APW Unit 6--Topic 6.7 & 6.8 Impact of Migration

Chinese Immigration Act

1855 law in Australia that limited the number of Chinese who were attracted to the Gold Rushes of the 1850s and 1860s.

Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act

1861 Act in response to tension between white miners and Chinese in the goldfields of New South Wales; attempted to restrict the number of Chinese entering the colony.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers; made permanent in 1902, and eventually repealed in 1943.

ethnic enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; an example would be in the Caribbean country of Trinidad and Tobago where Indians practiced hinduism.

gold rush

Along with the transcontinental railroad, a pull factor that brought many Chinese workers to the the American west.

Natal Indian Congress

An organization that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in South Africa; founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1894.

Mohandas Gandhi

Arrived in Pretoria, South Africa in 1893 where he intended to practice law; however, after suffering from continued racial discrimination, he became an activist.

assimilation

As European states (and America) began to dominate other populations, resistance to adopting imperial power's culture emerged.

demographic changes

As a result of migration, both coerced and opportunistic, significant shifts in population occurred with longterm results.

Caste System

As large numbers of Indians migrated, they initially brought with them their ideas of social hierarchy. However, this was eventually dropped but Hindu traditions remained.

institutionalized discrimination

Because they competed for jobs with native people and were willing to work for less, immigrants became targets of resentment and formal regulation; example, California Constitution of 1879.

White Australia Policy

Before 1973, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the country. It has been largely replaced by a more flexible policy today.

Southeast Asian Labor

Between 1834 and 1937 India was the major source of workers for British colonies in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, and Malaya.

sugar plantations

Between 1847 and 1874, 225,000 Chinese laborers went to Cuba and Peru to replace slaves in labor intensive agricultural production.

Natal

British colony in South Africa where Indian indentured servants went to work on railroads. Workers in large numbers also went to Mauritius and Kenya.

Chinatowns

Chinese enclaves that developed across Australia (and other countries as well); even though Chinese tended to stay in enclaves, they were willing to work for less than white Australians which caused great tension.

Industrialized Economies

Demand, consumption and production forced a transition from mercantilist economies to capitalist ones.

industrial efficiency

Due to increased automation, the use of interchangeable parts, the division and specialization of labor, and the assembly line, industrial capacity and output was greatly increased in the time period of the late 19th century.

Indochina

French colony made up of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam to where many Chinese migrated where they were engaged in commerce that benefitted the French such as opium; some went on to own their own businesses.

Argentine Constitution of 1853

Guaranteed immigrants the same civil rights as native Argentinians, which attracted large numbers of Italian immigrants who have had an enormous cultural impact on Argentina.

"conquest of the earth"

Increased industrial capacity led to an increased demand for natural resources.

Kangani System

Initially indentured servitude brought laborers to Southeast Asia, but eventually this was replaced by a system that brought entire families.

remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

gender roles

Most often migrants were males which either created new and different opportunities for women, or a male relative might move in to help the women and children.

Porfirio Diaz

President of Mexico who promoted immigration to Mexico; attracted many Chinese who worked as truck farmers, shopkeepers, or manufacturers.

white-collar Irish

Second generation immigrants also known as skilled blue-collar workers who became "stars" of the new popular culture emerging at centuries end; boxers, baseball players, and vaudeville performers.

Caribbean Labor

So many Indians were sent to work on sugar plantations in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago that they are the largest ethnic group, and the second largest ethnic group in Suriname, Jamaica, Grenada, and several other Caribbean islands.

real wages

The actual purchasing power of income; in the early industrial period purchasing power increased slowly, but between 1819 and 1852 it increased significantly.

Scots-Irish

The name given to people from the borderlands of Scotland and England and from the region of northern Ireland; Protestant descendants of Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland; first wave of immigrants who came to North America.

Catholic Irish

The second wave of immigrants from Ireland who came to North America; they tended to be poorer and settled in cities and worked in factories, and helped build the extensive canal system.

Indentured Servitude

While the British abolished slavery in 1833 the replaced it with a labor system that was little better to meet its labor demands around the world where Indians were some of the sent to work in British colonies.