ARCH Test 3
Aurignacian Culture of Cro-Magnon
always with modern humans! 30-40,000 flakes, blades, bladelets with retouch (birth of composite tools), thick scrapers, microliths, bone points, art, jewelry, all of Europe shows up later in Near East 25-30,000 BP. Evidence suggests that Aurignacian invaded the West, bringing with them a well developed culture from the east. Cave and open air sites; burials; broad H&G economy, especially in colder periods/seasons. Evidence of FIRST SEASONAL rounds or Binfords, logistical collecting, found all over Europe but stops in Pyreenes in northern Spain, and only later in the near east.
Klasies River Mouth
100,000 ya. Long Blades, looked Mousterian, spear points, foreshadows Aurignacian of Europe Fauna: HUNTING important, giant buffalo one with spear point in cervical vertebrae, FISHING, fish , shell fish, sea birds, seals, penguins Human fossils, modern chin, upper jaw bones fully modern, no brow ridge, short path with footprints.
Solutrean
18-20,000 BP BIFACES, points, bifacial knives, Laurel leaves, blades and BLADELETS; common art, paintings, engravings, mobile art, caves and open air sites in France, Spain, and Portugal only (in contrast to Aurignacian; HUNTED HORSE, reindeer, mammoth; fishing with hunting of marine animals, salmon and seal. So, since adapted to coastal environments and cold environments could have migrated around the edge of the Atlantic and MADE IT TO NEW WORLD. Especially if look only at technology and ignore the distance Clovis and Solutrean are the same folks.
Gravettian
20-30,000 BP, blades bladelets; Gravette Points; burins abundant and earliest art in bone IVORY SCULPTURE, paintings mainly open air sites, houses in central eastern Europe all of Europe latest in UKRAINE towards LGM. VENUS FIGURINES. Mammoth BONE HOUSES in the Ukraine. Migrated to the east towards Moscow.
Europe: Perigordian I or Chatelperronian
40-30,000 ya, SW France-Northern Spain only MOUSTERIAN FEATURE evolved out of Mousterian of Acheullean Tradition few bone tools lots of burin MELDING of MP & UP in stone tools proves Neanderthal and Modern Humans did co-exist
Archaic Homo sapiens fossils show up in the fossil record about? What was their distribution?
600K Neanderthals in Mediterranean, Spain, and Europe to Gulf Coast, to Tip of North Africa
Border Cave
70-80,000 BP evidence from 4 different layers all containing early modern humans with culture change to blade technology
Skhul and Qafzeh
92,000 BP early modern humans, then later at 60,000 BP we have invasion Neanderthals as the result of glacial advances forcing them in to refugia. Lived virtually side by side for 10s of 1000s of years. But no UP yet still associated with Levantine Mousterian assemblages so both use the same technology. The MP-UP transition in terms of tool culture happens at 45,000 BP Significance? If EMH older than N then EMH could not have evolved from Neanderthals, but since EMH and not Homo Sapien Sapien yet could have interbred!
Oldest Modern Humans
AFRICA, Klasies RIver Mouth: hunting/fishing, Border Cave, and Katanda: Bone tools
Neanderthals have distinctive physical characteristics; one explanation offered for these distinctive features is?
Cold Biological transition, big nose, thick body Big noses to hydrate artic air (often lived in cold conditions). Thick brow ridges, steeply sloping forehead Brawn adapted to cold-subsistence
The Mousterian tool technology of Levallois, what is that all about?
Core becomes tool, handaxe, chopper, until debitage tech from Neanderthals
The sites of Sima de los Huesos and Arago contain fossil evidence that supports?
Deep Cavern open at surface, burring dead down cavern, allows evolution of classic neanderthals European Neanderthals, interbreeding -Huesos: Attributes of Arican and Asian archaics and many features of the later classic Neanderthans, 300K BP, H. Antecessor -Arago: French pyrenees, Asian H.e. appearance but teeth, chin, mandible foreshadow western Neanderthals, 200K BP
Lewis Binford (with his wife Sally) addressed the Mousterian problem, what were their results?
Denticulates, Pollen, Fractured bones/skulls, nesting behavior of females
Compared to that of modern human beings, Neanderthal cranial capacity is?
Neanderthals had large occipital muscles to balance their heads, their brains were larger and shaped different than modern humans, at 1478.89cc (them) vs 1450cc (mh).
The sites of Kasar Akil and Boker Tachtit are significant
Near East, Change to Blade tech, highly mobile
The bone tools from the Katanda sites in Zaire are significant because they show?
Nearest transition to East
Were Neanderthals the first humans to leave evidence of a spiritual life in the form of cave bears skulls ritually placed on rock slabs or altars within their habitation sites?
No
Bordes explained the variation in Mousterian tool assemblages as the result of?
Tenacious Cultures, Tested climate, Neanderthals defeat by Modern Humans
The period during which modern behavior becomes apparent in the archaeological record is the?
Upper Paleolithic, diet gradually more diverse, people become less mobile, artwork proliferates, sets stage for regionalization, climate warms
Could Neanderthals talk? What evidence supports your conclusion?
Yes, genetics, genome, genes that controls muscle movement and had correct area of brain, and bone found around vocal chords
Magdalenian
the LAST GLACIAL maximum culture: 12-1800 BP lasts longer in Portugal blades, flakes; burins, 80% OF ART, scrapers, bone tools, points, harpoons, needles; rock shelters and many open air sites; some with houses with cobble paved floors; broad hunting-gathering economies, large game small game fishing; abundant in western Europe and in central Europe. Cultural adaptation to changing environment with use of edge environments decreases in population. Evidence suggests that these guys simply followed the reindeer north and are still with us today in the Laplanders.
A major technological innocation of the Upper Paleolithic was the?
Atl-Atl, projectile tool system
Index fossil associated with fully modern humans is?
Blade Technology
Katanda is an important site because it?
Bone too tech Catfish hunters on a Seasonal Basis (during spawning) Tech years before Upper Paleolithic
The Mousterian technology focused on the production of?
Bone tools, hand axes, denticulates
Who was Dorothy Garrod? Where did she work? What did she discover?
British archaeologist who served as Disney Professor of Archaeology. Directed excavations at Mount Carmel, Palestine (1929-34), uncovering skeletal remains of primary importance to the study of human evolution.Including a complete female skeleton now known to be about 41,000 years old. Brought to light the first evidence of Paleolithic and Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age, cultures in Palestine.
Border Cave and Klasies River mouth sites produced fossils that appear to be?
Early Modern Humans
The Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition is the oldest of the Mousterian tool assemblages and represents the transition from Homo erectus to Neanderthals. Is this statement true or false?
False. Implies a melding of MP & UP indicating they did co-exist for at least a short period.
Neanderthals used caves extensively in Europe; yet, we see no evidence of the use of caves by Homo erectus. Why?
Headward erosion in rockshelters until it collapses, so has to do with evolutionary process of caves and rockshelters... their bodies under big rocks
Upper Paleolithic
Last Glacial maximum people Peaks at 18,000 more game, nets for gathering large sites suggest people moving to resources to share seasonal rounds Art = sex and food Atlatl, bow by 10,000 ya needles for clothes in cold complex cultural changes
The Morphology of the Neanderthals from the neck down implies a biological adaptation to?
Last biologically adapted to cold, heavy thick, powerful bodies
The sites of Skhul and Qafzeh demonstrate that?
Lends support of regional continuity vs Out of africa. 10s of 1000s of years of neanderthals and early modern interacting. Skhul: 100=80K Qafzeh: 92K
During the latter part of the Upper Paleolithic the ice sheets retreated and the hunters-gathers had two choices, follow the caribou north or adapt to New Forest environments. The culture group that faced this dilemma was?
Magdalenian
The total replacement model for the origins of modern humans is based on?
MtDNA Replacement Model (Out of Africa model): Bigotry, Racist -Modern humans replaced H. Erectus/Neanderthals out of Africa -States modern H. Sapiens evolved in Africa 200-100 kya -Based on DNA Dating *100,000- advent of early modern humans*
Most proponents of the replacement model trace the first human beings to?
Out of Africa, 200k single mom
The site that contains the fossil remains of the oldest modern humans.
Places River Mount, Ochre pencils, Sea and Inland resources
Neanderthal tool assemblage that contained 50-80% scrapers that were simple, thick, and convex is called?
Quina
The regional continuity model for the origins of modern humans?
Regional continuity (Multiregional Evolution, or Candelabra model): -traces all modern human origins back to Africa when a generic Homo left Africa -Includes Genetic drift and Gene flow -migration and intermarriage led to evolved human forms but retained some relatively minor regional traits which could be described as racial characteristics, based on changes in Skull Morphology, especially Asia and Australia -Problem: Cherry picking Skulls: picking skulls to make it seem true
Compare and contrast the Regional continuity model, proponents Wolpoff and Thorne, verses the Eve Theory, Noah's Ark, or Replacement Model, proponents Rebecca Cann and Christopher Stinger. What as the hypothesis for each? What evidence was used? What was the result or conclusion? That what are the arguments against each study? What is the new evidence regarding this question?
Replacement Model: mtDNA, placental, mom's blood, most diversity = longest time around, New Guinea, Australia, Modern Humans in Africa 200K Years Ago, Confict: Average rate of change, GIGO, African American Women Regional Continuity Model: Skull Morphology, Conflict: Cherry picking
List 6 of the characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic that were mentioned in class
Shift to blades larger sites exotic goods art broadened subsistence base bone, antler, ivory, shell tools elaborate burials
Levant
Skul & Qafzeh, Near East: Boker Tachit and Kasar Akil
The Upper Paleolithic tradition characterized by finely flaked, symmetrical, leaf-shaped projectile points similar to New World Clovis stone technology is called the?
Solutrian, Coastly adapted (boating tech) around Atlantic rim to U.S., over passed flake
Boker Tachit and Kasar Akil
The earliest transition in the NEAR EAST in Israel 45,000 BP and Lebanon as old as 52,000 BP, Always above Chatelperroniona, tall and thin off the savannas, appears abrupt and lends at least some support to the replacement model. Change to blade technology; small points; end scrapers, burins; no art, rare bone tools; small populations; highly mobile hunters and gathers
Chatelperronian industry appears to have been?
Transitional site of Neanderthal to 1st UP group, acculteration
Marcellin Boule's reconstruction of "Neanderthal Man" depicted the hominid as?
hunched over, ape like, ugly
Katanda
in Zaire, 90,000 BP, stone tools reflect a Mousterian assemblage but BONE TOOLS, barbed, and unbarbed, dagger like spears, demonstrating a technological sophistication and intelligence that foreshadows later UP in Europe especially the Magdelanian in fact we do not get the bone tools in Europe until 40,000 BP. So first clear artifactual evidence that supports the notion that human beings with modern levels of intelligence evolved in Africa first!
What is the deal with those so called Venus figurines?
originating from Gravettian, portable art that appeared during the UP, female figures carved from soft stone or mammoth, found in Aust. and Ukraine