APWH Chapter 20

71. Why did Germany start the war in Europe?

"Whoever would live must fight," Hitler declared. "Only in force lies the right of possession." He consistently stressed the importance for Germany of gaining lebensraum (living space) in the east, in the lands of Slavic Poland and Russia. Inevitably, this required war.

16. How long did WWI last?

(1914-1918)

75. Look at Map 20.4 and map 20.5 how did fighting in Asia and Europe differ during WWII?

(Majority of europe was under nazi influence) For a brief moment during World War II, Nazi Germany came close to bringing all of Europe and North Africa under its rule. Then in late 1942 the allies began a series of counterattacks that led to German surrender in May 1945.

40. What countries made up the "Axis Powers"?

Italy, Germany, and Japan

33. What were some of the issues people had with capitalism?

Its very success generated an individualistic materialism that seemed to conflict with older values of community and spiritual life. To socialists and many others, its immense social inequalities were unacceptable. Furthermore, its evident instability — with cycles of boom and bust, expansion and recession — generated profound anxiety and threatened the livelihood of both industrial workers and those who had gained a modest toehold in the middle class

38. Explain "import substitution industrialization"

Known as import substitution industrialization, such policies hoped to achieve greater economic independence by manufacturing for the domestic market goods that had previously been imported. These efforts were accompanied by more authoritarian and intrusive governments that played a greater role in the economy by enacting tariffs, setting up state-run industries, and favoring local businesses.

23. How did labor unions and women support the war efforts in their countries?

Labor unions agreed to suspend strikes and accept sacrifices for the common good, while women took on roles in the factories while men were at war

76. When did WWII end in Europe and who lost?

May 1945- the axis powers: italy, Germany, and japan lost

8. What happened on June 28th, 1914 that was considered the spark of WW1?

On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. To the rulers of Austria-Hungary, the surging nationalism of Serbian Slavs was a mortal threat to the cohesion of their fragile multinational empire, which included other Slavic peoples as well. Thus, they were determined to crush it.

54. What did Hitler do once he took power? a. Why did people still support him in spite of these actions?

Once in power, Hitler moved quickly to consolidate Nazi control of Germany. All other political parties were outlawed; independent labor unions were ended; thousands of opponents were arrested; and the press and radio came under state control. Far more thoroughly than Mussolini in Italy, Hitler and the Nazis established their control over German society. a. By the late 1930s, Hitler apparently had the support of a considerable majority of the population, in large measure because his policies successfully brought Germany out of the Depression.

82. What happened to European colonies after WWII?

Over the next two decades, Europe's greatly diminished role in the world registered internationally as its Asian and African colonies achieved independence. Not only had the war weakened both the will and the ability of European powers to hold onto their colonies, but it had also emboldened nationalist and anticolonial movements everywhere.

2. What other events were set in motion because of WW1?

Provoked the Russian Revolution and the beginnings of world communism. It was followed by economic meltdown of the Great Depression, by the rise of Nazi Germany and horror of the Holocaust, and by an even bloodier and more destructive World War II.

3. Explain why Europeans were so proud in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Since 1500, Europe had assumed an increasingly prominent position on the global stage, driven by its growing military capacity and the marvels of its Scientific and Industrial Revolutions. By 1900, Europeans, or people with a European ancestry, largely controlled the world's other peoples through their formal empires, their informal influence, or the weight of their numbers. That unique situation provided the foundation for Europeans' pride, self-confidence, and sense of superiority.

6. Since 1815, what maintained peace in Europe?

Since the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, a fragile and fluctuating balance of power had generally maintained the peace among Europe's major countries.

42. Who did fascism appeal to and why?

Such ideas appealed to aggrieved people all across the social spectrum. In the devastation that followed the First World War, the numbers of such people grew substantially. Such people (merchants, farmers, artisans, soldiers, and intellectuals) had lost faith in the capacity of liberal democracy and capitalism to create a good society and to protect their interests. Some among them proved a receptive audience for the message of fascism.

43. What factors contributed to the rise of fascism in Italy?

That nation had become a unified state only in 1870 and had not yet developed a modern and thoroughly democratic culture. In the early twentieth century, conservative landlords still dominated much of the countryside. Northern Italy, however, had begun to industrialize in the late nineteenth century, generating the characteristic tension between an industrial working class and a substantial middle class. The First World War gave rise to resentful veterans, many of them unemployed, and to patriots who believed that Italy had not gained the territory it deserved from the Treaty of Versailles. During the serious economic downturn after World War I, trade unions, peasant movements, and various communist and socialist parties threatened the established social order with a wave of strikes and land seizures.

60. Describe some of the effects of the global depression on Japan.

That worldwide economic catastrophe hit Japan hard. Shrinking world demand for silk impoverished millions of rural dwellers who raised silkworms. Japan's exports fell by half between 1929 and 1931. In these desperate circumstances, many began to doubt the ability of parliamentary democracy and capitalism to address Japan's "national emergency."

1. What is another name for WW1?

The "Great War."

19. Compare map 20.2 to map 20.3- what are some of the biggest changes you notice between the two?

The Great War brought into existence a number of new states that were carved out of the old German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. Turkey and the new states in Europe were independent, but those in the Middle East — Syria, Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan — were administered by Britain or France as mandates of the League of Nations.

87. What was the Common Market (European Union)?

The Marshall Plan also required its European recipients to cooperate with one another. That process began in 1951 when Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg created the European Coal and Steel Community to jointly manage the production of these critical items. Created the European Economic Community (EEC), more widely known as the Common Market, whose members reduced their tariffs and developed common trade policies. Over the next half century, the EEC expanded its membership to include almost all of Europe, including many former communist states. In 1994, the EEC was renamed the European Union, and in 2002 twelve of its members, later increased to seventeen, adopted a common currency, the euro.

14. When the Ottomans entered the war, whose side were they on?

The Ottoman Empire entered the conflict on the side of Germany.

77. What contributed to WWII being the most destructive war in history?

The Second World War was the most destructive conflict in world history, with total deaths estimated at around 60 million, some six times that of World War I. More than half of those casualties were civilians. Partly responsible for this horrendous toll were the new technologies of warfare — heavy bombers, jet fighters, missiles, and atomic weapons. Equally significant, though, was the almost complete blurring of the traditional line between civilian and military targets, as entire cities and whole populations came to be defined as the enemy.

74. How did the conduct (tactics) of WW1 and WW2 differ?

The conduct of the two wars likewise deferred. The first war had quickly bogged down in trench warfare that emphasized defense, whereas in the second war the German tactic of blitzkrieg (lightning war) coordinated the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over very large areas.

84. List some new international organizations that formed after WWII.

The horrors of two world wars within a single generation prompted a renewed interest in international efforts to maintain the peace in a world of competing and sovereign states. The chief outcome was the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 as a successor to the moribund League of Nations. As a political body dependent on agreement among its most powerful members, the UN proved more effective as a forum for international opinion than as a means of resolving the major conflicts of the postwar world, particularly the Soviet/American hostility during the cold war decades. Further evidence for a growing internationalism lay in the creation in late 1945 of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, whose purpose was to regulate the global economy, prevent another depression, and stimulate economic growth, especially in the poorer nations

12. What new weapons were created for war as a result of the industrial revolution? a. How did these new weapons affect wartime casualties (deaths)?

The rapid industrialization of warfare had generated an array of novel weapons, including submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and barbed wire. a. This new military technology contributed to the staggering casualties of the war, including some 10 million deaths, perhaps twice that number were wounded,

29. What happened to the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war?

The war also brought a final end to a declining Ottoman Empire, creating the modern map of the Middle East, with the new states of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine. Thus Arabs emerged from Turkish rule, but many of them were governed for a time by the British or French.

67. When did the attack on Pearl Harbour occur?

A decisive step in the development of World War II in Asia lay in the Japanese attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in December 7, 1941

83. What other country (besides the Soviet Union) adopted communism after the end of WWII?

A further outcome of World War II lay in the consolidation and extension of the communist world. The Soviet victory over the Nazis, though bought at an unimaginable cost in blood and treasure, gave immense credibility to that communist regime and to its leader, Joseph Stalin. Even more important was a communist takeover in China in 1949. The Second World War allowed the Chinese Communist Party to gain support and credibility by leading the struggle against Japan. By 1950, the communist world seemed to many in the West very much on the offensive

72. By 1938, what territories in Europe had Germany invaded? a. How did Britain and France respond to the German invasion of these locations? b. The invasion of what country marks the beginning of WW2 in Europe?

A major rearmament program began in 1935. The next year, German forces entered the Rhineland, Germany annexed Austria and the German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia. a. At a famous conference in Munich in that year, the British and the French gave these actions their reluctant blessing, hoping that this "appeasement" of Hitler could satisfy his demands and avoid all-out war. But it did not. b. On September 1, 1939, Germany unleashed a devastating attack on Poland, triggering the Second World War in Europe

78. What were some positive and negative effects of WWII on women? a. Positives: b. Negatives:

A. As in World War I, though on a much larger scale, the needs of the war drew huge numbers of women into both industry and the military. b. while women had largely escaped death and injury in the First World War, neither women nor children were able to do so amid the indiscriminate slaughter of World War II. But women were almost exclusively the victims of the widespread rape that accompanied World War II.

35. Why could no one (including Europeans) buy American goods?

By the end of the 1920s, its farms and factories were producing more goods than could be sold because a highly unequal distribution of income meant that many people could not afford to buy the products that American factories were churning out. Nor were major European countries able to purchase those goods. Germany and Austria had to make huge reparation payments and were able to do so only with extensive U.S. loans. Britain and France, which were much indebted to the United States, depended on those reparations to repay their loans. Furthermore, Europeans generally had recovered enough to begin producing some of their own goods, and their expanding production further reduced the demand for American products.

26. What political changes occurred in Europe as a result of WWI? a. What political changes occurred in Russia in particular as a result of the war?

From the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires emerged a new map of Central Europe with an independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and other nations. Such new states were based on the principle of "national self-determination," a. In Russia, the strains of war triggered a vast revolutionary upheaval that brought the radical Bolsheviks to power in 1917 and took Russia out of the war. Thus was launched world communism, which was to play such a prominent role in the history of the twentieth century.

11. What two countries were engaged in a naval arms race before the outbreak of WWI? (these two countries were also the most industrialized in Europe.)

Germany and Britain.

27. What were some of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles in regards to Germany?

Germany lost its colonial empire and 15 percent of its European territory, was required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of the war. All of this created immense resentment in Germany.

17. Who lost WWI?

Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary (triple alliance)

51. What was the name of Hitler's political party?

This was the context in which Adolf Hitler's National Socialist, or Nazi, Party gained growing public support.

5. What two new European countries were formed around 1870?

Those historical rivalries further sharpened as both Italy and Germany joined their fragmented territories into two major new powers around 1870.

37. How did the governments in Latin America change in response to the global depression?

Those tensions of the Depression-era often found political expression in Latin America in the form of a military takeover of the state. Such authoritarian governments sought to steer their countries away from an earlier dependence on exports toward a policy of generating their own industries.

53. How and when did Hitler become the leader of Germany?

Throughout the 1920s, the Nazis were a minor presence in German politics, gaining only 2.6 percent of the vote in the national elections of 1928. Just four years later, however, in the wake of the Depression's terrible impact and the Weimar government's inability to respond effectively, the Nazis attracted 37 percent of the vote. In 1933, Hitler was legally installed as the chancellor of the German government. Thus did the Weimar Republic, a democratic regime that never gained broad support, give way to the Third Reich.

49. How did some Germans rationalize to themselves that Germany hadn't really lost WW1?

Traditional elites, who had withdrawn from public life in disgrace, never explicitly took responsibility for Germany's defeat; instead, they attacked the democratic politicians who had the unenviable task of signing the Treaty of Versailles and enforcing it. In this setting, some began to argue that German military forces had not really lost the war but that civilian socialists, communists, and Jews had betrayed the nation, "stabbing it in the back."

56. Describe Hitler's policies toward German Jews.

Upon coming to power, Hitler implemented policies that increasingly restricted Jewish life. Soon Jews were excluded from universities and civil employment. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws ended German citizenship for Jews and forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans. On the night of November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht, persecution gave way to terror, when Nazis smashed and looted Jewish shops. Still, it was not yet apparent that this "racial revolution" would mean the mass killing of Europe's Jews. That horrendous development emerged only in the context of World War II.

70. How were the beginnings of WW1 and WW2 different?

World War I was accidental and unintended, World War II was deliberate and planned —

31. What was the League of Nations?

a new international peacekeeping organization committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid any repetition of the horrors that had just ended.

21. Describe trench warfare

a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

22. Define "total war"

a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.

68. Why did the attack on Pearl Harbour occur?

after negotiations to end American hostility to Japan's empire-building enterprise proved fruitless and an American oil embargo was imposed on Japan in July 1941. American opinion in the 1930s saw Japan as aggressive, oppressive, and a threat to U.S. economic interests in Asia. In the face of this hostility, Japan's leaders felt that the alternatives for their country boiled down to either an acceptance of American terms, which they feared would reduce Japan's power or war with an uncertain outcome.

41. Describe the beliefs of facism.

fascism was intensely nationalistic, seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and to mobilize its people for some grand task. Fascists also bitterly condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism, all of which, they argued, divided and weakened the nation.

86. Describe the Marshall Plan.

funneled into Europe some $12 billion, together with numerous advisers and technicians. It was motivated by some combination of genuine humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American industrial goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties. This economic recovery plan was successful beyond anyone's expectations. Between 1948 and the early 1970s, Western European economies grew rapidly, generating widespread prosperity and improving living standards. At the same time, Western Europe became both a major customer for American goods and a major competitor in global markets.

50. Describe the German economy in the 1920s

hyper-inflation from the huge payments Germany had for paying the costs of WW1. Also, the great depression further destroyed the economy.

66. Why did Japan invade colonies in Southeast Asia that were controlled by Western powers in 1940?

in an effort to acquire those resources that would free it from dependence on the West. In carving out this Pacific empire, the Japanese presented themselves as liberators and modernizers, creating an "Asia for Asians" and freeing their continent from European dominance. Experience soon showed that Japan's concern was far more for Asia's resources than for its liberation and that Japanese rule exceeded in brutality even that of the Europeans.

15. When the United States entered the war, whose side were they on?

joined the war in 1917 when German submarines threatened American shipping. Joined in the side of Britain and France (triple entente)

20. Define "war of attrition"

prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions.

80. How did the Holocaust end up affecting the Middle East? a. what is the name of the country In the Middle East that was created as a Jewish homeland for Jews around the world after WWII?

sent many of Europe's remaining Jews fleeing to Israel and gave urgency to the establishment of a modern Jewish nation in the ancient Jewish homeland. That action outraged many Arabs, some of whom were displaced by the arrival of the Jews, and has fostered an enduring conflict in the Middle East. a. Israel

79. Who were the victims of the Holocaust?

the Nazi dream of ridding Germany of its Jewish population. It also brought millions of additional Jews in Poland and the Soviet Union under German control and triggered among Hitler's enthusiastic subordinates various schemes for a "final solution" to the Jewish question. From this emerged the death camps that included Auschwitz, Dachau, and Bergen-Belsen. Altogether, some 6 million Jews perished in a technologically sophisticated form of mass murder that set a new standard for human depravity. Millions more whom the Nazis deemed inferior, undesirable, or dangerous — Russians, Poles, and other Slavs; Gypsies, or the Roma; mentally or physically handicapped people; homosexuals; communists; and Jehovah's Witnesses — likewise perished in Germany's efforts at racial purification.

88. Describe the purpose of NATO.

the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established in 1949, is a military alliance established to prevent the spread of communism and prevent another war/ hostility from occuring.

69. When did the war in Asia end? (and what caused its end?)

the use of atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

47. Who was the leader of the fascist movement in Germany?

took shape within the Nazi Party under the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945).

24. What happened to the population and the environment in Europe as a result of the war?

unprecedented casualties, particularly among elite and well-educated groups, and physical destruction, especially in France. Millions of wives left without husbands, Europe was largely destroyed and needed rebuilding, also a high number of civilian causalities.

13. How did European colonies participate in the War?

Battles raged in Africa and the South Pacific as British and French forces sought to seize German colonies abroad. Colonists were drafted into the military of their colonizers to fight in the war.

18. When the United States joined the war, their alliance with Britain, France, and Russia became known as the "Allied powers " (because there were more than 3 countries so they couldn't be called the Triple Entente anymore.) When the Ottomans joined the war to aide the Germans and the Austrians, their alliance became known as the "Central Powers"- after looking at the map, how do you think the "central powers" derived its name?

Because they were in central Europe. '

44) Who became the fascist dictator of Italy in 1922?

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945). With the help of a private known as the Black Shirts, Mussolini swept to power in 1922, promising an alternative to both communism and ineffective democratic rule.

57. Describe how women were affected by Nazi rule in Germany.

Beyond race, gender too figured prominently in Nazi thought and policies. Deeply antifeminist and resentful of the liberating changes that modern life had brought to European women, Nazis wanted to limit women largely to the home, removing them from the paid workforce. To Hitler, the state was the natural domain of men, while the home was the realm of women.

48. How was German fascism similar to its Italian counterpart?

Both supported extreme nationalism, openly advocated the use of violence as a political tool, generated a single-party dictatorship, were led by charismatic figures, despised parliamentary democracy, hated communism, and viewed war as a positive and ennobling experience. circumstances of both's rising similar.

9. Explain how a conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary ended up becoming a war between all the major European nations.

But behind Austria-Hungary lay its far more powerful ally, Germany; and behind tiny Serbia lay Russia, with its self-proclaimed mission of protecting other Slavic peoples. Allied to Russia were the French and the British. Thus a system of alliances intended to keep the peace created obligations that drew the Great Powers of Europe into a general war by early August 1914.

64. When did World War II begin in Asia and in with the invasion of what country.

By that time, relations with an increasingly nationalist China had deteriorated further, leading to a full scale attack on heartland China in 1937 and escalating a bitter conflict that would last another eight years. World War II in Asia had begun.

7. List the member countries of the two major European alliances that had emerged in the early 20th century. a. Triple Alliance member countries: b. Triple Entente member countries:

By the early twentieth century, that balance of power was expressed in two rival alliances: a. Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. b. Russia, France, and Britain.

85. What 3 factors help explain why Europe was able to recover from WWII so quickly? 1. 2. 3.

1. The apparent resiliency of an industrial society, once it has been established. The knowledge, skills, and habits of mind that enabled industrial societies to operate effectively remained intact, even if the physical infrastructure had been substantially destroyed. Thus even the most terribly damaged countries — Germany, the Soviet Union, and Japan — had largely recovered, both economically and demographically, within a quarter of a century. 2. the ability of the major Western European countries to integrate their recovering economies. the major Western European powers were at last willing to put aside some of their prickly nationalism in return for enduring peace and common prosperity. 3. Europe had long ago spawned an overseas extension of its own civilization in what became the United States. In the twentieth century, that country served as a reservoir of military manpower, economic resources, and political leadership for the West as a whole. By 1945, the center of gravity within Western civilization had shifted decisively, relocated now across the Atlantic. With Europe diminished, divided, and on the defensive against the communist threat, leadership of the Western world passed, almost by default, to the United States. It was the only major country physically untouched by the war. Its economy had demonstrated enormous productivity during that struggle and by 1945 was generating fully 50 percent of total world production. Its overall military strength was unmatched, and it was briefly in sole possession of the atomic bomb, the most powerful weapon ever constructed. Thus the United States became the new heartland of the West as well as a global superpower. In 1941, the publisher Henry Luce had proclaimed the twentieth century as "the American century." As the Second World War ended, that prediction seemed to be coming true.

73. How did people of Europe feel about entering a second world war?

Although Germany was central to both world wars, the second one was quite different from the first. It was not welcomed with the kind of mass enthusiasm across Europe that had accompanied the opening of World War I in 1914. The bitter experience of the Great War suggested to most people that only suffering lay ahead.

81. What 2 countries emerged as the new world leaders after WWII as Europe was economically devastated?

America and Soviet Union western half operating under an American security umbrella and the eastern half subject to Soviet control. It was clear that Europe's dominance in world affairs was finished.

65. What was Japan's relationship with the "west" in the 1920s and 30s?

As Japan's war against China unfolded, the view of the world held by Japanese authorities and many ordinary people hardened. Increasingly, they felt isolated, surrounded, and threatened. A series of international agreements in the early 1920s that had granted Japan a less robust naval force than Britain or the United States as well as anti-Japanese immigration policies in the United States convinced some Japanese that racism prevented the West from acknowledging Japan as an equal power. Furthermore, Japan was quite dependent on foreign and especially American sources of strategic goods. To growing numbers of Japanese, their national survival was at stake

36. How were European colonies affected by the Great Depression?

Countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products were especially hard-hit. Colonial Southeast Asia, the world's major rubber-producing region, saw the demand for its primary export drop dramatically as automobile sales in Europe and the United States were cut in half. In Britain's West African colony of the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana), farmers who had staked their economic lives on producing cocoa for the world market were badly hurt by the collapse of commodity prices. Latin American countries, whose economies were based on the export of agricultural products and raw materials, were also vulnerable to major fluctuations in the world market. The region as a whole saw the value of its exports cut by half during the Great Depression. In an effort to maintain the price of coffee, Brazil destroyed enough of its crop to have supplied the world for a year. Such conditions led to widespread unemployment and social tensions.

28. Explain why the Armenian genocide occurred

During the conflict, Ottoman authorities, suspecting that some of their Armenian subjects were collaborating with the Russian enemy, massacred or deported an estimated 1 million Armenians.

52. Why would people find the Nazi party appealing? What were they promising to do?

Founded shortly after the end of World War I, that Party under Hitler's leadership proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority, bitter hatred for Jews as an alien presence, passionate opposition to communism, a determination to rescue Germany from the humiliating requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, and a willingness to decisively tackle the country's economic problems.

4. What was the most obvious dividing element in Europe?

Europe's modern transformation and its global ascendancy were certainly not accompanied by a growing unity or stability among its own peoples — quite the opposite. The most obvious division was among its competing states, a long-standing feature of European political life.

32. What was the most significant outcome of the war?

Far and away the most influential change of the postwar decades lay in the Great Depression. If World War I represented the political collapse of Europe, this catastrophic downturn suggested that Western capitalism was likewise failing.

45. What happened to Mussolini's political opponents or anyone who challenged the state?

His government suspended democracy and imprisoned, deported, or sometimes executed opponents. Italy's fascist regime also disbanded independent labor unions and peasant groups as well as all opposing political parties.

62. How was Japanese fascism different from Germany and Italy?

In 1936 a group of junior officers attempted a military takeover of the government, which was quickly suppressed. In sharp contrast to developments in Italy and Germany, however, no right-wing party gained wide popular support, nor was any such party able to seize power in Japan. Although individuals and small groups sometimes espoused ideas similar to those of European fascists, no major fascist party emerged. Nor did Japan produce any charismatic leader on the order of Mussolini or Hitler. People arrested for political offenses were neither criminalized nor exterminated, as in Germany, but instead were subjected to a process of "resocialization" that brought the vast majority of them to renounce their "errors" and return to the "Japanese way." Although Japan during the 1930s shared some common features with fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, it remained, at least internally, a less repressive and more pluralistic society than either of those European states. Japanese intellectuals and writers had to contend with government censorship, but they retained some influence in the country. Generals and admirals exercised great political authority as the role of an elected parliament declined, but they did not govern alone. Political prisoners were few and were not subjected to execution or deportation as in European fascist states. Japanese conceptions of their racial purity and uniqueness were directed largely against foreigners rather than an internal minority.

55. What was Hitler's rationale (reasoning) for hating the Jews?

In Hitler's thinking and in Nazi propaganda, Jews became the symbol of the urban, capitalist, and foreign influences that were undermining traditional German culture. Thus the Nazis reflected and reinforced a broader and long established current of anti-Semitism that had deep roots in much of Europe.

46. How were women affected by fascism in Italy?

In fascist propaganda, women were portrayed in highly traditional domestic terms, particularly as mothers creating new citizens for the fascist state, with no hint of equality or liberation.

61. What major changes occured in Japanese politics in the 1930s?

In the 1930s, though, Japanese public life clearly changed in ways that reflected the growth of right-wing nationalist thinking. Parties and the parliament continued to operate, and elections were held, but major cabinet positions now went to prominent bureaucratic or military figures rather than to party leaders. The military in particular came to exercise a more dominant role in Japanese political life, although military men had to negotiate with business and bureaucratic elites as well as party leaders. Censorship limited the possibilities of free expression, and a single news agency was granted the right to distribute all national and most international news to the country's newspapers and radio stations.

63. What caused Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations and align with Germany and Italy?

In the late 1920s and the 1930s, Japanese imperial ambitions mounted as the military became more powerful. An initial problem was the rise of Chinese nationalism, which seemed to threaten Japan's sphere of influence in Manchuria, acquired after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Units of the Japanese military seized control of Manchuria in 1931 and established a puppet state called Manchukuo. This action infuriated Western powers, prompting Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations, to break politically with its Western allies, and in 1936 to align more closely with Germany and Italy.

39. The text describes several ways capitalist government responded to the Great Depression- focus on the United States' response. Explain the New Deal.

New Deal (1933-1942), an experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and to prevent similar calamities in the future. Through immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks), the New Deal sought to prime the pump of the economy and thus reduce unemployment. The New Deal's longer-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, the minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs, attempted to create a modest economic safety net to sustain the poor, the unemployed, and the elderly.

30. How were all of the following locations affected by the end of the war? a. Middle East: b. Latin America: c. Africa: d. India: e. Japan: f. China: g. United States:

a. Conflicting British promises to both Arabs and Jews regarding Palestine set the stage for an enduring struggle over that ancient and holy land. Ottoman empire split up making many new countries b. Although Latin American countries remained bystanders in the war, many of them benefited from the growing demand for their products used in explosives. But the sharp drop in nitrate exports after the war ended brought to Chile mass unemployment, urban riots, bloody strikes, and some appeal for the newly established Chilean Communist Party. c. Millions of Asian and African men had watched Europeans butcher one another without mercy, had gained new military skills and political awareness, and returned home with less respect for their rulers and with expectations for better treatment as a reward for their service. d. To gain Indian support for the war, the British had publicly promised to put that colony on the road to self-government, an announcement that set the stage for the independence struggle that followed. e. Japan emerged strengthened from the war, with European support for its claim to take over German territory and privileges in China. f. That news enraged Chinese nationalists and sparked an interest in Soviet-style communism, for only the new communist rulers of Russia seemed willing to end the imperialist penetration of China. g. Finally, the First World War brought the United States to center stage as a global power. Its manpower had contributed much to the defeat of Germany, and its financial resources turned the United States from a debtor nation into Europe's creditor.

59. What are some of the political, social, and economic changes occuring in Japan after WW1? a. Political: b. Social: c. Economic:

a. During the 1930s, Japan too moved toward authoritarian government and a denial of democracy at home, even as it launched an aggressive program of territorial expansion in East Asia. b. At the peace conference ending that war, Japan was seated as an equal participant, allied with the winning side of democratic countries such as Britain, France, and the United States. c. In sharp contrast to Italy and Germany, Japan's participation in World War I was minimal, and its economy grew considerably as other industrialized countries were consumed by the European conflict.

34. How did the Great Depression affect the following: a. The rich: b. Global trade: c. Ordinary people:

a. For the rich, it meant contracting stock prices that wiped out paper fortunes almost overnight. b. Investment dried up, world trade dropped by 62 percent within a few years, and businesses contracted when they were unable to sell their products. c. For ordinary people, the worst feature of the Great Depression was the loss of work. Unemployment soared everywhere, and in both Germany and the United States it reached 30 percent or more by 1932.

25. List some of the effects that WWI had in all the following categories: a. Effects on veterans: b. Effects on women: c. Effects on culture (consumerism):

a. Integrating millions of returning veterans into civilian life was no easy task, for they had experienced horrors almost beyond imagination. Governments sought to accommodate them, in Britain for example, with housing programs called "homes for heroes" emphasizing traditional family values. b. Women were urged to leave factory work and return to their homes where they would not compete for "men's jobs." French authorities proclaimed Mother's Day as a new holiday designed to encourage childbearing and thus replace the millions lost in the war. Millions of women left without husbands. c. Enormous casualties promoted social mobility, allowing the less exalted to move into positions previously dominated by the upper classes. As the war ended, suffrage movements revived and women received the right to vote in a number of countries. A new consumerism encouraged those who could to acquire cars, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, electric irons, gas ovens, and other newly available products. Radio and the movies now became vehicles of popular culture, transmitting American jazz to Europe and turning Hollywood stars into international celebrities.

10. What factors contributed to the outbreak of WW1? (MAIN) a. M- b. A- c. I- d. N-

a. Militarism - Also contributing to the war was an industrialized militarism. Europe's armed rivalries had long ensured that military men enjoyed great social prestige, and most heads of state wore uniforms in public. All of the Great Powers had substantial standing armies and, except for Britain, relied on conscription (compulsory military service) to staff them. b. Alliances - c. Imperialism - Europe's imperial reach around the world likewise shaped the scope and conduct of the war. It funneled colonial troops and laborers by the hundreds of thousands into the war effort, with men from Africa, India, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa taking part in the conflict. d. Nationalism - Slavic nationalism and Austro-Hungarian opposition to it certainly lay at the heart of the war's beginning. The Great Powers of Europe competed intensely for colonies, spheres of influence, and superiority in armaments. The public pressure of these competing nationalisms allowed statesmen little room for compromise and ensured widespread popular support, at least initially, for the decision to go to war.

58. In what ways did Nazis embrace and reject Enlightenment ideas? a. Reject: b. Embrace:

a. On the one hand, the Nazis actively rejected some of the values — rationalism, tolerance, democracy, human equality — that for many people had defined the core of Western civilization since the Enlightenment. b. On the other hand, they claimed the legacy of modern science, particularly in their concern to classify and rank various human groups. Thus they drew heavily on the "scientific racism" of the late nineteenth century and its expression in phrenology, Moreover, in their effort to purify German society, the Nazis reflected the Enlightenment confidence in the perfectibility of humankind and in the social engineering necessary to achieve it.