Arch 1510 Comm Exam

The auditory perception of audiences is always selective.

1. Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener's frame of reference. 2. Every speech contains two messages-that sent by the speaker and that received by the audience.

Three types of plagiarism

1. Global plagiarism is taking an entire speech from a single source and passing it off as one's own. 2. Patchwork plagiarism occurs when a speaker patches a speech together by copying verbatim from two or three sources. 3. Incremental plagiarism occurs when a speaker fails to give credit for specific parts-increments-of the speech that are borrowed from other people.

Guidelines for ethical behavior in public speaking

A) Public speakers should make sure their goals are ethically sound. B) Public speakers should be fully prepared for each speech. C) Public speakers should be honest in what they say. D) Public speakers should avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language. E) Public speakers should put ethical principles into practice.

Good speakers are

audience-centered.

Listeners, as well as speakers, have ethical obligations. They should

be courteous and attentive during the speech. avoid prejudging the speaker. maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

Public speaking has

been taught and studied around the globe for thousands of years.

Public speaking helps people develop critical-thinking skills, which include

being able to assess the strengths and weaknesses of an argument. distinguishing fact from opinion. judging the credibility of sources. assessing the quality of evidence. discerning the relationships among ideas.

In classical Greece and Rome, public speaking

played a central role in education and civic life and was studied extensively.

Diversity and multiculturalism are such basic facts of life in today's world that

they affect many public speaking situations.

The primary purpose of public speaking is

to gain a desired response from their listeners.

Ethical issues arise when

we ask whether a course of action is moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest.

Specific tips to help students deal with nervousness

1. Be at your physical and mental best when speaking. 2. Quietly tighten and relax hand or leg muscles while waiting to speak. 3. Take a few slow, deep breaths before starting to speak. 4. Work especially hard on your introduction. 5. Make eye contact with people in the audience. 6. Concentrate on communicating with the audience rather than on worrying about your nervousness. 7. Use visual aids to help occupy the attention of the audience.

Psychological principles have two important implications for speakers.

1. Listeners will judge a speech on the basis of what they already know and believe. 2. Speakers must take care to relate their messages to an audience's existing knowledge and beliefs.

Six major steps students can take to control their nervousness and make it a positive force in their speeches

1. One is to take a speech class in which they will learn about speechmaking and gain speaking experience. 2. Another is to be thoroughly prepared for every speech they present. 3. It is also crucial that speakers think positively about themselves and the speech experience. 4. Using the power of visualization is another excellent way to combat stage fright. 5. Most speakers are also helped by knowing that their nervousness is usually not visible to the audience. 6. It is also important not to expect perfection when delivering a speech.

Three questions to keep in mind as you prepare speeches

1. To whom am I speaking? 2. What do I want the audience to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? 3. How can I most effectively compose and present my speech to accomplish that aim?

Seven elements of the speech communication process

A) Speech communication begins with a speaker. B) The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. C) The channel is the means by which a message is communicated. D) The listener is the person who receives the communicated message. E) Feedback consists of messages sent from the listener to the speaker. F) Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message. G) The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Three key differences between public speaking and everyday conversation

Public speaking is more highly structured than ordinary conversation. Public speaking requires more formal language than ordinary conversation. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery from ordinary conversation.

The principles of public speaking are derived from

a long tradition and have been confirmed by a substantial body of research.

Questions of ethics are

central to the art of public speaking.

It is especially important for public speakers to avoid

ethnocentrism.

Demographic audience analysis is

examining demographic traits of the audience and how they might affect reception of the speech.

The first stage of audience analysis is

examining demographic traits of the audience and how they might affect reception of the speech.

Public speaking

helps people succeed in nearly all professions. is a vital means of civic engagement. is a form of empowerment.

Public speaking

is a vital means of communication.

Plagiarism is

one of the most serious ethical lapses a public speaker can commit. presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own. a serious offense.

Public speaking and everyday conversation have a number of similarities and require similar skills. In both,

people organize their thoughts logically. people tailor their message to the audience. people tell a story for maximum impact. people adapt to feedback from listeners.

Ethnocentrism is

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to all others.

Ethics are

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.