railroad

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal.

Opium War

War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese.

Lewis Cass (1782-1866)

War veteran, diplomat, and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election and lost to Zachary Taylor. Cass is best known as the father of "popular sovereignty," the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should decide for themselves the issue of slavery.

According to the principle of popular sovereignty, the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by

the sovereign people of the territory, under the constitution, should determine the status of slavery

Some Southerners felt Cuba would be an enticing prospect from annexation for all of the following reasons except it

was not controlled by any European power and would be easily acquired

The Young Guard of the North

were most interested in purging and purifying the Union

The man who opened Japan to U.S. was

Matthew Perry

Stephen Douglas' plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the

Missouri Compromise

For a short time in the 1850s, William Walker, an American adventurer, seized control of

Nicaragua

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Signed by the United States and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have

prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War

In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder by

angered north so much...cause more sectionalism and in the end was little of a compromise

In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, party leaders

avoided public discussion of slavery

According to the principle of popular sovereignty, the question of slavery in territories would be determined by

the people in any given territory

A southern route for the transcontinental railroad seemed best because

the railroad would be easier built in this area

The primary purpose of the Gadsden Purchase of 1854 was to a. encourage settlement of the Nebraska territories. b. obtain lands suitable for building defensive forts against a possible Mexican invasion. c. provide land for a proslavery southern railroad route to California. d. speed the entry of New Mexico and Arizona into the Union as slave states. e. acquire lands reported to have large deposits of silver and copper.

c. provide land for a proslavery southern railroad route to California.

Undoubtedly the most durable political offspring of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was a. the resurgence of the Whig political party. b. the political resurgence of the Free Soil party. c. the political resurgence and unified stance on slavery of the Democratic party nationally. d. a constitutional amendment banning slavery in any new territories. e. the emergence of the new Republican political party.

e. the emergence of the new Republican political party.

John C. Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery involved all of the following except

prevent the spread of slavery in the California territory

The United States' victory in the Mexican War resulted in all of the following except

-Mexico ceded tons of land including Texas/Mexico -brought up issue of slavery in new territory -Wilmot Proviso: prohibited slavery in new territory -threatened to split parties along sectional lines over slavery issue

The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to Northerners was the decision concerning

the new fugitive slave law

The scheme to seize Cuba and turn it into several new slave states a. overlooked the argument that the United States would "be justified in wresting" the island from the Spanish if they refused the U.S. offer. b. was undertaken without the knowledge of the secretary of state. c. urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba. d. defied the Ostend Manifesto. e. was brilliantly conceived and executed.

c. urged that the administration offer $120 million for Cuba.

Zachary Taylor (1784-1850)

Military general and twelfth U.S. president, Taylor emerged as a popular war hero after defeating Santa Anna's forces at Buena Vista in the war with Mexico. As president, Taylor, a Louisiana slave owner, sought to avoid a sectional confrontation over slavery, though he opposed the Compromise of 1850.

Millard Fillmore (1800-1874)

New York congressman and vice president under Taylor, Fillmore took over the presidency after Taylor's death in 1850. A practical politician, he threw his support behind the Compromise of 1850, ensuring its passage. He was passed over for the Whig nomination in 1852 when the party chose to select the legendary war hero Winfield Scott.

popular sovereignty

Notion advanced before the Civil War that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by northern abolitionists, who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories. (in the context of the slavery debate) Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

William Walker (1824-1860)

Tennessee-born adventurer who made several forays into Central America in the 1850s. After an unsuccessful ploy to take over Baja California in 1853, Walker ventured into Nicaragua, installing himself as president in 1856. His dream of establishing a planter aristocracy in Nicaragua faltered when neighboring Central American nations allied against him. Walker met his fate before a Honduran firing squad in 1860.

Commodore Matthew C. Perry was best known for a. opening Japan to U.S. trade. b. conquering Hawaii. c. opening China to U.S. trade. d. severing U.S. ties to southeast Asia. e. securing a treaty for control of the Philippines.

a. opening Japan to U.S. trade.

The Free Soil Party condemned the expansion of slavery primarily because it a. created excessive class divisions between wealthy plantations owners and ordinary farmers. b. destroyed opportunities for white workers to rise from wage-earning dependence to independent ownership. c. created unequal distribution of wealth between whites and blacks. d. was built on a false doctrine of racial superiority and dehumanization of blacks. e. put the United States on a course of perpetual conflict with other nations in the Western hemisphere.

b. destroyed opportunities for white workers to rise from wage-earning dependence to independent ownership.

All of the following were true of the California Gold Rush except a. robbery, claim jumping, and murder were commonplace. b. the least reliable profits were made by those who charged outrageous rates for laundry and other personal services. c. a fortunate few of the bearded miners "struck it rich" at the diggings. d. a horde of adventurers poured into the valleys of California. e. the luckless many probably would have been money well ahead if they had stayed at home unaffected by gold fever.

b. the least reliable profits were made by those who charged outrageous rates for laundry and other personal services.

Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the question of slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory be decided by a. making Kansas a free territory and Nebraska a slave territory. b. the Supreme Court. c. the winner of the next presidential election. d. popular sovereignty or democratic vote by the white male residents of each divided territory. e. adhering to the Missouri Compromise line of 36º 30´.

d. popular sovereignty or democratic vote by the white male residents of each divided territory.

All of the following were true of the Republican Party except that it a. included disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and other foes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. b. sprang up spontaneously in the Middle West as a moral protest against the gains of slavery. c. quickly supplanted the Know-Nothing party as the party of the North. d. was generally south of the Mason-Dixon line. e. was a purely sectional party.

d. was generally south of the Mason-Dixon line.

Many northern states passed personal liberty laws in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regarding

enforcement of the fugitive slave law made it impossible or illegal

Daniel Webster's famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in

helped turned tide in north toward Compromis(of 1850)

Free Soil Party

Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that

Christian legislators must obey God's moral Law

Stephen A Douglas's plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the

Missouri Compromise of 1820

The U.S.'s victory in the Mexican War resulted in all of the following except

acquisition of the Oregon territory

Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858)

American naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which ended Japan's two centuries of isolation.

Which of the following was not among the issues that concerned southerners in 1849-1850?

There was a growing chance that a constitutional amendment would abolish slavery

In the debates of 1850, Senator William H Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that

-slavery was bad -higher, divine moral law said this...higher than constitution

Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)

Pro-southern Democrat from New Hampshire who became the fourteenth president of the United States on a platform of territorial expansion. As president, he tried to provoke war with Spain and seize Cuba, a plan he quickly abandoned once it was made public. Pierce emphatically supported the Compromise of 1850, vigorously enforced the Fugitive Slave Law, and threw his support behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.