ARCH 205 Exam 2

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

*Indigenous Architecture*

"Human responses to particularized environs, to specific local building materials, to elementary but expressively logical structural systems, and to nuanced social conditions"

*Sense of Place*

(as opposed to placelessness or lack of meaning) - "a feeling, a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging" - identifiable/locatable

The First Spanish and Portuguese Settlements in America: *Hispaniola*

(listed in timeline) Fort La Navidad Isabela Santo Domingo

*the European Voyages of Discovery*: The Exploration of the Eastern Routes: The Portuguese navigators

(written in timeline order) - Portuguese navigators advance southward: Madeira Islands - The Azores - reached the equator - found gold in Guinea - Bartholomeu Dias: round of Cape of Good Hope, entered Indian Ocean - *First voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492)* - Vasco Da Gama: Calicut (Malabar) in India

The First Spanish and Portuguese Settlements in America: Portuguese occupation, 16th century: *hereditary captaincy*

*Hereditary Captaincy* of Brazil

*Cyclopean* & megalithic Inca masonry

*cyclopean* = specifically massive, largely unworked boulders set without mortar, characteristic of Mycenaean cilivilz - term *comes from belief of classical Greeks that only the mythical Cyclopes* had strength to move enormous boulders made up walls of Mycenae & Tiryns *saxsayhuaman* (lop right pic) = greatest monument of Incas

*Latin America Context*

- *Aztecs* (Mexico) *Teotihuacan*: 200 BCE-100CE Founding of Tenochtitlan: 1325 Spanish conquest of Aztecs: 1519 - *Incas* (Peru) Founding of Inca Empire, 1438 *Cuzco*, The Inca Capital Spanish conquest of the Inca: 1532

*Inca* Empire

- *CUZCO*: political, institutional & economic center - PACHACUTI: first Inca Emperor

The First Spanish and Portuguese Settlements in America: *political and administrative system*

- *Viceroyalty of New Spain* - *Viceroyalty of Peru* (Lima)

Pre-Columbian Occupation: *Aztecs*, Mexico

- Aztecs may have believed that Cortes was the god Quetzacoatl returned

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (*Vitruvius*)

- Roman engineer and architect - lived in 1st cent BCE - wrote *The Ten Books on Architecture* - only ancient text of its kind to survive

The *Aztecs* at *Tenochtitlan*

- Tenochtitlan at Lake Texcoco - conquistador Hernan Cortes > destroyed the city - Mexico City erected from ruins, over the centuries, Lake Texcoco been drained mostly

Machu Picchu, Incas

- agricultural terraces - stone construction - trapezoidal openings - light wooden roof framing covered with thatch (renovated over time)

*Teotihuacan*, "Place of the Gods", Valley of Mexico

- by people whose name we dont know - once served a population of 200,000 people

Pre-Columbian Occupation: *Aztecs*, Mexico Founding of Tenochtitlan, 1325

- complex geometry of interlocking squares - ritual centers - dominated by horizontal planes - two distinctive ordering devices: battered walls of terraces and pyramids display the talud and tablero motifs TALUD: sloping plane TABLERO: frieze of random stones framed by plain molding

*regional architecture/regionalism*

- conscious imitation of what is already there - one to one correspondence

*Tenochtitlan* from the *Aztecs*

- established on a series of small islands - Aztecs filled in earth among them > produced a unified setting which, ironically, dazzled Spanish conquerors - four long causeways that divided the city into quarters: each had own neighborhoods, shrines, admin buildings - center with a great ceremonial place

Yanoami Amer-Indians (Maloca), Brazil

- hostile to strangers - take pride in feuding & raiding - their defensive communal jungle houses = circular around central open space/shabono

early renaissance architecture

- inspiration from *classical architecture* - patronage - architect as profession (ie. Pantheon, Rome)

video vocab/ content highlights V: Ghosts of Machu Picchu

- open waterways - fountains - carvings - Ancient Roman Construction - Terrace - Burial Niche/Tomb - Trepanation - Pillar - Drainage System - Filtering Galleries - Granite - Secret Landscape Theory

*Chan Chan, Peru*

- plan of the "labyrinth" citadel - adobe city - built by Chimor, lasted until conquered by Inca Empire

*renaissance*

- rationality - use of *perspective*

Machu Picchu, coverings

- tall gables that supported light wooden roof framing = covered with thatch (renovated) - light wooden roof framing covered with thatch (renovated)

Pre-Columbian Occupation

- the *Aztecs* - the *Incas*

*vernacular architecture*

- unconscious, indigenous, native, traditional - of a particular time and place, handed down generation to generation, trial and error, formed over time - anonymous

The *Inca* World

1. Inca Empire: an area of effective control. - 80 years under Inca gov, lots of land, lots of ppl 2. Regional Occupation and construction of infrastructure - incorporation of cities and villages that already existed (Quito) - foundation of new centers: *Machu Picchu*, Ollantaytambo - building of network of roads, bridges, collcas, tambos 3. Main Principles of Inca ubanism - the link with an extensive network of roads: axes-plaza - the great central plaza surrounded with the most important buildings - the necessary elements to survive while moving in the territory - cereal granaries or collcas, tambos

*why is vitruvius so important to understanding the developments of Renaissance?*

1. became source for understanding Classical proportions and design 2. manuscript rediscovered in 14th cent. - provided the basis for Leon Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria

definition of *Pre-Columbian cities*, according to Hardoy

1. had to be center of the transformation of primary production 2. had to be a center of services and either daily, periodical or occasional market place (depends on distance) for neighboring smaller towns and countryside 3. must fulfill one/+ series of functions which are specifically urban (ie. act as political, administrative, religious, cultural or military center) 4. high percentage of resident population has to work there and exhibit a sharp division of labor

Meshrebeeyeh, Mashrebeeyeh, Meshrablya

1. in Islamic countries, an elaborately turned/carved wood screen/wood lattice which encloses a balcony window 2. such a screen otherwise used 3. a balcony with a parapet and machicolations projected over a gate to defend the entrance; the parapet may be either embattled or plain

When was *true columns* used for the first time? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

1419

When did Giovanni De' Medici die? What were the consequences of Medici's death? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

1429; Cosimo had lost his guide and mentor; Cosimo had to take over his father's role and was rivaled by the Albizzi family

*indigenous architecture*: *Bernard Rudofsky*

1964 Exhibition at MoMA, NY: "Architecture without Architects, a Short Introduction to Non-Pedigreed Architecture"

Who was elected as Pope John XXIII? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

Baldassare Cossa

Was Brunelleschi an architect or engineer? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

Both

Who designed the San Lorenzo Church? What was the importance of this building according to Medici family? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

Brunelleschi rebuilt it; it was a temple to the Medici family

How was the *dome* solved? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

Brunelleschi studied achievements of the classical past

Orders of Architecture

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, Composite

the *Opening of a New World*

The European Voyages of Discovery - Martin Benhaim, 1492 (simplified version) - Christopher Columbus

Which building has the largest standing dome in the world? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

The Pantheon

Who were the thinkers and artists that Medici would pay for? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

a former pirate, Baldassare Cossa, who wanted to run the church

fundamental principles of architecture

architecture depends on: Order, Arrangement, Eurhythmy (proportion), Symmetry, Propriety, Economy

Xavantos Amer-Indians Settlement, Brazil

circular plan & ceremonial center

What was the construction technique that makes this dome possible? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

columns used for support

How did they transform granite without iron tools? V: Ghosts of Machu Picchu

created a neck in the rock and then caused it to rupture

*The Exploration of the New Routes*: *Treaty of Tordesillas*

divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along N-S meridian

Vitruvian Man, Leonardo de Vinci

example of Renaissance Art - drawing of ideal porportions of human figure accord to Vitruvius's treatise - human body porportioned according to divine ratios

Machu Picchu, masonry

grinding and sanding allowed stones to be placed right

How was the Pantheon inspired Brunelleschi? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

he examined the proportions of it; realized they used a clever double skin which had an inner dome within the cathedral's octagonal drum

What was Brunelleschi's new technique that he invented in 1434? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

he invented linear *perspective*; allowed pictures to create the convincing illusion of a 3d image

What was Brunelleschi's contribution? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

he was chosen to build the dome that had remained unfinished for a long time

What was the point of broken egg? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

his way of showing them his ideas without having to break his code to them, he was scared they would steal his ideas

What is *sandstone ring*? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

hold the structure together like a barrel

What was the major problem that Brunelleschi was facing about the dome? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

how to raise sandstone beams that weight 1700 pounds, 250 feet in the air

What is the importance of Brunelleschi's dome in the city of Florence? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

it was the greatest architectural feat in the Western World

How was Florence in 14th and 15th centuries? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

it was the place to be; major trading center at the heart of Tuscany; where powerful families vied each other for political control

*Sense of Place*: *genius loci*

literally means genius of place - used to describe places that are deeply memorable for their architectural and experimental qualities

What was the importance of completion of dome to Cosimo? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

mirrored the rise of the most powerful family (the Medici)

Who is *Donatello*? V: The Medici, Godfathers of the Renaissance

notorious sculptor

Where is *Machu Picchu* located and why did they choose that place? V: Ghosts of Machu Picchu

on a ridge in the Andes, mountains in Peru chosen because ...

*Chan Chan*, Peru

plz name the architecture of this pic

*Cathedral of Mexico and Sagrario Metropolitano, Mexico City*