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Oracles

Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bone led to Chinese writing.

Anyang

Shang's oldest and most important building; one of the capitals; built of wood; located in forest, wa also the capital.

Potemkin

"Cyclops" Secretly married to Catherine The Great, even after stepping down from position of head lover, stayed one of her closest advisers, almost Co-Tsar, general/ lover of catherine, we use this name today; village- fake image you think everything is okay although it is really not.

Aztlan

"The place of the white heron" , the supposed home of the Aztecs. Unknown where or if it is real. Most scholars assume that they made up this history to suit their purposes.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.

Hundreds Year War

(1337-1453) Large war between France and England that was fueled by territorial disagreements and started when Edward III declared himself king of France. In the end, it weakened both countries for some time France WINS (Wow France Wins LOL).

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin); by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; Also promoted the scholar gentry over the Military and Aristocracy*landscape black and white paintings, Dynasty that replaced the Tang

Instauratio Magna

(Great Renewal) written by Sir Francis Bacon in the early 17th century. It was to contain several volumes in which Bacon called for a new start in science and civilization. He only actually completed two full volumes but it's title and intent is significant because he was anticipating a complete new start - a revolution - a fresh page for all knowledge on which everything would be examined again.

Veda

(from the Sanskrit word for 'knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit

Taos

- lived adobe homes - most significant trading post between the spanish, americans,and indians - spoke the language of Tiwa

Orange River

-longest river in South Africa -flows west into the Atlantic -1,367 miles long -originates in the Drakensburg Mountains horizontally across South Africa from Lesotho

Saint Godric

12th century Englishman who participated in urban trade but then became a religious hermit; he felt tension between religion and the state

Age of Exploration & Colonization

1450 - 1750

Columbian Exchange

1450 - 1750

Ming / Qing

1450 - 1750

Ottomans & Mughals

1450 - 1750

Renaissance & Reformation

1450 - 1750

Science & Enlightenment

1450 - 1750

Early Modern

1450 CE-1750 CE

Inca [Latin America] Highly centralized government, quipu, chasquis, waru waru, trans-regional trade

1450 CE-1750 CE

Mughal Empire [South Asia] Land-based "gunpowder empire," Islamic, declined due to lack of modernization

1450 CE-1750 CE

Ottoman Empire [Eurasia] Land-based "gunpowder empire," Islamic, declined due to lack of modernization and rebellion in outlying areas, devshirme

1450 CE-1750 CE

Safavid Empire [Middle East] Iranian empire, Shia, unification through Shia

1450 CE-1750 CE

Songhai (Songhai) [Sub-Saharan Africa] West African trans-Saharan empire

1450 CE-1750 CE

Moctezuma 2

1466-1520 Aztec emperor who was the last to reign the Aztec empire before it fell to Spain

Age of Imperialism

1750 - 1900

Age of Nationalism

1750 - 1900

America & French Revolution

1750 - 1900

Industrial Revolution

1750 - 1900

Latin America

1750 - 1900

German Empire Nationalism unification strategy, centralized government, imperialist, militarism, industrial

1750 CE-1900 CE

Haiti Enlightenment-based revolution, anti-slave revolt, export economy, creole elites, mulattoes

1750 CE-1900 CE

Imperial Britain Mercantilism, imperialism, sea-based, industrial

1750 CE-1900 CE

Italy Nationalism, imperialist, industrial

1750 CE-1900 CE

Japan End of shogunate and then Westernization, imperialism, global trade, militarism,

1750 CE-1900 CE

Modern

1750 CE-1900 CE

Qing Last dynasty, lack of industry, dominated by west

1750 CE-1900 CE

Tokugawa Shogunate Last shogunate

1750 CE-1900 CE

Johann Winckelmann

18th century German enlightenment scholar who greatly influenced Modern art history by shifting away from Vasari's biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of stylistic development as related to historical context.

Cold War

1900 - present

Decolonization & Partition

1900 - present

Global Wars

1900 - present

Globalization

1900 - present

Qing Ends

1900 - present

Russian & Chinese Revolution

1900 - present

Contemporary

1900 CE-Present

Shang

1st Dynasty in China had oracle bones, bronze casting, ancestor obsessed. Followed Xia

African Trading Kingdoms

600 - 1450

Aztec / Inca (begin)

600 - 1450

Byzantine Empire

600 - 1450

Delhi Sultanate

600 - 1450

Islam

600 - 1450

Middle Ages

600 - 1450

Mongols / Vikings

600 - 1450

Tang / Song /yuan

600 - 1450

5 Major Belief Systems

600 BCE - 600 CE

Bantu

600 BCE - 600 CE

Classical Civilizations

600 BCE - 600 CE

Germanic Migrations

600 BCE - 600 CE

Hebrew and Vedic Religious

600 BCE - 600 CE

Indo-European

600 BCE - 600 CE

Maya / Moche Civs

600 BCE - 600 CE

Native Americans

600 BCE - 600 CE

Neolithic Revolution

600 BCE - 600 CE

Oceania

600 BCE - 600 CE

Olmec / Chavin

600 BCE - 600 CE

River Valley Civilization

600 BCE - 600 CE

Classical

600 BCE-600 CE

Gupta Empire [South Asia] Golden age of India, early Vedic epics (Bhagavad Gita, Mahabhrata), Hinduism, mildly centralized government, pi, zero, base 10 number system

600 BCE-600 CE

Han [East Asia] Greatest Chinese dynasty? highly centralized government, much like Rome (trade, conquest, roads, infrastructure), Confucianism popular, extreme patriarchy (Confucianism facilitates), inflation, invasions, corruption, taxes, tribute aid in decline

600 BCE-600 CE

Mauryan Empire [South Asia] Buddhism, spread of Buddhism, strong centralized government, Buddhist pillars, cultural synthesis with Hellenism via trade

600 BCE-600 CE

Maya [Latin America] Calendar, astronomy, human sacrifice, animism, pyramids, decentralized government

600 BCE-600 CE

Moche [Latin America] Followed Chavin in South America, known for ceramics

600 BCE-600 CE

Parthian Empire [Middle East] Iranian empire during Rome-Han trade, one of middle-trade civilizations

600 BCE-600 CE

Persian Empire [Middle East] First Iranian empire

600 BCE-600 CE

Qin [East Asia] Strong centralized government, legalistic, began Great Wall, Terra Cotta Warriors

600 BCE-600 CE

Rome [South Europe] Highly centralized government, much like Han (trade, conquest, roads, infrastructure), Greco-Roman culture emphasized loyalty and pride, extreme patriarchy inflation, invasions, corruption, taxes, tribute aid in decline

600 BCE-600 CE

Sassanid Empire [Middle East] Third Iranian Empire, peak of Persian culture, popularized Zoroastrianism

600 BCE-600 CE

Teotihuacan [Latin America] Largest pyramids in Americas. Centralized government, human sacrifice

600 BCE-600 CE

Abbasid Caliphate [Middle East] Golden Age of Islam, libraries, trade promotion, ancient culture preservation, reopened trade routes (but not Silk Roads), patriarchy, religious tolerance

600 CE-1450 CE

Aztecs [Latin America] Pyramids, , chinampas, partially centralized government based on tribute, declined after European invasions, rebellion from neighboring people

600 CE-1450 CE

Byzantine Empire [Eurasia] Eastern Roman Empire, trade bridge between Mideast and Northern Europe, Orthodox Christian, centralized government, rebellion in outlying areas

600 CE-1450 CE

Delhi Sultanate [South Asia] Next great civilization in India following Mauryan Empire, Islamic, semi- centralized

600 CE-1450 CE

Frankish Empire and Charlemagne [Western Europe] Unified Europe under Catholicism, centralized, patriarchy, declined from weak leaders

600 CE-1450 CE

Ghana [Sub-Saharan Africa] West African kingdom known for gold production, Islamic

600 CE-1450 CE

Kamakura Shogunate [East Asia] First shogunate, decentralized feudal system

600 CE-1450 CE

Kievan Russia [Eastern Europe] First central Russian government, Orthodoxy, link between West Europe and Byzantines

600 CE-1450 CE

Mali [Sub-Saharan Africa] Salt and gold trade, Islamic, Mansa Musa

600 CE-1450 CE

Ming [East Asia] Isolation after Zheng He, European invasions at end of period, civil service exams fully used, continued patriarchy

600 CE-1450 CE

Mongols [Central Asia] Trade, Pax Mongolica, spread of culture, tribute system, gender tolerance

600 CE-1450 CE

Post-Classical

600 CE-1450 CE

Song [East Asia] Preceded Mongol control (Yuan), population increase due to Champa rice, strong central government, use of civil service exams, tribute from SE Asia, Neo- Confucianism, printing, gunpowder

600 CE-1450 CE

Tang [East Asia] Civil service, movement of capital to Chang'an, Silk Road trade via Sogdians, Hangzhou-Chang'an linked by Grand Canal, porcelain trade

600 CE-1450 CE

Umayyad Caliphate [Middle East] Advancement of Islam by force, centralized

600 CE-1450 CE

Yuan Empire [East Asia] Mongol-Chinese dynasty

600 CE-1450 CE

Calpulli

7 Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors

Pre-Classical

8,000 BCE-600 BCE

Tamerlane

A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India. Samarkland.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

A 1st century account of the Indian Ocean, mentioned many port cities in Africa but was vague on inhabitants. Indicator of how far technology had developed at this point. Navigation and technologies at the time.

Nalanda

A Buddhist monastery which was university where they studied Buddhism, Hindu text, philosophy, astronomy, and medicine. Peaked at the end of the Gupta dynasty.

Jin Empire

A Chinese empire ormed by Jurchens (Manchurian people) attacked Song and the song empire eventually fell.Mongols 1211-Chinggis Khan attacked Jin.

Ethiopia

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa, also defeated the kingdom of Axum.

Encyclopaedia Britannica

A Compilation of scientific and philosophical findings that was popularized during the enlightenment and found a wide audience.

Xunzi

A Confucian follower, suggested humans are lazy(and naturally EVIL) and required a totalitarian government to make them good Became an advocate of Legalism, or more accurately a mesh of legalism and Confucianism.

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life, a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Al-bruni

A Muslim scientist who in the 11th century calculated the specific weight of 18 major mineral in the 11th century.

Al- Razi

A Persian Philosopher and physician who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. , classified all materials into 3 catogaries: animal, vegatable, and mineral.

Garcilaso de la Vega

A Peruvian writer who was the son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca princess. he wrote accounts of inca life before the Spanish and the Spanish conquest of Peru, and served in Europe as a soldier and established the concept of what is now called "Inca Socialism".

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Yoruba

A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and southern Nigeria, contrasted with Dahomey in the fact that several of its state had governing councils.

Battle of Manzikert

A battle between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks (Muslims) in 1071, where the Byzantine lost; as a result, the Byzantine asked Europe for help.The turkish victory allowed them to take over most of the anatolian peninsula

Battle of Siffin

A battle fight between Ali's forces(Shiites) and the Umayyad(Sunnis). While on the verge of winning on part of Ali's forces he was won over by a plea for meditation. While pleading for mediation he appeared weak to his followers, and some of his strongest followers renounced their support( and splintered into small Shia groups).,

Battle of Karbala

A battle in which Husayn(he had about 70 people, 2nd of Ali, fought against the Umayyad army(had about a thoudand), and lost. Many Shi'i Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and honor him still today. Signified the conflict between Sunni and Shi'i Muslims.

Battle of Lepanto

A battle in which Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope, loss of large international routes for Muslims.

Battle of Camel

A battle that took place at Basra. in 656 between forces allied to Ali (Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Commander of the Faithful) and forces allied to Aisha (widow of Muhammad, who wanted justice for the assassination of the previous caliph Uthman). Wasn't supposed to happen but some broke out and Aisha rode into battle to try to stop it but her army thought she was cheering them on and continued to fight. Ali's army defeated Aisha's forces, she was allowed to return to her home in Medina. Gave the Shiites the early advantage over the Sunnis.

Ain Jalut

A battle when the Egyptians slaves stopped the Mongols from conquering all of the Muslim world

Hinduism

A body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a lack of central founder. developed gradually

The Wealth of Nations

A book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics

emir

A chieftain or prince/ commander or head of state in some Islamic countries. Name was used by the ruling families of some African States to enforce authority (along with Caliphate).

Kilwa

A city-state found on east African coast(Zenj); fishing limited trade from 800-1000; turned to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware; major trading center by 14th century

Yanas

A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility.

Chimor

A coastal kingdom; centered on capital of Chan-Chan; emerged as most powerful small state; between 900 and its conquest by the Incas in 1465, gained control of most of north coast of Peru

Rig- Veda

A collection of 1,028 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text.

Ashoka's Edicts

A collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BC.

Edmund Burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published "Reforms on The Revolution in France", one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

Five Classics

A corpus of texts considered authoritative by the early Confucians. They include poetry, historical, speeches, chronicles, ritual, and divination, Texts used to train scholars and civil servants in ancient China

Signoria

A council in Florence of 8 men representing the major guilds. Cosimo de Medicci controlled the guild

Celtic

A cultural meta-group in central and northwestern Europe, flourishing prior to Roman expansions; includes Irish, Welsh, Scottish, and the Gauls

Edict of Nantes

A decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

Kammu

A descendent of Tenchi and Emperor of Japan , he moved capital to Heian(Later called Kyoto) in 794. one of the last powerful functioning emperors

Florentine Codex

A document that is a major source of information on Aztec history and culture; compiled soon after the spanish conquest of the Aztecs, complied by Fray Bernardino de Shagun in 1550's based on interviews, main source in Nahuatl about the events of the Spanish conquest

hara- kiri

A form of Japanese ritual suicide preformed of many Japanese soldiers, especially officers, following defeat. Literally "belly splitting"

Zhu Yuanzhang

A former monk that led this army in a final victory over the Mongols, became emperor of China and founded the Ming Dynasty

Flying Buttress

A free-standing support attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the support attached to the outer wall of the aisle. Necessary for Gothic Cathedrals.

Great Mosque of Cordoba

A graceful Mosque that was built on the ruins of a ruined Christian Church, Famous for its horseshoe arches, it provides a striking example of the sophistication provided by the fusion of Jewish, Muslim and Christian art. Is now a museum.

Firdawsi

A great poet who wrote the epic Shah Nama which is a prodigious collection of tales and anecdotes during the early 11th century.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Magadha

A kingdom that emerged as a result of strife for land and power among minor kings; occupied almost all of the Indian subcontinent in the second century BC, most significant remaining kingdom after Alexander's departure located on the Central Ganges plian. Had economic strength and dominated surrounding regions in northeastern India.

Lake Texcoco

A lake, now drained, in central Mexico where Mexico City now stands formally the site of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, was connected to the shore by many waterways.

Cahokia

A large city that were once inhabited by the Mound Builders. It was filled with mounds, which were like graves, Declined in 13th century CE. At hieght had a population of about 30,000 people and contact with parts of Mesoamerica. Located in modern day east ST. Louis with a administrative capital that covered almost 300 acres. Had huge burial mound that was 98 ft tall with a base larger than the Egyptian pyramids. Monk's Mound

Quraysh

A local tribe in Mecca that became the keepers of the Ka'ba. Gave them prestige and power, tribe of which Mohhamad was born

Samuel Richardson

A major 18th century writer best known for his 3 epistolary novels: "Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded," "Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady," and "Sir Charles Grandison."

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mekong River

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Zacatecas

A major silver mine of Mexico opened in 1540s

Oyoko

A matrilineal clan within the Asante Empire that dominated because of their access to firearms .

Tatar

A member of the Turkic-speaking people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains (the name has been attributed to many other groups), LIKE THE mongols.

Inca

A member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

Tarascans

A mesoamerican people who were located to the west of the Aztecs., rivals to and subjects of Aztecs, 15th cent

Sankore Mosque

A mosque located in Timbuktu, that Mansa Sulayman founded a university in this building during the Malwi Empire which was (of course) that was used for prayer.

Hindu-Kush

A mountain range Northwest of the Indus River. The Khyber Pass is a pass through this mountain range. South of Tajikistan, North of Pakistan, Northeast of Afghanistan. Himalayas are to the east.

Ventoux

A mountain that Francesco Petrarch climbed in Southern France, and said he used as a symbol of what he could actually accomplish.

Khwarazm

A old Islamic empire that was invaded by the mongols under Chingiss Khan.

Caribs

A people indigenous to the Caribbean. They were pretty aggressive. They were known for their dug-out canoes, which made them a seafaring people. When the Europeans arrived in the 16th century, they had pretty much intermarried with the Tainos.

Vedic Age

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth. When the Vedas were first composed.

Epic Age

A period of time in India that followed the Vedic Age and lasted from 1000-500 B.C.E. in India. The important epics of the time were Mahabharata, Upanishads and Ramayana.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

The Muqaddimah

A political and universal history written by Arab Historian Ibn Khaldun. Describes the 3 generation cyvle of Dynasties, strong, weak ,dissolute. Just look on Pg 168 Document.

Vindication of the Rights of Man

A political pamphlet, written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, which attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism. Wollstonecraft's was the first response in a pamphlet war sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), a defence of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the Church of England.

Polygyny

A polygamous mating system involving one male and many females. May have been caused Sub-Saharan Africa because of the nature of the slave trade.

Bureau of Censors

A powerful Bureau in Tang era China that tracked all the officials and their records, also conducted the Chinese Census.

Benin

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century( OBAS) Founded by Ewuare the Great

Pyramid of the Moon

A pyramid complex used for both symbolic functions and the production of military supplies and located at the north end of the Avenue of the Dead in Teotihuacan

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Almohadis

A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.

Bight of Benin

A region in Africa on the coast between the Volta and Benin Rivers.

Normandy

A region in northwestern France on the English channel

Nike Revolt

A revolt in which riots were started due to team rivalries in the chariot races (specifically the Greens and Blues). Justinian arrested the leaders of the Greens and Blues and sentenced them to hang, which made the people angry. The revolt happened in the Hippodrome against Justinian for imprisoning the leaders of two chariot racing groups. His actions of slaughtering all the rebels at once was considered one of the bloodiest things ever decreed by an emperor against his own people.

Indus River

A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea., the location of the first river valley civilization of India

Zambezi River

A river in southern Africa, flowing east through Zimbabwe and Mozambique into the Indian Ocean. 4th largest in Africa

New Laws

A royal edict that helped establish that Indians were human, capable of salvation, and worthy servants of the Crown. It happened in 1542, and helped outlaw Indian slavery as well. It is significant because it determined the human aspect of the Indians as well as freeing them, or helping to, from slavery.

Berke

A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East.

Sofala

A seaport village in eastern Mozambique in the 1300s an important trading center for the gold miners of Great Zimbabwe

Ogboni

A secret society of religious and political leaders that actually reviewed the decisions of the King and his council. Example of non absolute rule of kings in Africa in the postclassical period.

Frontier Wars

A series of nine wars between the Xhosa people and European settlers from 1779 to 1879 in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

Maroon Wars

A series of struggles between the British and the Jamaican Maroons, mid 1700s, Jamaican Maroons were runaway slaves who successfully stayed hidden in the topography of Jamaica and eventually signed a treaty acknowledging them as free people as long as they returned other slaves. They made North American slave/plantation owners nervous because they could travel through the island as they wanted and were supposed to stay away from plantations but often didnt.

The Prince

A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

Siege of Acre

A siege that took place in 1291 and ended the last Crusader stronghold in the Middle East.

Sahel

A strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert" Was a point of exchange between the forests to the south and northern Africa

Usuman Dan Fodio

A studious Muslim Fulani scholar, preached reformist ideology in Hausa kingdoms- ideas became revolution in 1804- preached a jihad against Hausa kings ( who he felt wern't following Muhammad's teachings)

Gothic

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries.

Calligraphy

A style of beautiful or elegant handwriting that became a very important art form in early classical Chinese culture.

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government or the successor to Muhammad on earth.

Barbarian

A term coined by the ancient greek to disparage those that did not speak their language, throughout history it has changed from being a cultural construct( Greeks, Romans) to a social and racial one (Nazi Germany, Dark Age Europe) etc etc.

Iroquois

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa, Long term profits of this trade are heavily disputed.

Reforms on The Revolution in France

A treatise by Edmund Burke which largely defended inherited thrones, the aristocracy, while condemning revolutions as radical, dangerous and useless, was very conservative. Attacked by Rousseau, Wollstonecraft, and Paine.

Hymn to Wisdom

A treatise that followed Chan Buddhism, where the ultimate goal is to achieve and know the ultimate Wisdom and find release from the cycle of rebirth.

Obsidian

A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava, was a very important trade thing that was mined in Northern Mexico and maybe traded for Turquoise in the Southwest (Maybe with the Anasazi)

Yangtze River Valley

A valley that the Zhou dynasty seized in order to expand territorial boundaries, also called middle earth.

Inca Socialism

A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.

Mazdak

A visionary reformer and spiritual leader who had won considerable support in the Sasanian Empire(New Persia) , but whose teachings were brutally supressed

Novum Organum

A volume from Instauratio Magna that was published in 1620. Translates to New Method of Acquiring Knowledge . In Sir Francis Bacon insisted on use of the inductive method. Should proceed from the particular/specific to the general, from the concrete to the abstract.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

Crimean War

A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed.

Cosimo de Medici

A wealthy Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city behind the scenes, He skillfully manipulated the constitution and influencing elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, and was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors); as head of the Office of Public Debt, He was the grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent

Abu Talib

A wealthy clan leader and Uncle who raised Muhammad when both his parents died when he was very young

Ministry of Rites

Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars in the Tang Dynasty.

Vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.

candomble

African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.

Obeah

African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands.

Stateless Societies

African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states, sometimes more large and extensive than state societies.

Sheba

African trading partner to Israel during Solomons reign and they were supposedly married; present-day Ethiopia

Huascar

After Huayna Capac died; there was a civil war between his two sons. He was the older brother and was heir to the throne., fought brother in civil war for leader of Inca, killed shortly before Pizarro's arrival

Hasan

Alis son who took over his position but was pressured by the Umayyads into renouncing his claimes to the caliphate, instead Husayn took up his challenge/

Methodius

Along with Cyril, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Isabella of Castile

Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Nara

Along with Heian, capital of the Yamato emperors; patterned after ancient imperial centers of Tang Dynasty China; never fully populated, instituted a series of reforms to centralize power. It was built as a replica of Chang'an

Ferdinand of Aragon

Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Cyril

Along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Huari

Along with Tihuanaco, large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 CE; located in southern Peru; featured large ceremonial center supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; established widely diffused religious and artistic symbols spread all over Andean zone

Richard the Lionhearted

Along with phillip II he organized the third crusade(Kings Crusade), the Christians took back acre, muslims kept jerusalem, negotiated a settlement with Saladin to allow Christians access to Jerusalem, Actually perferred Muslim Physicians over Christian ones.

Tainos

Also called the Caciques. A people indigenous to the Caribbean, and the largest people living there for a while. They were pretty chill; they were into woodcarving, big houses, hammocks, and ceremonial ballgames instead of war.

Laozi

Also known as Lao Tsu; major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao. Established Daoism

Medina

Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca, established in the oases. Early on the political controtl was divided between 2 beduoin tribes and 3 jewish ones, which is the main reason that it did not really rival Mecca in terms of trade or prestige.

Kong Fuzi

Also known in the West as Confucius, was an opinated middle aged scholar in the late 6th century BCE, went on a search for an "ideal ruler".` Attracted a number of disciples and published the "Analects". Never found an ideal ruler. He stressed respect for superiors(in a proper hierarchy) , moderation in behavior, veneration of custom and ritual , and love of wisdom. If these were accomplished then a solid political life would develop.

Creole Slaves

American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.

Hopewell Culture

Amerindian peoples from Ohio; major part in regional trade, searching for metals, shells, obsidian, manufactured items for their economy and religion, was generally larger and bigger than the other mound building Adena Culture.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. Boasted that " to promot the welfar of the people, I Hammurabi, the devout, god fearing prince, cause justice to prevail in the land by destroying the wicked and eveil, that the strong might not opress the weak"

Kush

An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium B.C.E. It was deeply influenced by Egyptian culture and at times under the control of Egypt, which coveted its rich deposits of gold and luxury products from sub-Saharan Africa carried up the Nile corridor. Defeated by the Axum Kingdom in 300 BCE.

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming an 'enlightened' ascetic under a bo tree (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism.

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

Ge'ez

An ancient Afro-Asiatic language of Axum; it is still used today as a ceremonial language in the Ethiopian Coptic Church (Christianity), one of the 1st written language in Africa

Abacus

An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters, a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave, Was introduced in the Song Dynasty

La Venta

An ancient island town of Middle America on the east coast of what is now Mexico; center of Olmec culture in 1000 B.C. surrounded by swamps and rivers.

Hubal

An ancient pre Islamic God that was common in Arabia, he was associated with the cool nights and the moon that brought dew. Proof that early on at least they concentrated on praying and sacrificing to these minor gods instead of Allah. Raised by Abu Talib after Mother and Father died.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. Pastoralists played a major role in establishing and expanding this trade network. Major spread of religion(peacefully) because of this, and of technology.

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Ordeal System

An early form of Medieval justice: a task was assigned for wrongdoing.

Kara Khitai Empire

An empire which had actually been established by Mongolian empire, Chinggis Khan mongols swiftly attacked it and annexed it.

Line of Demarcation

An imaginary line that the Pope Alexander VI drew through the New World. The land east of the line belonged to Portugal; the land west of the line belonged to Spain.

City-state

An independent, self-governing city; a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.

Seismographs

An instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake, first developed in classical period , specifically the Han Dynasty.

Hanseatic League

An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. Thought to be related to Mongolian Conquest and fleas on their horses/ equipment.

Chaco Canyon

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

Arthashastra

Ancient Indian political treatise from the time of Chandragupta Maurya; its authorship was traditionally ascribed to Kautalya, and it stressed that war was inevitable and thus advocated use of spies and assassins, bribery, and scientific forms of warfare

Seeds of Change

Another name of the Columbian Exchange

Oba

Another word for ruler; of Benin; based his right to rule on claims of descent from the first king of Ife

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states(3 Generations). Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. The Muqaddimah

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. Conversed with Tamerlane, proves the strangness of Tamerlane personality.

dhows

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design, helped them spread their trade empire and sufi missionaries, which lad to the massive expansion of their religion.

Ibn Batuta

Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records, providing historians with much information about the Saharan trade

Zenj

Arabic term for the east African or Swahili coast. By the 13th Century, a string of urbanized trading ports had developed and were governed by separate Muslim ruling families. (Mombasa, Mogadishu, Kilwa, Pate etc etc).

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Muhammad ibn Qasim

At age 17 was an Arab general. He led warriors into Sind to avenge the assault on Arab shipping.Declared the region of the Indus valley provinces of Umayyad Empire.

Taika Reforms

Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.

Peter Abelard

Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.

Tlaxcala

Autonomous from Aztec Empire, state of war with Mexica of Tenochtitlan, forced alliance with Spanish, not destroyed after Conquest, under direct protection of Spanish crown after conquest

Curacas

Ayllu chiefs with privileges of dress and access to resources; community leaders among Andean societies.

Pochteca

Aztec merchants. Extremely wealthy. Had a huge quantity of material goods etc. But explicitly forbidden to take part in political hierarchy so as not to throw off the balance of power. May have sold at Tlatelolco

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Flower Wars

Aztecs, to catch prisoners to use in human sacrifice, to control time and purpose of war was to capture people. (olmecs were before Aztecs, sacrifice was the main reason, felt necessary to "civilize"

Battle of Tours

BATTLE IN 732 IN WHICH THE CHRISTIAN FRANKS LED BY CHARLES MARTEL DEFEATED MUSLIM ARMIES AND STOPPED THE MUSLIM ADVANCES INTO EUROPE

Tumens

Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10.

Battle of Hattin

Battle during the 3rd Crsade where Saladin draws crusaders outside of Jerusalem: dehydrates them by building huge fires and defeats them allowing him to recapture Jerusalem.

Chinampas

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs

Monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam.

Straits of Gibraltar

Between the Iberic Peninsula (Portugal) and Africa; according to Plato's account, the legendary Atlantis, a land mass, was just outside the straits. It is also known as the Pillars of Hercules, joined Mediterranean Sea with N.Atlantic Ocean

Nestorius

Bishop of Constantinople who called for the council of Ephesus because he believed Jesus was 2 persons, started Nestorian branch.

Recopilacion

Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies.

Council of the Indies

Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.

Pamela

Book written by Samuel Richardson which focused on a servant girl and her master; virtue is rewarded in the novel , This epistolary form became a popular technique in literature during this time period

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all MOngol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world. Was shaministic, created a legal code and the Mongolian language to facilitate record keeping. 3 son problem at his death.

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world, grandson Hulegu continued the coquest.

Clare of Assisi

Born in 1194 to a representative of an ancient roman family in Assisi, She left a wealthy life to pursue holiness through poverty after hearing Francis preach.

Gurus

Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.

Al- Ghazali

Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama, he argued argued human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world, Also known as the "Great Synthesizer". Early Sufi

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Black Hole of Calcutta

British trading post at Calcutta lay within the important Indian state of Bengal, who's troops(allied with the French) captured Calcutta and imprisoned many British citizens, locking them up overnight in a small Jail cell, by the morning, was only 20 feet square in a fort in Calcutta where as many as 146 English prisoners were held overnight by Siraj-ud-daula, 120 people died before the British were released and they then used it as a rallying point.

Bodhisattvas

Buddhist doctrine that held that some people could gain nirvana through their own meditation. This shows that Buddhism shifted from a system of ethics into a more emotional belief.

Hippodrome

Built by Justinian; A huge stadium; Held athletic events and games; Seated 60,000 people located in Constantinople. Site of Nike Revolt

Grand Canal

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code, people thought he was a "moron", was married to Theodora. Wanted to recapture "Old Rome".

Emperor Leo III

Byzantine emperor who founded Syrian dynasty and sucessfully avoided Arab invasions, , Byzantine emperor who banned the use of icons., 730 AD; banned the use of icons; had his army break into churches and smash icons

Greek Fire

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople

Heian

Capital city of Japan under the Yamato emperors, later called Kyoto; built in order to escape influence of Buddhist monks; patterned after ancient imperial centers of China; never fully populated

Ctesiphon

Capital city of the Parthian and Persian Empire,it is located on the Euphrates River near modern Baghdad; was captured three times by Roman armies; the Sasanids used it as their capital as well

Ravenna

Capital in Western Roman Empire, more strategic than Rome, easily accessible by sea from Constantinople and gave access to Rhine frontier (area of greatest military urgency).

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E, location on key trade routes gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about far empire.

Kumsong

Capital of Korea in the Medieval Era modeled after the Chinese capital of Chang'an

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Cordoba

Capital of Umayyads(established by Abd al Rahman) in Spain; became known as the center for learning and intellectual life b/c of its libraries, was also widely tolerant of "the people of the book".

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Karakorum

Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.

St. Petersburg

Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden

Sudras

Caste that made up most of the Indian population; most were peasants and manual laborers; they had limited rights in society

Mira Bai

Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women.

Adena Culture

Centered in the Ohio Valley (800B.C. - A.D. 600) left behind enormous earthworks and burial mounds sometimes elaborately shaped like great snakes, birds, or other animals. Also had an elaborate trade network as far as the Gulf and Atlantic.

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

Royal African Company

Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. Early on had a survival rate of 10% due to tropical diseases like malaria.

wazir

Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. Oversaw the building of most of the infrastructure of the Abbasid Caliphate

Indra

Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior. Also known as the God of Thunder and strength

Scholar gentry

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. (Don't really know why they put it in this chapter but whatever)

Flying Money

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency, (fei-chien) because it could blow out of your hand. Started in Tang Dynasty

The Romance of West Chamber

Chinese dramatic work written during the Yuan period; indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol rule.

Wuzong

Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology

Wudi

Chinese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the Chinese empire; made Confucianism the state religion, - conquered foreign territories like Manchuria, parts of Vietnam, and Korea - conquered Xiongng (nomads) terrorized border, defeated them

Daoism

Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns, emphasized harmony and was largely a spiritual alternative to Confucianism, which actually developed at the same time in the last centuries of the Zhou dynasty. Remember Dao, humility, frugalty, learning/politics was IRRELEVANT under this philosophy.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou dynasty, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Junks

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula, especially in the Song and Tang Dynasty's were the BEST ships in the world.

Kabul Khan

Chinggis khan's great grandfather, defeats army of Jin Kingdom in northern China

Kabul Khan

Chinggis khan's great grandfather, defeats army of qin kingdom in northren china

Copts

Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule, because they were generally treated better, and resented Orthodox Christianity.

Russian Orthodox

Church that developed under Vladimir I whose priests were trained from church leaders imported from Byzantium. This king characteristically ruled over the church as well as many major appointments, shows east west divide.

Bukhara

City in Uzbekistan with an oasis on the Silk Road; former capital of Muslim dynasty(Khwarazm)

Mecca

City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam, becaue it has the Kaba

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali Empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. Has great Sanskore Mosque

Bamian

City where Chingiss Khans grandson died when they Mongols where attacking Muhammad Shah's Khwarazm. Was given the name "accursed city"

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Umayyad

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty(Caliphate) as rulers of Islam located in Damascus Syria, until the Abbasids took over.

Proletariat

Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries

Bushido

Code of conduct for Samurai during the feudal period in Japan, did not fully develop until the LATE Postclassical Period.

Augsburg Confession

Codification in 1530 of Luther's doctrines as established since time of Diet of Worms and subsequent confinement at Wartburg, 1521-22. Included priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiation. Luther's friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.

Indians

Columbus believed he had reached the Indies and therefore called the people living there _______.

Baibars

Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.

Abu Bakr

Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. Oversaw raids into Africa and the Ridda Wars.

absolute monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies, think of the Sun King.

English civil war

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king, Think King Charles I >>>> Oliver Cromwell etc etc.

Wang Anshi

Confucian scholar and chief minister of the Song emperor Shenzong in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.

Mencius

Confucius's greatest disciple; he has been called the second sage; , Also known as Meng Ko; stressed the consent of the common people.Said that humans were essentially GOOD and that governments required the consent of their subjects.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Copernicus published his book the year of his death fearing ridicule, Destroyed the notion for believing in crystal spheres capable of moving the stars around the earth.

Emelian Pugachev

Cossack soldier who sparked a gigantic uprising of serfs (1773) in Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great-he proclaimed himself the true tsar and issued decrees abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service-thousands joined him, slaughtering landlords and officials-lost to Russian army-he was captured and savagely executed during Catherine the Great's Reign.

Scientific Revolution

Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages, was initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics but by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy, Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature

Olmec Culture

Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico circa 1,200 BCE; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems, famous for its HEADS(especially at San Lorenzo)

Flowery Death

Death while taking prisoners for the sacrificial knife. It was a fitting end to a noble life and ensured eternity in the highest heaven. (A reward also promised to women who died in childbirth)

Minamoto

Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan.

Tuareg

Desert nomads who live in small groups throughout the central and south Sahara., Nicknamed "the Blue Men of the Desert"

Ponce de Leon

Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth, The place where he first landed was later settled by the Spanish. In 1565, St. Augustine became the first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States. It is the oldest city in our country.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg.

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria nations in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Rashid al Din

Doctory, historian and adviser to the Il-khans, created some of the most concise writing on the Mongol Empire er who attempted the first history of the world

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population of Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights, He convinced Charles I to signs the "New Laws" prohibiting Indian slavery and attempted to put an end to the encomienda system by limiting ownership of serfs to a single generation.

Lapu lapu

Due to his victory, he is recognized as one of the first to have successfully fought back Spanish authority. A monument to him stands in Mactan on the site where Magellan was killed.

Levelers

During Cromwell's reign, this group wanted voting rights for all men, the church and state separate, alcoholic prohibition, and universal male suffrage. More radical than radical Cromwell, and crushed by Cromwell. Example of how revolutionaries want to make their changes and then STOP the revolutionary spirit from going any farther. It rarely works.

Luoyang

During Wu's reign, the court frequently moved East to this location to recruit officials.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. The British came to power in 1795- 1806.

Boers

Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.

Yuan dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Abbasid

Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished, descended from Abu al-Abbas, the great grandson of Muhammad Uncle. Many Mawali supported to attain full acceptance in the community of believers. Also was a major result of the Battle of the River Zab, Capital at Baghdad and large bureacracy contained many wazirs.

Trinh

Dynasty that ruled in North Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533- 1772; rivals of the Nguyen family in the south.

Kushans

Dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley., came into central India from northwest; greatest king: Kanishka, converted to Buddhism but hurt religions population;

Choson

Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor Wudi in 109 b.c.e.

Fort Jesus

Early 1600's barracks found in Mombassa( on the Zenj Coast). Was a Christian and Portugese thing, but then Omani sultans take it over in 1696. in the 1700's Portugese tried to recapture it, but failed.

Nestorians

Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. ended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions.

Kuya

Early propagator of Pure Land. Was a dancing monk and entertainer; went around singing and dancing. Wore bells, drums, taught ecstatic worship, appealed to the masses.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.

Jochi

Eldest son of Genghis Khan and Borte. legitimacy was always questioned because of his conception time.

Pugachev Rebellion

Emilian Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Constantinople

Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes.

Shenzong

Emperor who gave power to Wang Anshi to make mainly legalistic changes during the Song Dynasty

Basil II

Emperor who led the Byzantines to their last period of greatness; nicknamed "Basil the Bulgur Slayer"

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. Timbuktu, Sundiata, Griots, juula, Mansu Musa, (GOLD and lots of it) might also come to mind. Was after Ghana Empire but before Songhay Empire.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire., German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended thirty years war in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the holy roman empire to choose their own religion-either protestant or catholic

John Wesly

English Anglican minister and founder of Methodism, a new religious movement

Sir Walter Raleigh

English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Francis Bacon

English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method

Issac Newton

English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, mother of Mary Shelly(* Yeah the one that you are thinking about), she also wrote a "Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Rubaiyat

Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine

World Economy

Established by Europeans by the late 16th century; based on control of seas including the Atlantic and Pacific; created an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. Early on was based on SILVER not gold.

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Asante Empire

Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650.

Adam Smith

Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces

King Lalibela

Ethiopian king and monarch of zagwe dynasty who directed a remarkable building project in which 11 great churches were sculpted from rock into the ground

Francisco Cordoba

Explorer who arrived in Yucatan by orders of Velazquez, credited with founding Nicaragua. Was captured and beheaded.

Muhammad the Great

Extended the boundaries of Songhay to include Central Sudan so by the mid 16th century, Songhay dominated the area. a great Askia (songhay ruler)

Sinification

Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.

Childrens Crusade

Failed crusade made by children; european reaction to corruption of fourth crusade, Pope sent some of them back home and others reached southern france where they were tricked onto boarding ships that carried them off into slavery and thousands were lost

Aryabhatta

Famous classical mathematician, wrote a book that summarized Hindu mathematics, discovered pi, calculated the length of the solar system, and the circumference of the earth during India's Classical Era.

Machu Picchu

Famous fortress city high in the Andes Mountains (provides us with great examples of Inca building skills). The ruins of the city were rediscovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham.

Vasco de Balboa

First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. He also led an expedition across Panama and "discovered" the Pacific Ocean.

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.

Tang Tiazong

First great Tang emperor, and 2nd son of Li Yuan its founder., Was able to conquer into Afghanistan.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. Islam was mainly used to reinforce the concept of kingship(A Royal Cult), and much of the population never converted.

Teotihuacan

First major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting,characterized by brilliant coloring and minute realistic detail, include Arnolfini and His Wife, Actually would influence Grant Wood centuries later.

Dnieper River

Flows from Russia through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Kiev is a port city here.

Humanism

Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages, Renaissance.

Pizzaro

For Spain. led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Suriname

Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America, location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence attempts to crush goriella resistence

Seven Years War

Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America, loss of New France at the Treaty of Paris of 1763 to the British,However France did gain back a lot of sugar colonies,

Zulu Wars

Fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire in Africa. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.

St. Augustine

Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory

Liao Dynasty

Founded in 907 by Nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; mantained independence from Song dynasty in China.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.Was a Spanish soldier whose leg had been shattered fighting from Charles V against the French. He said that salvation could be achieved by self-discipline and by doing good deeds

Yorimoto

Founder of Kamakura Shogunate

Zhao Kuangyin

Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Emperor Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent. Was also a scholary man who collected books while out on campaigns.

Benedict of Nursia

Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.

Jurchens

Founders of Qin kingdom(Jin) that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced the Song to flee south.

Khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Charles Martel

Frankish commander in the battle of Tours(Also known as Poiters). He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.

Jean Calvin

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

New France

French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system, had capital in Quebec, founded 1608. Fell to the British in 1763. Under King Louis the 14th(Sun King).

Journal des Dames

French journal written originally by a man for women, but taken over by Madame de Beaumere. In Germany a similar publication suggested that men were partly to blame for women's lowly position in society.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution Wrote "The Social Contract"; Emile.

Denis Diderot

French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Frenchman who wrote "Democracy in America"(1835), in which he explored the uniqueness of American character and its sources. He ALSO wrote about Russia and compared the two and said that BOTH would play a huge role in future World History.

tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

Tsar

From Latin for caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III

Protestanism

General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many many MANY varieties of religious belief

Christopher Columbus

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon(Ferdinand and Isabella); successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas.

Johannes Gutenberg

German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. His printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on of the most important inventions of all time.

Martin Luther

German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church, also he was excommunicated by Catholic Church in 1521 after dispute with Charles V. Translated the Bible into German, and this contributed to the further development of the German language

Franks

Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.

Kami

Gods or nature spirits of Japanese religion, which lived in all things, such as waterfalls, sand, and great trees

Vladimir I

Grand prince of Kiev who converted to Orthodox Christianity and made it the state religion, One of the first Czars; Tried to expand south, which conflicted with Byzantine Empire. Eventually formed deal with emperor of BE

Michael Romanov

Grandnephew of Ivan IV's wife, Anastasia, chosen by an assembly of Russian boyars and representatives to be the first Czar of the Romanov dynasty in 1613

Husayn

Grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali and Fatimah. He was martyred when refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I of the Umayyad Caliphate and especially revered by the Shi'a Muslims for this. Died at the battle of Karbala

Natchez

Great Sun was their ruler. His advisors were noble men and were chiefs of villages. The Stinkards were peasant farmers. They were a tribe of the Mississippi Valley. Lived past the time of whites. Were warlike, practiced torture as well as sacrifice. Died of European conquest and disease.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. Main start in Tang Dynasty

Wu Ti

Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, (140-87 BCE); promoted peace; supported Confucianism; Conducted trade with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East. He also conducted the FIRST Civil service examinations in the world.

Nam Viet

Han dynasty conquered the kingdom of ?, northern Vietnam, , 207- vietnam dominated by Mahayana Buddhism. 939- victory brought independence from China, founding Dai Viet.. adopted confucianism.

Renes Descartes

He developed analytical geometry; relied on math and logic; he believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason; believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings, Cogito Ergo Sum

William the Conqueror

He invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; and established a centralized monarchy, main reason that English differs from other German languages.

Vitus Bering

He was a Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait which made it easier to travel to North America. Led the way for future Russian mariners, who eventually reached Hawai`i. He discovered Alaska and the Aleutian Islands

Juan Sepulveda

He was the adversary of Bartolomé de las Casas in the Valladolid Controversy in 1550 concerning the justification of the Spanish Conquest of the Indies.Was the defender of the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, of colonization, and of evangelization in the so-called New World.

Jizya

Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories.

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.

moldboard

Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.

Summas

Highest works of Aquinas, eliminated opposition to Aquinas theories.

Bhaktic Cults

Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva

Procopius

Historian of the Byzantine Empire who in his "Secret History" revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence., Wrote two histories of Byzantine Emperor Justinian's rule. One good and sponsored by Justinian, one bad and secret.

Charles Boxer

Historian who says that no people can enslave another for 400 years without developing an air of superiority..

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain as Charles I . He summoned the Diet of Worms (and the Council of Trent, He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation.

Peter III

Husband of Catherine the Great, was mentally unstable, and was murdered by a group of Russian army officers. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the murder is unknown, but she did benefit by it as she then had the throne to herself., Withdrew from the Seven Year's War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war.

Patriarchalism

Ideas that social organization should be ordered with the male as the head of the family and institutions.

Han Dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) 400 YEARS and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization, succeeded the Qin Dynasty. Expanded into Korea, Indochina( Cambodia) , and central Asia. Was a very prosperous and large dynasty(established the FIRST Civil Service examinations), however the nomadic Huns overturned the dynasty, and marked the end of the classical period for chinese civilization.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, they Built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. May have traded with Toltec/ Aztecs/Mayans

Toledo

In 1085 the king of Castile won a great victory over the Moors by capturing the city of ?

Dadu

In 1264, Khubilai established this new capital at the site of the Liao and Jin capitals. It became the main capital of the khanate of the Great Khan, which stretched from Mongolia through north China and Korea.

Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion. NOT the one by Whitehead and Russel/.

Ivan Kuskov

In 1812 he led a group pf Russian and native Alaskan fur trappers to north San Francisco and founded Fort Russia.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin rulers and early Han rulers invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. Not as popular as Confucianism, and did not seek popular approval anyway.

Chaucer

In England, he was a courtier, who traveled and mastered philosophy and literature. He wrote from the perspective of various pilgrims to a tomb, and uses them as individuals representing many different walks of life. He thus subtly commented on cultural, religious and literary traditions., Remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

Pope Urban 2

In The First Crusade he can be seen as one attempt to realize this vision, He was the successor to a legacy of extensive ecclesiastical reform, a legacy unpopular with many powerful people, he tried to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

Varuna

In Vedism, god of the night sky( who changed to the guardian of right and wrong) who with his thousand eyes watches over human conduct and judges good and evil and punishes evildoers.

Sultan

In arabic it means "Victorious", first used by the Buyids dynasty after they had captured Baghdad away from the Abbasid Dynasty. This term came to designate Muslim Rulers especially in the West.

Prester John

In legends popular from the 12th to 17th centuries, he was a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this ruler.

Ecomienda

In the spanish colonies, the grant to a spanish settler of a certain number of indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor.

Split Inheritance

Inca practice of descent, all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendents for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy, was Major reason that Inca pushed to expand,

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.

Allyus

Incan society lived in a community, or village and family extension

Silla

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.

Paekche

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.

Rajas

India was a world of warring kingdoms... Aryan leaders; a term for princes

Ganges River

India's most important river, flows across northern India into Bangladesh. this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals.

Mahabharata

Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form

Chams

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.

Khmers

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south

Aryans

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC after the fall of Harappan Culture, vedas from this time show the subjugation of the the existing inhabitants and institution of the caste system

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.Kepler was one of his assistants

Augustine

Influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination

Chabi

Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese.

Fourth Crusade

Initiated by Pope Innocent III six or seven years after Saladin's death; crusaders attacked Constantinople and set up their own government; Byzantine Empire restored by 1261 but never fully recovered from the fourth crusade

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior.

proto-globalization

Is a period of the history of globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly, the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so-called 'modern globalization' in the 19th century

Back Problems

Is a problem caused largely by evolutionary history, came about because of upright structure.

The Tale of Kieu

Is an epic poem in Vietnamese written by Nguyễn Du, and is widely regarded as the most significant work of Vietnamese literature ,the poem recounts the life, trials and tribulations of Thúy Kiều, a beautiful and talented young woman, who had to sacrifice herself to save her family. To save her father and younger brother from prison, she sold herself into marriage with a middle-aged man, not knowing that he is a pimp, and was forced into prostitution.

Easter Island

Island located in the eastern pacific ocean, 2,300 miles west of chile. The Polynesian name is Rapa Nu. Has the famous statues on the island called moai that were made mysteriously hundreds of years ago.

Polynesia

Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island, a sub region of Oceania.

Hellenistic Culture

It began from Philips conquest of Greece to the beginning of the Roman Empire. During this time the laws, calendar, money, and language of Greece was used by millions of people. Homes and public buildings were very elaborate.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian Renaissance writer, described government(practically) in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).Florentine statesman and historian, was reacting against Humanist of the time who only seemed to write in LATIN. Wanted a internally reunified Italy.

Giorgio Vasari

Italian painter and art historian wrote "The Lives of the Artists". Massive patronage of the arts came from this and was lead by families like the Medici's and also the churches, who saw art as a means of glorifying God.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Lorenzo Medici

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

Thomas Aquinas

Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Ivan the Great

Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government

Fort Ross

Ivan Kuskov and a group of fur trapper built this fort near San Francisco., a trading post, near Bodega Bay, built by Russians in 1812. It was a base for sea otter hunters. they sold tools in exchange for salt, wheat, and other foods

Fujiwara

Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. By the end of the 10th century one chief minister of this family had sent FOUR of his daughters married to Emperors.

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed until the British took over.

Hulegu

Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest

Hulegu

Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest, defeated Seljuk Turks.

Chandragupta Maurya

King and founder of the Mauryan Empire, he seized power along the Ganges River following Alexander the Great's Incursion. Was the first of the Mauryan Rulers to unify the entire subcontinent, he was highly autocratic. His grandson was Ashoka

Henry VIII

King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England(Anglican Church) in 1532.

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor in order to distract his main rival the Hapsburg ruler of Austria and Spain. Illustrated the increasing abandonment of religious and feudal justifications of the previous era.

Clovis

King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy

Nzinga Mvemba

King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of his kingdom. He also tried to end slave trade and limit Portuguese officials and was somewhat successful early on.

Nezhualcoyotl

King of Texcoco. Wrote hymns to the "lord of the close vicinity" (an invisible creative force that supported the gods) that survived in oral form until being written down in the 16th century. His poetry wondered about life after death and the existence of the gods. Believed in a monotheistic concept.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though he started an intellectual revival. Was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope(which would lead to problems for other rulers).

Mansa Musa

King of the Mali empire in West Africa from 1312 the 1337, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali, also brought the attention of Muslim world to Mali. Also constructed the Great Mosque of Jenne during his time.

Dahomey

Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.

Axum

Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity

Jin

Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 115 after overthrowing the Liao dynasty; ended in 1234.

Palmares

Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan.

Xi Xia

Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.

Takrur

Kingdom that was in northern Mali, declared it's independence from Mali, was located near the Senegal River at the same time Ghana was at the height of its power.

Monomotapa

Kingdom which stretched between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of southern Africa, named that by Portuguese, dominance over gold found in interior of Africa, communicated with Arab port of Sofala on coast

Monomotapa

Kingdom which stretched between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of southern Africa, named that by Portuguese, dominance over gold found in interior of Africa, communicated with Arab port of Sofala on coast. Also called Mwenemutapa by Africans. Just Think GOLD, GOLD , GOLD.

Kongo

Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy.

Zen Buddhism

Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty. Main start in Tang Dynasty

Chan Buddhism

Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society

Yi Dynasty

Korean Dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; resotred aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence

Koryo Dynasty

Korean dynasty that ruled from 935-1392, Replaced the Silla Dynasty in Korea capital was Songak metal type print led to mass productionn of books also produced celadon

Mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.

mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. However the Spanish also imposed it on the Indians in order to get silver and resources from them.

Himeji

Largest Castle in Japan

Great Mosque of Jenne

Largest Muslim architecture in (Sub-Sahara), was constructed during the Mali King Mansu Musa's reign.

Monk's Mound

Largest prehistoric structure in the United States Covers 16 acres with 4 platforms with ceremonial structure at the top possibly temple of chiefs residence, could be seen through the city Artifacts at Cahokia (Woodhenge formed by upright timbers that align with solstices and equinoxes, also rebuilt multiple times)

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.

Atahualpa

Last Inca ruler who was tricked into a conference by Francisco Pizarro, tried to ransom himself with a hoard of gold, and was executed by garroting. The Spaniards then fought their way to Cuzco and conquered his Empire

Upanishads

Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority; religion/mysticism, also stressed the very shallowness of wordly concerns

Sunni Ali

Leader of Songhai that drove out the Berbers and built the largest empire in West Africa by his death in 1492, conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire , was very ruthless even with fellow Muslims who got in his way. Line of leaders after him were called "askia"

Timur-i-lang

Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405

Mu'awiya

Leader of Umayyad clan proclaimed in Jerusalem; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali. Pressured Hasan( Ali's son after Ali was assinated).

Kanishka

Leader of the Kushan Empire in Classical India, 120-162 CE, Created Therarvists and Mahayanists, Considered "Second Ashoka" Warrior before converting to Buddhism Had deep support of Buddhism. Actually hurt Buddhism in India because it was associated with foreign rule

Trung Sisters

Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 c.e.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society.

Shaykhs

Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. The aythority was enforced by a band of free warriors whose families made up a majority of a given clan group.

Xuanzong

Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, though he encouraged overexpansion. Defeated Empress Wei.

Hernan Cortes

Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian(Swedish), regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E., ALL Russian Rulers claimed to be descended from him.

Qutb ud din Aibak

Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists, were treated very well by Muslim conquerors.

Samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. , Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America, produced 80% of all Peruvian silver

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.

Fez

Located in Morocco, the oldest continuous operating university in the world

Huancavelica

Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806

Philip Melancthon

Luther's friend who helped with the codification of the Augsburg Confession, big supporter of education and literacy, Arrived in Wittenberg in 1518 at the age of 21 to teach greek and Hebrew.

Tlaloc

Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain

Juula

Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Mary Wollstonecraft's treatise of 1792, in which she argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all human beings, not just in men. She concluded that women should have equal rights with men in education, politics, and economics. Also attacked Edmund Burke

Moai

Massive statues on Easter Island made by the Polynesians. ancestor figures, "discovered" on Easter sunday 1772

Ziggurats

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. Each city had a patron god that they prayed to and professional priests operated theses temples.

Chac

Mayan rain god; appears in the form of a serpent

Kuriltai

Meeting of all Mongol chieftans at which the supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes was selected.

Osei Tutu

Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms. Took the name asantehene.

Cossack

Member of a group form Ukraine, many of whom served as horsemen to the Russian czars and were famed for their fierceness in battle

Wendi

Member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of Six Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty. ALSO known as Tang Jian, Was murdered by his son (the Yangdi Emperor)

Ashikaga Takuaji

Member of the Minamota family; overthrew the Kamakuro regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.

Mandarins

Member of the elite class of civil servants in Chinese government and the aristocracy during the classical period. (Highest Class), picture is a joke, couldn't find a better one.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Consulado

Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.

Nguni

Meta-cultural classification referring to the Zulu, Swazi, and Xhosa peoples in Southern Africa; heavy emphasis on singing (Mande), began their unification under Shaka Zulu by 1818.

Muhammad of Ghur

Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; borught much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.

Bakufu

Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai

Shoguns

Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration.

Ines Suarez

Mistress of the conqueror of Chile, fundamental in attacks on indigenous populations (Pedro Valdivia)

Khans

Mongol family that conquered a vast empire from Pacific to Danube River; there were five great these, the most famous was Kublai Khan of China.

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan; In 1271, he founded the Yuan Dynasty, and became the first Yuan emperor., He defeated the Song Dynasty in the process

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis(chingiss) Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty

Tatars

Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact.

Pyramids

Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession

Harun al-Rashid

Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession. Sent presents to Charlegmane's court. Al- Ma'mun would succed him

Li Bo

Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings

Gangetic Plains

Most populated area of India; Place where the Aryans searched for Iron ore for axes, tools, and new land.

Demak

Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports

Pope Innocent II

Most powerful pope; claimed to rule the whole world; covened 4th Lateran Council---annual confession of sin mass on Easter, mass became sacrifice, Jews live in ghettos, declared ordeal system was "irrational"

Zhu Xi

Most prominent neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life.

Ka'ba

Most revered religious shrine in Pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important Shrine in Islam. Owned by the Quraysh for a while.

Devi

Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual

Great Trek

Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death, Was a despotic ruler whose strict laws would ultimately led to divisions and decentralization of government in the Mughal Empire.

Banu Hashim

Muhammad's clan in the tribe of Quraysh Named after Prophet's great grandfather Poor clan with traditional emphasis on tribal connectivity that shift to individualism with Islam's emphasis on individual responsibility to God and society, not tribes.

Kabir

Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. Supported the Umayyads.

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary, barbarian people who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain

Ottoman Turks

Muslims, that took over Constantinople in 1453; and renamed it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art; established a large empire and ended the Byzantine empire

P'an Ku

Mythic ancestor whcih ancient chinese said was their creation myth, he created the world after breaking out of an egg.

P'an Ku

Mythic ancestor which ancient chinese said was their creator.

Achaemenids

Name for Persian rulers because they traced their lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes. Married members of the Median court.

Core Nations

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.

Nahuatl

Native Central American people who live(d) in southern Mexico and Central America, including the ancient Aztecs; also, the language spoken by these people

Swazi

New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane.

Luo

Nilotic people who migrated from Upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro. ( I'M THIS )

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly, followed the failure of the splinter Buyid Dynasty to prevent the disintegration of the Abbasid dynasty. Were very staunch Sunnis.

Bedouin

Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam., the key towns(Mecca, Medina) found in Arabia were as much an extension of these groups culture and were heavily shaped by them, also largely contributed heravily to the safety of the trade routes.

Khitan

Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century

Mawali

Non-Arab converts to Islam., In the Umayyad Era they still had to pay the Jizya.

Yang Jian

Northern ruler who finally ended the Period of Disunion., Founder of Sui Dynasty, considered the "cultured emperor" In Public work: repair Great Wall, constructed Grand Canal, rebuilt former capital Changan, used FORCED laborers; Emperor Wen. Was murdered by his son (the Yangdi Emperor)

Antigua

Old capital of Guatemala, noble and loyal of , was a British West Indian island colony used for sugar export in the age of imperalism.

Jebe

One of Chinggis' leading generals who first attracted his attention when he held his ground against overwhelming opposition and shot Chinggis' horse out from under him.

Jacques Coeur

One of Europe's most extrordinary merchants; demonstrated the opportunities and risks of new forms of trade. He had lent money to needy courtiers, to members of the royal family, and to the King himself, and his debtors, jealous of his wealth, were eager for a chance to cause his downfall. When the mistress of the King died, he was rumored to have played a part and was convicted despite being innocent, after a while he did escape.

Ellora

One of India's( along with Ajanta) most important holy sites in the Deccan Plateau. It is a series of caves carved into a huge cliff

Belisarius

One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of Western Europe; commended in North Africa and Italy, best general of the late Roman world, quickly destroyed Vandals in North Africa, defeated Ostrogoths in 552, , slaughted rebels in Nike Rebellion

Vikings

One of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.

Golden Horde

One of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's Death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia, Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Great Wall of China

One of the biggest building projects in history that was started by Shi Huangdi and took thousands of forced workers and hundreds of years to complete/built to protect the empire from northern invaders

The Song of Roland

One of the earliest and most famous Medieval epic poems; it's glorifies a band of french soldiers who perished after fighting the Muslims from Spain

Fon clan

One of the major ethnic groups in the West African nation of Benin;Ruled Kingdom of Dahomey in 18th century.

Xhosa

One of the original ethnic groups of South Africa. There population was largely diminished by the 1779-1878 Frontier Wars. One day, a young girl was down by the creek, and she claims to have been told by her ancestors that if the killed of their remaining cattle population (a large majority had been killed off due to a disease like anthrax), then their ancestors would rise up and defeat the white men. They killed off their cattle, but died off due to the lack of food and a great famine.

Brahmans

One of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; the priestly class (in charge of the religious ceremonies that were so important in Indian society), also called Vedic Preists, were the dominant force in Indian Society during the Classical Era.

Ramayana

One of two classical Hindu epics written in Sanskrit telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne.

Macao

One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty, controlled by the Porteguese.

Henry 4

Only 6 years old when he became King. Pope Gregory's the 7th greatest struggles were with ________ __ who was Excommunicated by Pope Gregory the 7th and then he pleaded for mercy to come back. Finally Gregory Revoked his excommunication after he agreed to several conditions of the pope's forgiveness. Conflict was over lay investiture.

Abd al-Rahman

Only survivor of the abbasid raid, he crossed the arabian peninsula into spain and was accpeted into Cordoba as unquestioned leader. He set up to Ummyyad Cordoba Caliphate in Spain.

Chichen Itza

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl).

Tlatelolco

Originally a separate island city in Lake Texcoco; later incorporated into Tenochtitlan; Market remained the most important in combined city.

European Style Family

Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married.

Parliamentary Monarchy

Originated in England(Glorious Revolution) and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.

Ulama

Orthodox Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. Pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology, and opposed non islamic ideas and non scientific thinking, was probably the result of the Crusades.

Topac Yupanqui

Pachacuti's son and successor from 1471 to 1493; conquered northern coastal kingdom of Chimor by seizing it's irrigation system; extended Inca control into the southern area of what is now Ecuador.

Fulani

Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto. Their attack on a fellow Muslim kingdom(Bornu) demonstrated that it was for political not just religious gain.

Arawaks

Peaceful tribe from the Carribean who were exploited by Columbus for gold and eventually wiped out by war and disease., The first "Indians" so called because they were taught to be residents of India.

Sumerians

People who migrated into Mesopotamia ca. 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. Also developed the cuneiform alphabet, the FIRST known case of human writing. Devloped a system of numbers based on 10, 60 , and 360, founded Astronomy and built massive Ziggurats.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions. Largest City state at Kano.

Omar Khayyam

Persian Sufi poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation. Wrote the Rubaiyat

Shah-Nama

Persian literary work written by the poet Firdawsi, related history to Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests (Book of Kings

Yes and No

Peter Abelard's book; issues or Biblical statements with theological resolutions not provided, 158 theological questions—Bible & various authorities not agree. —theology enslaved to citing examples —sought overcome limitation & reconcile authorities... Method: 1. Pose question, 2. Cite authorities for various answers 3. Solution... Abelard's method will be used by Scholastic movement

Ideographic

Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.

Ajanta

Place where Buddhist artists painted rich murals in cave temples in Western India Give evidence along with Ellora to the religious ferment that could be found in India during the Classical Period. Also a testament to religious blending (Hindu, Jain, Buddhist) that is a part of India's enduring culture.

Romance of the Rose

Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century; details the ideas of courtly love. Romance between men and women of the upper class

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres "

Kautilya

Political adviser to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra( a political treatise ; believed in scientific application of warfare.

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519, The same year Charles V became empreor, he wa skilled in the Philippines in 1521, but one of his ships returned to Spain in 1522 completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Luanda

Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola. Showed how Portugal tried to dominate existing trade system of the African Ports.

Factories

Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.(First and most important was El Mina.

Taira

Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars.

Saladin

Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin and took Jerusalem, sultan of Syria and Egypt, was defeated at some point by Richard the Lionhearted.

Bernard of Clairvaux

Powerful monk who stressed the importance of a mystical union with God and believed reason was dangerous, Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Peter Abelard and had him driven from the universities.

Footbinding

Practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household, Song Dynasty

Mastodons

Prehistoric furry elephants, the retreat of big game animals like this one after an ice age lead to the increasing importance of agriculture, which catalyzed the movement and population boom among our species.

Constantinople

Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes. Later became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and is know known as Istanbul

Alexander Nevskii

Prince of Novgorod. He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Ali

Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam, the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites,he was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph, Uthman Us

Jesus of Nazereth

Prophet and teacher aamong the Jews, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, executed 30 CE.

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. Married Khadijah, and established the Koran and the 5 pillars of Islam after a "revelation" from Gabriel.

Gao

Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai, had caravan trade routes.

Bohemia

Protestant kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire where the people defied their new ruler who tried to close down Protestant churches. It is in modern day Czechoslovakia. Was conquered by Russia in one of ts many late phases of expansion.

Fredrick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy, abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder cases. He also granted limited freedom of speech and press, as well as greater religious toleration.

Galileo

Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.

Pyramid of the sun

Pyramid found in ancient Teotihuacan, it was 200-feet tall and had a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid in Egypt. Located on the Avenue of the Dead

Witchcraft Persecutions

Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans b/w 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas

Rajput

Regional princes in India following collapse of the Gupta empire; emphasized military control of their regions

Buyids

Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of "sultan"; retained Abbasids as figureheads

Bushi

Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies. Helped weaken the Imperial power of Japan during the Postclassical Period.

Trinity

Religious dogma which professes the belief in the three persons in one God, The father, the son, and the Holy Spirit

Topiltzin

Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power; went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula. disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes

Zakat

Religious tax, one of the five basic requirements (arkan or "pillars") of Islam(The 4th). All adult Muslims of sound mind and body with a set level of income and assets are expected to pay this

Ashikaga Shogunate

Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan, ; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority

Hadiths

Reports of sayings and actions of Muhammad, written down fairly early after his death, but took a deal of time (over several hundred years)

Catholic Reformation

Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils(Like council of Trent) that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.

Mehemet II

Restored the Ottoman military to it's former power. Kept empire expanding. Defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, overcame Italian crusaders,repelled by Greek Fire

Neo- Confucians

Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.

Seppuku

Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.

Nguyen

Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue.

Yellow River

River in China at a high plateau in Tibet. Loess soil carried by the river, gave river it's name, very fertile. "China's sorrow" when it had extensive flooding.The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated here.

John White

Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN"

Yang Guifei

Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.Young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong

King Louis XIV

Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years as the self proclaimed "Sun King" of France, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right of Kings, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves. Also built the magnificent palace at Versailles. He said " I am the State".

askia

Ruler adopted name for the muslim leader of the Songhai Empire after the death of Sunni Ali. Best was Muhammad the Great.

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca called "he who shakes the earth"

Batu

Ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Tangut Tribes

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China(Tibet; one of the regional kingdoms during period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226, collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry

Tangut

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Chinggis Khan's Mongols in 1226.

Southern Song

Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; Culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.

Haciendas

Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.

Boyars

Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe

Battle of Kulikova

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde; helped break Mongol hold over Russia

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts, In Picture is a ______ House

Peter the Great

Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Old Believers

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov the 2nd Romanov ruler (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.

Monsoons

Seasonal reversals of wind patterns caused by the differential heating and cooling rates of the ocean's and continents. During the summer it can bring massive rain throughout India, and if it comes too late induce drought.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.Succeeded the Xia . Rulers and their relatives gave orders through a large network of cities

Alexis Romanov

Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church

Yangdi

Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system;Extravagance and luxurious he also built a new palace at Luoyang, forced peasants to build a game park responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; Led his subjects into a series of unsuccesful wars against Korea and he was assassinated in 618.

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Treaty of Tordesillas

Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. Was laid out on a planned grid pattern.Language of the civilization has NOT been deciphered. Part of Indus River Valley Civilization

Saltwater Slaves

Slaves transported from Africa (African-born); almost invariably black

Bulgaria

Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014

Rus

Slavic word for "Viking"; land Rurik the Viking ruled was called "Rus" or "Russia"

Civilization

Socities distinguised by a reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and the existence of non- farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. Also involves the formation of formal political ties or states , as opposed to a dependence on family or tribal ties.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo

Soldier in Cortez's army, wrote the True History of the Conquest of New Spain, a populist history, exalting courage of common soldier. Along with Cortes he greatly admired the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Terracotta Army

Soldiers and horses of the first Chinese emperor ( Shi Huangdi). The soldiers dated back to 210 B.C. discovered by a farmer. Vary in height and are usually 6 feet. They are all different and have different characteristics. Their purpose was to help rule another empire with Shi Huang Di in the after life. Made during Qin Dynasty

Manding Bory

Son of Maghan Kon Fatta and Namandje Kamara; half-brother and best friend of Sundiata; (aka Manding Bakary)

Lesotho

Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

New Spain

Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.

Pedro Valdivia

Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. With the help of the Indian allies, he and his followers won. Although the Aztec confederacy put up a stiff resistance, disease, starvation, and battle brought the Tenochtitlan. down in 1521

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima, took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532 .

Bernardino de Sahagun

Spanish missionary to Aztecs of Mexico, "Florentine Codex", wrote encyclopedia "Father of modern ethnography" (study of culture) and described the effects of smallpox on the Aztecs in, "Seeds of Change."

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

Averroes

Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor, wrote commentaries on Aristotle, emphasized the compatability of faith and reason, said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason.

Stupas

Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.

Toltec Culture

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic (set of principles) including human sacrifice; established a capital at Tula about 968;influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E. Actually spread as far as Chichen Itza in the Yutacan Peninsula at some point

Alexander the Great

Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 BCE; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures, Spread Hellenistic Culture.

Songhay

Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

Santo Domingo

Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire, now known as Haiti.

animism

Superstitious religious belief that attributes human qualities to material objects or nonhuman living creatures, oldest belief system.

Manoralism

System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the MIddle Ages.Large fields for agriculture, and serfs to work the land. The land and inhabitants were called a manor and both belonged to the lord.

Cultures

Systems of belief that help explain the environment and set up rules for various kinds of social behavior. Emerged in the late Paleolithic and was also accompioned by the rapid spread of speech(languages)

Empress Wu

Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; she tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created

Great Temple

Temple where priests made sacrafices. One shrine dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, other dedicated to Tlaloc

Indies Piece

Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave.

Panchatantra

The "Five Books" of fables, or moral stories, from the Gupta period in India, advocates proper behavior and high moral standards, including "Sinbad the Sailor" and "Jack the Giant Killer." Best-known Indian stories around the world. The Epics final written form during the classical period

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Umar

The 2nd Caliph. Friend of Muhammad. A merchant. Spread Islam to Syria, Egypt, and Persia; redesigned government; paid soldiers; held a census; made taxes more fair; built roads & canals; aided poor, Assasinated by an angry Persian

Laboring Masses

The 2nd highest group in China's classical Era, included the peasants and the urban artisans who manufactured goods.

Ifriqiya

The Arabic term for eastern north Africa and the , term used by the Romans for Africa. Also largely called Tunisa was ruled by Muslims between 640 and 700 CE.

Maghrib

The Arabic word for western North Africa, the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco

Battle of the River Zab

The Battle victory near the Tigris of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

Shiva

The Brahman, later Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.

Vishnu

The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped, who, in the trinity of gods, is the Preserver

Qin Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty (221 BC to 204 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall, Replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. Burned a lot of books that would be "subversive" to his autocratic rule. There was the National Census, Great Wall of China, standardization of coinage, weights, and measures throughout the entire realm, and made all script length uniform. Shi Huangdi unpopularity lead to the dynastys downfall and a peasant family established the Han Dynasty

Shi Haungdi

The Chinese ruler(First Emperor) who came to power in 221 B.C. and unified and expanded China by ending internal battles and conquering rival states, established the brief Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE, which only lasted for 14 years. Name means the "the tiger". He vigorously organized and centralized the government into a bureaucracy , selected his officials from non-aristocratic backgrounds. He also built the Great Wall of China(3000 miles) to the North to protect against nomadic invaders.

King Charles I

The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s).

San Salvador

The FIRST Land claimed for Spain by Columbus. Renamed "Holy Savior", now the capital and largest city of El Salvador

Kinkakuji

The Golden Temple built by Ahikaga Yoshimitsu, built on a small lake near Kyoto in the 15th century, zan and shinto stress of simplicity

Reincarnation

The Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions

Mesolithic Age

The Middle Stone Age.12,000-8,000 BCE; ability to fashion stone tools & such improved greatly; made better weapons & cutting edges; had increased population growth accelerated producing more conflicts & wars;(Large amount of bone breaks and skull fractures.

El Mina

The Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa. Located in present day Ghana

Sultanate of Granada

The Muslim kingdom that Spain later conquested. In 1502, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be expelled or killed.

Neolithic Age

The New stone age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.

Siege of Constantinople

The Ottoman Empire(Sultan conquered Constantinople in 1453. Through expansion into the Balkans and the Mediterranean the Ottoman empire gained political stability. From a European perspective this event ended the Middle Ages and gave way for the Renaissance.

Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish conquistador who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532., Double crossed Indian people. He captured their chief, Atahualpa, and promised to release him if they paid a huge ransom which they agreed to pay, yet he killed the chief anyways. Then he made the Inca empire under Spanish rule.

Spanish Armada

The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Muhammad Shah

The Turkic ruler of Khwarazm, __________ II, attempted to resist the Mongol conquest by Chingiss Khan but failed. Fled and left his people, he would later die on a island in the Caspian Sea.

Damascus

The Umayyads moved the capital to ____, which was centrally located in the expanding Islamic state

Sons of Heaven

The Zhou called themselves the __________, because they supposedly derived their lineages from the old Shang Rulers and heavens Mandate.

5 minutes before midnight

The amount of time that humans have been on land if you set it relative to a 24 hour day. Approximate time is about 2.5 million years on earh as a species out of 4.56 billion.

Bactria

The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent. and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns

Battle of Poitiers

The battle(732 CE) between the invading Arab army and the french, led by Charles Martel. It marked the height of Arabian expansion in Europe, and the French won, However the Arabs did not go back below the Pyrenennes until a couple of decades after this battle.

Pope

The bishop of Rome and supreme leader of the Roman Catholic Church

Shi'a

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad, FOLLOWERS OF ALI. HATED Umayyads.

Cuzco

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru

Chang'an

The capital city of the Tang Dynasty located in the Wei Valleywhere 2 million people lived during the 700s and 800s... it was the center of government, culture and trade.

Tula

The capital city of the Toltec; when it was destroyed, the civilization ended

Lima

The capital of Peru, founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1535.

Hue

The capital of the Nguyen dynasty was located here.

Huitzilopochtli

The chief god of the Mexica or Aztec. Originally associated with war, as the empire grew, he became the Sun god and was worshiped throughout Mesoamerica. Aztecs believed he required a steady diet of human hearts.

Abu al-Abbas

The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab

Wittenberg church

The church on which Luther posted his 95 theses

Analects

The collected saying of Confucius, laid the foundation for China's enduring civilization. It idealized a strong rulers, the consolidation and centralization of power, a highly educated , EXCLUSIVELY male elite, that was responsible for the well being of all the subjects in the state. ("Confucious Says")

House of Wisdom

The combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s by Al- Ma'mun

Umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

Council of Trent

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

Zhou Dynasty

The dynasty that displaced Shang Dynasty, Lasted from (1029 - 258 BCE); alliances with regional princes and families, overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven" rationality in goverment; and beginnings of Mandarin Chinese language(Resulted in the largest single group speaking the same language in the world). They banned human sacrifice. Fell because of an inability to control vassals, external nomadic invaders which lead to a mini- assimilation of cultures and also to a new dynasty(Qin) and ruler Shi Haungdi who united ALL of china. (Think of this as China's Feudal Period)

Guptas

The dynasty the succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE in classical era India; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized(and smaller) than Mauryan Empire; claimed divine rule; demanding system of taxation; established many universities

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. Ended with Ferdinand and Isabella who unified it into a powerful nation state. Ended with the fall of the Sultanate of Grenada and coincided with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.

Shi

The emerging social scholar gentry that was developing in the classical period.; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty.

Sapa Inca

The emperor of the Incan Empire. People believed that he was descended from the sun god.

Black Death

The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Medici

The family members were wealthy politicians, businessmen, and patrons of the arts who influenced both individuals and the bigger picture, in Florence and all of Europe. Cosimo de Medici ruled Florence for five years after strategically getting himself elected, used his grandson Lorenzo as a diplomat to get aquainted with other leaders of Europe, and became a great patron of the arts, like other members of his family, and helped many artists such as Michelangelo Used diplomatic prowess to end a war against Naples and the Papacy in 1479, but shortly after his death, wars tore apart Italy and lowered it from its status of the center of European civilization.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., they co created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. Most remembered for their large stone heads.

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments., (12th-14th century) First shogun position instated after toppling the Fujiwara . Named after the home town of the first shogun of the Minamoto clan

Hijra

The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era(or at least of the Islamic Calender. Was helped by his cousin Ali.

Almoravids

The followers of the Great Puritanical Reformist Movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; rejected Sufism and were very violent (launched a series of jihads, or holy wars)

Sundiata

The founder of Mali empire and the "Lion Prince" according to the griots. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes., a leader whose exploits were the foundation of a great oral tradition. created unified state & basic rules for malinke society. Created "16 clans" and divided up the world.

Syncretism

The fusion of cultural elements from more than one tradition. In colonial Latin America religious this was common, with both Amerindians and Africans blending their existing beliefs and rituals with Catholicism. There was a small amount of this developing during the classical period which would hint at what would occur much later.

Himalayas

The highest mountains in the world, which stretch along northern India, separating it from the rest of Asia. Is the main example of how topography helped shape vital features of its civilization in the classical period. Made political unity very difficult and contributed to greater diversity in culture.

Encomendero

The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. Was responsible for their integration into the church.

Araucanians

The indigenous group native to chile, resisted many attempts made by the more organized incas to conquer them, and also killed Pedro de valdivia when he tried to take over chile. The ___ held off the Spanish for a considerable amount o time

Henry IV

The irst Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris, also devised Edict of Nantes.

Religion

The lack of this(or at least the abundance) is the main reason that the Chinese classical period was not marked by a large amount of monuments( excluding the Great Wall of China/ Terracotta)

Lake Titicaca

The lake between Bolivia and Peru; highest lake in the world on which ships can travel

Tierra del Fuego

The large island, maybe archipelago whose name means "Land of Fire". it is located near the southern tip of Chile, but administered by Argentina and Chile.

Mesa Verde

The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300

Harem

The living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household which first developed in the Abbasid Caliphate. Along with the Veil it became a symbol of women's increasing subjugation durring this period.

Volga River

The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river, includes canals connecting Moscow to the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas

Mean People

The lowest and 3rd group in China's Classical Era, Were people without "meaningful skills". Performing artists and household slaves were included, this group was punished more harshly than any others and required to wear green scarves. <(Again the Picture is a joke)>

Don Quixote

The main character in Miguel de Cervantes' book about the changing times in the early 1600's. He was a man who did not like how the Middle Ages were ending and people were becoming more materialistic, so he set of to become a knight and bring back chivalry to Spain

Mandarin Chinese

The main language of (ancient) China, had the most people speak it, with other languages spread out over China aswell. Mainly established by the Zhou rulers.

Giovanni Carpini

The monk who asked the Mongols to join the Crusades(Pope Innocent the 4th sent him). He also wrote a book about the Mongolian empire.

Qibla Wall

The mosque wall oriented toward Mecca indicated by the mihrab

Kano

The most prosperous Hausa city-state, 14 mile circumference; 30,000 people, best king was the Muslim Muhammad Rumfa ( Picture is of a Kano knot)

excommunication

The most severe penalty for refusing to obey Church laws; if this happened to you (as it did to Holy Roman Emperor Henry 4 - could not be buried on sacred ground and could not receive the sacraments.

Khan of the North

The name that Peter III( The Great) used when he was talking to the Mongols, he also swore his promises on the Koran while he was in their territories.

Iberians

The natives or inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula, where Spain and Portugal are located. They conquered much of Latin America between 1450 and 1750. During this time the Catholics kicked the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula in the Reconquista.

Sasanian

The new people descended from the Achaemenids that challenged the Romans; the last of the Near Eastern groups, Was driven out by Arabs.

noble savage

The notion, often associated with Rousseau, that non-Western or "primitive" people are actually happier and more virtuous than Westerners. Based on the idea that humans are free and equal in "a state of nature" but that social institutions deprive them of that freedom and equality.

Five pillars

The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj

Middle Ages

The period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval."

Era of Warring States

The period of Chinese history between c. 402 and 220 B.C.E. characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war.; regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty disentigrated.

hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca, which every adult Muslim is supposed to make at least once in his or her lifetime: the fifth of the Pillars of Islam.

Pure Land

The place where Amida Buddha has vowed to have reborn those who call on his name ten times at death

Pope Gregory 7

The pope from 1073 to 1085; excommunicated Henry 4 over the issue of lay investiture and then forgave him, and later deposed by Henry, wanted to institute reforms, limit secular influence on the church

demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. First observed in Western Europe and the United States in the 19th century.

hunting and gathering

The process of living that involves hunting for meat, gathering edible produce, and traveling frequently.

Taika

The reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate chinese culture and politics into Japanese society

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Locke, maybe (Paine, but not likely ) etc etc.

The Great Speaker

The ruler of Tenochtitlan that was considered a living god. His court was magnificent and surrounded with elaborate rituals. Those who approached him could not look him in the eyes and were required to throw dirt upon their heads as a sign of humility (humbleness).

Koran

The sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

Kshatriyas

The second level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; Warriors and the governing class.

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

varnas

The social divisions of the Aryan Society that included from top to bottom: 1)priests (Brahmins), 2) rulers or warriors; 3) farmers, craftspeople, traders; 4) workers and servants (Sudras)

Al- Ma'mun

The son of Harun al-Rashid and a Caliphate; founded astronomical observatory and a foundation for translating classical Greek works, established House of Wisdom.

Strait of Magellan

The strait separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands south of the continent, found by Magellan at the tip of South America during his voyage around the globe

Buddhism

The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth, provided the most powerful challenge to the brahmans and many of the ancient Vedic beliefs and practices, also helped establish the Mauyran Empire.

Council of Ephesus

The third ecumenical council in 431 which delcared Mary as mother of God and condemned Pelagius, Also began to refute the Nestorian "heresy}"

Manikongo

The title given to the king of Kongo.

Ayan

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. Was a reason that many peasants during this dynasty did not own there own land.

Theodora

The wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. Was seen as being overambitious, and power hungry by the public.

Khadijah

The woman who consoled Muhammad and expressed her faith that God had chosen him as a prophet to communicate his words to the people. She ended up marrying him, and helping him establish himself.

1441

The year the first slaves were brought to Portugal from Africa, early on this was very limited(maybe 50 a year till 1450) before the Europeans realized that raid tactics were not working and tried trading.

Lateran Council

These were gatherings of high ranking Church officials in a council, formed to resolve issues within the Church.

Uthman

Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

Gaozong

Third emperor of the Tang Dynasty. He had a stroke and became a vegetable, rendering him unable to technically rule China for several decades. Ws the Husband of Empress Wu. Under his rule, Korea was over run by Chinese Armies ans Silla was created

Vaisyas

Third level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; identifies merchants who engaged in commerce; COMMONERS

Al-Mahdi

Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession(EPIC FAIL ), his court was also known for extravagant excess. His death did clear the way for Harun al Rashid to ascend to the throne

Mahmud of Ghazni

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India.He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. Believed in Dharma. After his death the empire began to disentigrate and new invaders( Kushans) from the Hindu Kush Mountains surfaced.

Ogedi

Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongold following his father's death, Attacked Russia, E. Europe, Was a diplomat, not fighter,Islamic heartlands, and China

Magna Carta

This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

Versailles

This enormous, ostentatious monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, served as a manifestation of the power of absolute monarchy. Meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris.

Polygamy

This form of marriage was common ONLY among the nobles, and not allowed among the peasants in Aztec society.

Northwest Passage

This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other nations more quickly, the Engish thought they might have found it by discovering the St. Lawrence River, but alas it was but a foolish dream.

Ivan the Terrible

This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He did not, however, conquer Livonia, a port on the Baltic sea which he desperately wanted. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. (Ivan IV), also killed his son, which is what the above painting entails.

Elizabeth I

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England, was the daughter of Henry the 8th.

Neolithic Revolution

This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. (Was actually very slow)

Russo-Turkish War

This war had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea, and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.

Arabian Nights

This was a book thought to be written by a courtier from the court of Harun al-Rashid. Story telling like this one was created by the Arabs and was considered high art. It is one of the most famous books of fictional history in the world.

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia,encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations, gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry

Pope Alexander VI

This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America

Jinshi

Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office

Khagan

Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.

Asantehene

Title taken by rule of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool.

Madame de Beaumere

Took over the direction of the French Journal des Dames from a man.

Minarets

Tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer.

Kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.

Shrivijaya

Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British. However France did gain back a lot of sugar colonies,

lateen sails

Triangle-shaped sails whose design allowed ships to sail against the wind. These sails were perfected by Arab traders.

Koguryo

Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification.

Celadon

Type of pottery having the a pale green glaze, originally produced in China. Chemically it is formed by combining chromium oxide, cadmium yellow, and titanium-zinc white. It was most commonly used in Korean art.

Romanesque Arches

Typical rounded arches are usually called.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria , defeated MONGOLS.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria, they defeated the Mongols.

King Agaja

Under this King, the kingdom of Dahomey moved toward the coast (seizing the port town of Whydah in 1727

kivas

Underground chamber in a pueblo village(especially Anasazi Culture), used by the men especially for ceremonies or councils

Babylonian Empire

Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1,800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1,600 BCE

Letrados

University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions

Lady Murasaki

Upper class women who married and widowed early on and later become the lady to an Empress and would describe the lives of aristocrats in the Tale of Genji, becoming the first ever novel.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.,and he served Kublai Khan

Grand Testament

Villons, includes legacy to a prostitute, exposes and celebrates human condition, humor, depth, rebellion

Yaroslav

Vladimir's son became a Grand Prince in A.D. 1019. Under his rule, Kievan culture reached its "Golden Age". First library established and legal system organized.

Gempei Wars

Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira, and the establishment of the Bokufu Gov't, this war brought great suffering to the peasantry.

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia, destroyed 60 % of population of Germany in some areas and stagnated it for the next hundred years.

Daimyos

Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates

Hojo

Warrior family closely allied with the Minamota; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamota rulers who claimed to rule in name of the Japanese Emperor at Kyoto.

mfecane

Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa.

Ridda Wars

Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam.

Eric the Red

Was a Viking who found and named Greenland. Even thought this was a cold land he named it Greenland to encourage people to come to this area to settle. Father of Leif Ericsson

Axum

Was a trading center and a powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia. Had th language of Ge'ez

Encyclopedie

Was an encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1766 by some of the most prominent philosophers. It originally consisted of 28 volumes and covered everything then known about the sciences, technology, & history. It criticized the Church and government and praised religious tolerance, Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot

Paper

Was developed by the Chinese classical society in the Han Dynasty, far before it was created in Europe, it was an example of a large amount of technological innovation( like Pulleys, Ox drawn Plows, water powered mills etc etc)>

Disinheritance

Was one of the tools that made woman that were married with warrior elites(In Comparison with Woman in the merchant class, whose quality of life increased) increasingly more dependent, where they received little or no land or income< In addition they were also replaced in theatrical performances by men>

Li Yuan

Was the Duke of Tang, he founded the Tang dynasty; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu

Ewuare the Great

Was the greatest warrior legend andand the most outstanding Oba in the history of the Benin Empire, "it is cool, or the trouble has ceased, and as a result the war is over." The title symbolizes an epoch of reconciliation, reconstruction and the return of peace among the warring factions in Benin between 1435-1440 AD

Atahuallpa

Was the last emperor of the Inca Empire.He was invited to a dinner and kidnapped by fought unsuccessfully against Pizarro and spent the rest of his life in captivity. the Inca empire raised a large ransom for his return, but after it was paid he was executed Pizarro

Tambos

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages

Capetian

Weak dynasty but unified France for 300 years and helped it become sovereign

Nok

West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting

Djenne

West African city that became a center of learning and culture, conquered by Mansa Musa. Known for it's libraries and universities. Also later by Songhay leader Sunni Ali.

Speech Gene

What enabled our early anscestors to communicate better(beyond the sounds and gestures common to a number of animal groups), developed about 70,000 years earlier.

Chan Chan

What was the capital of the Chimor?

Ceylon

What was the colonial name of Sri Lanka? gained BY THE British in the Early Modern Era (about 1756) fro the British. It followed after a series of wins against the French in India.

Empress Wei

Woman who poisoned her husband, son of Empress Wu, to try and get power but failed.

Twantinsuyu

Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina

The Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

Kamasutra

Written by Vatsayana during Gupta dynasty offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and instruction on lovemaking

Secret History

Written by the historian Procopius; says bad things about Justinian and his wife(Theodora); published posthomuously

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Villon

Wrote about reality,beauty and the hardships of life for people on earth, "Grand Testament"

Oduduwa

YORUBA (IFE) one of OLODUMARE's two sons, saw OBATALA sleeping and got the board mask and chicken and set it free on earth. it scratched up 16 mounds of dry ground and became the 16 kingdoms and the first one was the kingdom of IFE(YORUBA), CREATION MYTH WHATEVER PROBABLY doesn't matter

Kamakura

Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331 significance: head of the true power of Japan

Ryoanji Temple

Zen Buddhist temple (in Kyoto), design of garden consists of islands of volcanic rock set amidst white pebbles.

Swahili

a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast (The official language of Kenya) and MY Ancestors.

Parliment

a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation, The lawmaking part of the British government

Canterbury Tales

a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories.

Berber

a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt, also an ethnic minority descended from and Arabs and living in northern Africa

Kwa

a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria

Nimbus

a halo or aureole appearing around the head of a holy figure to signify divinity

Ramadan

a holy month in the calendar of Islam. During this time Muslims must fast between dawn and sunset. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day. This reminds Muslims that their spiritual needs are more important than their physical needs. A special time during this month is the Night of Power, which is said to be when Gabriel gave Muhammad his message. Is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is observed by Muslims everywhere, and the 3rd pillar of Islam.

Balkans

a large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range, , including Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia

Caspian Sea

a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, the largest inland body of water; the largest lake made of salt water

Edo

a member of a west African people living in the tropical forest region of southern Nigeria, founded Benin kingdom with Ewuare the Great

Bantu

a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of Central and South Africa

Islam

a monotheistic religion meaning "submission to the will of Allah." Muslims, or followers of this religion, are monotheistic and believe Allah is the only God and that Muhammad is his messenger. It was started by Muhammad in Mecca at around 610. Muslims follow the five pillars: faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage and believe in their holy book the Qur'an.

metates

a mortar, a ground stone tool used for processing grain and seeds; in traditional Mesoamerican culture,were typically used by women who would grind calcified maize and other organic materials during food preparation, this pointed to a lack of technological sophistication that increasingly defined and limited female Gender Roles.

Great Schism

a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

Fuedalism

a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land

Icon

a representation or image of a sacred personage, often considered sacred itself; an image or picture; a symbol; a graphic symbol on a computer monitor display; an object of blind devotion

Sanskrit

a sacred Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Siege of Paris

a siege of Paris by the Prussian force in order to force a French surrender; Paris never did, but Versailles did

three field system

a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Cuneiform

a system of writing used in ancient Mesopotamia(around 3500 BCE) , in which wedge-shaped characters were produced b pressing a stylus into a soft clay tablet, which was then baked or otherwise hardened. Early writing such as this enabled socities to tax more efficently, make contracts, treaties, and generate an intellectual climate which promoted "rationality"

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Guilds

an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards

Nomads

cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.

Byzantine

characterized by elaborate scheming and intrigue

Yoruba

city-states that developed in northern Nigeria; Ile-Ife had an artistic style similar to that of the Nok culture. ag society supported by peasantry; dominated by an aristocracy

Pope Innocent III

clashed with King John and won; Church reached height of political power under his papacy; believed pope was the supreme judge of all European affairs; used interdicts, initiated the Fourth Crusade. Summoned the Albigension Crusade. Creates order of the Franciscans- formed to fight heresy.

Predestination

doctrine of John Calvin that adhered to the idea that each person's fate is predetermined by god(COMPLETELY Retarded to Think about)

Russia

formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia

mirab

hole(niche) in wall, the direction of mecca

Huacas

holy shrines; mountains, stones, caves, rivers, tombs, temples, etc; places of worship and prayer

Nirvana

in Buddhist teachings, the ideal state in which the individual loses himself in the attainment of an impersonal beatitude

Dharma

in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste, In Hinduism, it stands for law, obligation and duty. To follow this, it means to perform and live life as one should.

Minbar

in a mosque, the pulpit on which the imam stands

Nguyen Du

is a celebrated Vietnamese poet who wrote in Chữ Nôm, the ancient writing script of Việt Nam. He is most known for writing the epic poem The Tale of Kiều.

Indus River Valley

located in modern Pakistan; also known as Harappan Culture (including Mohenjo-Daro); highly advanced organized: sewer system, grid streets, uniform building construction, all examples of centralized government, home of dravidians., Language of the civilization has NOT been deciphered.

Vinland

means "Land of Wine", given by Leif Ericsson to the present-day Canadian province of Newfoundland

vassals

members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty

serfs

men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection

Luba

modified the older system of village headmen to a form of divine kinship in which the ruler and his relatives were thought to have a special power that ensured fertility of people & crops in Katanga

Seljuk Turks

nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest

Greek

of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks, actually used more in the Eastern civilization than in Western/

Carolingian

of or relating to the Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father

Dravidians

one of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago

Chavin (Latin America)-Metallurgy (gold), canals for irrigation, animism, domestic crops, possible central government, Raimondi Stela, hierarchy?

pre-600 BCE

Egypt [Middle East] Geometry, hieroglyphics, central government, river valley, polytheism, god-king, pyramids, regional trade, limited women's rights, patriarchy, hierarchal social structure

pre-600 BCE

Harappa [South Asia] Gridded streets, drainage, city-states, polytheism

pre-600 BCE

Hittites [Middle East] Iron, chariots, cuneiform, first large empire, central government, bureaucracy, known for expanding through military force and use of technology

pre-600 BCE

Minoan [Southern Europe] Bronze, extensive mythology, patriarchy

pre-600 BCE

Olmec [Mesoamerica/Latin America] First major civilization in what is now Mexico, Mesoamerican ball game, "baby" head statues, decentralized government (city-states), animism

pre-600 BCE

Phoenicians [Middle East] Trade, alphabet, decentralized government, first maritime civilization, polytheism

pre-600 BCE

Shang [East Asia] Oracle bones, metallurgy (best bronze in ancient world), decentralized government, first capital at Anyang, polytheism, limited trade, river valley, human sacrifice

pre-600 BCE

Sumeria [Middle East] Number systems, cuneiform, city-states, polytheism, ziggurats, regional trade, river valley, patriarchy, limited to no women's rights, hierarchy

pre-600 BCE

Zhou [East Asia] Metallurgy (iron), dynasty ended in civil war between nobles (Warring States Period), mandate of heaven, Legalism, Confucianism, Daoism all develop after civil war begins, mildly centralized government (much local control)

pre-600 BCE

mass consumerism

refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economy capacity to afford some of these goods, can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in western Europe, from the 18th century onward.

Betel nut

seed of betel palm (used as a stimulant in SE Asia), can mouth and throat cancer (addictive substance chewed in India and Vietnam, Chinese found repulsive.

Jati

sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function

Huayna Capac

the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525), onsolidated conquests and suppressed rebellions on the frontier, instead of allowing his oldest son Huascar to succeeed him to the throne, he divided the empire between him and his favorite son, the youngest, Atahualpa which lead to Civil War which led to an easy conquest of them by The Europeans.

Romanov

the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917(Revolution)

demography

the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

Ile-Ife

the capital of a kingdom with a lot of sculptures of the West African rain forest; seen as the birthplace of the Yoruba, holiest city; an agricultural society dominated by a ruling family and an aristocracy

Dao

the central idea of Daoism also called "The Way"

Sharia

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed, was not followed to some extent in early sudanitic socities as anscestors were traced from the matrilineal line.

Predestination

the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved, Calvinism etc etc.

Amharic

the dominant and official language of Ethiopia, was actually first used in the 13 and 14th centuries.

San Lorenzo

the first Olmec ceremonial center that arose about 1200 B.C.E. a. Farming: dry gardens and fields on river levees Religion: pyramids, public rituals and authoritarian display. Monumental architecture: pyramids. Art: monumental stone statues and carvings of rulers Trade: obsidian and semiprecious stones

Free will

the human ability to make decisions without being forced to choose or act in one specific way

Quechua

the language of the Inca Empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands, a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire

Beowulf

the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century, a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

Low Countries

the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands

Bantu Migration

the movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

Untouchables

the name of the group of people in the caste system that were the outcasts of society; were not considered a part of Indian society or the caste system, also called pariahs

Jihad

the obligation of Muslims to struggle or exert themselves "in the way of God ; doesn't necessarily refer to an armed struggle, early on in Islamic histrory it did not involve mass conversions but instead to increase the amount of booty.c (BTW Picture is a Joke)

lay investiture

the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office

Allah

the supreme God in the monotheistic Islam

Akkadians

this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; conquered Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great

Oba

title for the king of Benin

Khagan

title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes; Chinggis Khan chosen 1206

Leif Ericsson

was Eric the Red's son. He was probably the first European to set foot on North America. He founded a Viking colony called Vinland in North America.

Sargon of Akkad

A ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

Java Man

A homo erectus discovered by Dutch physician and anatomist Eugene Dubois in 1891 in JAVA Indonesia,

Peking Man

A homo erectus skeleton about 1.7 million years old Found in Northern China near Beijeing; shows that people settled there more than 500,000 years ago.

Pharaoh

A kng of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Skara Brae

A late Neolithic village in Northern Scotland(Orkeny Islands) discovered by archaeologists in the 1800s, Dates back to 1500 BCE. Special Storage areas for grain, sturdy housed, better conditions lead to higher birth rates and lower mortality rates at least when crop yeilds were high.

Quechua

A member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire, also a , the spoken language of the Inca that is still used today in countries of Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina

Inca

A member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s. Had the best roads in the world at their height. Ruins at Machu Picchu

Bronze Age

A period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of BRONZE. From 4000 BCE to 1500 BCE when Iron replaced it.

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun"

Hiram Bingham

A young American explorer and US Senator who discovered the abandoned city of Machu Picchu in 1911.

Mohenjo Daro

Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. Even had houses with running water.Language of the civilization has NOT been deciphered.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor

Kush

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.

Slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. Used by non sedentary peoples who would farm for a couple of years and then leeave for a couple decades before codming back.

Yellow Turbans

Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic. Attacked the weakness of the Emperor and self indulgence of the bureaucracy. They FAILED. Epidemics might have factored into it. Han Dynasty did end around this time.

Maya

Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion

Tang Dynasty

Cnsidered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia (expands from Vietnam to Manchuria ), as well as large parts of Central Asia. Confucianism was revived along with the bureaucracy

Harappan Culture

Existed three millennia ago in the age of bronze and copper. Advanced and developed for its time. Traded with the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia. Believed in life after death but there was no concept of reincarnation. Also known as the Indus Valley Civilization.

Mesopotamia

First civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture, was WAY more fertile back then.

5 pillars

Five requirements of Islam; Declaration of Faith,Daily prayer, alms for the poor, fasting during Ramadan, Hajj

Eugene Dubois

He uncovered what he believed to be the remains of a human ancestor. He named his find Homo erectus, meaning human who stands upright. It was nicknamed Java Man

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

St. Thomas

One of the 12 who doubted God's resurrection and , he evangelized in present day Turkey and Iran and the Gnostic book states he started the Church in India and was martyred there.

Paul

One of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish Law; use of Greek as language of the Church, initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian

Crassus

One of the three men who emerged as victors to form the first Triumvirate; feared Caesar and disliked Pompey; died fighting in Persia; his wife died in childbirth, defeated Spartacus and crucified 6,600 slaves on the Alpennine way. Considered the wealthiest man in Roman history, and perhaps one of the richest men in all history

Catal Huyuk

One of the world's first Neolithic cities(founded in 7000 BCE, the remains of this large city were found in 1958 in modern Turkey. Houses were largely made of mub brick set in timber frames. Worship of a "Mother Goddess". Was actually larger in population than Jericho and had a greater degree of social stratification.

Mahayana

One of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone, bigger boat. Also called the "Greater Vehicle", found mainly in China/ Tibet etc. Bodhisattvas remained important.

Coptic

The Christian church of Egypt, with dioceses elsewhere in Africa and the Near East. This is a branch within Orthodox Christianity, tolerated an Islamic takeover.

Cuzco

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru.

Hagia Sofia

The cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. Frequently converted to other uses , now a museum.

Domestication

The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves. Along with agriculture it effectively changed the roles and relationships between men and women and patterns of childbearing , leading to social stratification, political organizations, expression, and larger more lethal war.

Copper

The first metal that people learned to use and work with, soon replaced by the stronger bronze. An early example of humans(and civilizations) impact on the enviroment is exhibited when the large scale production of copper along the Danube Valley led to extensive deforestation that ended up depleting the fuel supply, and the industry collapsed around 3000 BCE.

Homo Erectus

The humanoid species that developed a larger brain capacity, erect stance(leading to better tool use) emerging between 500,000 and 750,000 ears ago. First developed a nd spread in Africa, then to Asia and Europe, reaching a population size of perhaps 1.5 million 100,000 years ago. Now Extinct

Sahara

The largest desert in the world, stretching 3,000 miles across the African continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, and measuring 1,200 miles from north to south.

Pyramid of the sun

The largest single -structured monument in Mesoamerica which was built in the city of Teotihuacan in 100 CE by the Aztecs, occupies as much space as the pyramid of Khufu in Egypt, although it's half in size.

Sassanid Empire

The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years. Was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia,also involving a revival of a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism). Fought the Byzantines, which weakened them both.

Homo Sapiens

The newest human breed, which emerged as the most successful(and therefore survived), and of which ALL humans in the world are descendants.

Paleolithic Age

The old stone age perio ending in 12,000 BCE, typified by the use of CRUDE stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. Takes the majority of the 2 million plus years during which are species has existed. Homo Erctus first developed during this age.

Agriculture

The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber, this is what MOST clearly moved the human species, led to the massive explosion in population, was triggered by the end of an ice age.

Shintoism

The religion of the early Japanese culture; worshiped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world (polytheistic, animistic); offered food and prayers to gods and nature spirits

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China