Area Studies B (Russia and CIS) Final - Mr. Causey's Class
Sergei Witte
Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Tran-Siberian Railroad (1849-1915)
Alexander III
czar that passed many temporary regulations for centralized autocracy
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Catherine the Great
(1729-1796) Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire, its wealth & education/benefits for people; inspired by French Enlightenment; wife of Peter III; Emelian Pugachev ruled with her after Peter's "death"
Siege of Leningrad
(1941-1942) Nazi army's unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Leningrad in the Soviet Union during World War II; as many as 1 million civilians perished during the siege
WW1 - Russian purpose
Wanted to keep Balkans under influence & needed trade $
Battle of Stalingrad
(1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war
Ivan I Kalita
* 1328-1341 * The Moneybag - used position to gain power and prestige with Mongols * Brings main Metropolitan to Moscow and builds massive fortress - The Kremlin * Keeps power in family w/ Simeon the Proud, Ivan the Meek, and Dmitri the Liberator
Ivan III the Great
* 1462-1505 * first to end paying the Mongols * continued to add territory to the North * claims rightful succession of Kiev, Byzantium, and Rome * Marriage to niece of Byzantine Emperor
1917 - Immediate Changes
* Council of People's Commissars (Politburo) formed * Gov't seized private property through force: banks, factories, and land (war communism) * Banned counter-revolution: censored media & public speaking via Cheka (pre-KGB)
Nicholas II
* Eldest son of Alexander III * simplistic, modest, and uninterested * devoted family man
Russo-Japanese War: Effects
* Embarassed Russia * Dethroned them as most powerful European country * Angered Russian people
Catherine's Enlightened Leadership
* Formed council of gentry to codify laws and modernize Russian life * Defined Enlightened laws by publishing Nakez Instructions
Cold War's Early Origins: 1917-1933
* History of hatred between US & USSR * Political theories varied * 1917 * Comintern * WW2 * varying post-war visions
Congress of Vienna - Russia's Gains
* Holy Alliance * Autocracy kept
Ivan III's Government
* Kremlin becomes high sanctuary * re-establishes Russian Justice
Crimean War
* Nicholas invades Danubian principalities of Moldova and Walachia * Defeated in this war by Turks+British+French+Austrians (THEIR ALLY) to keep European balance
Lenin - April Theses
* No Support for the Provisional government. * Fight for the Soviets to take power. * End the war. * Confiscate the big estates. * Nationalize the banks. * Establish workers' control of industry. * Replace the police and army with a workers' militia. * Replace the old state bureaucracy with workers' administration. * Proclaim a Communist Party; establish a new international
Russo-Japanese War: Reasons
* Port Arthur in China * Russians looked to take Manchuria & possibly Korea * Continued conflict in the Balkans
Russia's strategy vs Napoleon
* Russian forces usied "scorched earth" tactics * Waited out the French through winter, causing 500,000 deaths in Napoleon's army through ambush & frostbite
Collapse of Poland
* Surrounded by vulturous states of Prussia, Austria, and Russia * Partitioned from 1772 until 1795, when it disappeared from the map
Stalin's Post-War Vision
* continue 5 year plans * continue spreading Communism * keep western influence away from satellites
Failure of the Provincial Government
* continued the war * no definite answer for land, inflation, and food * elected Alexander Kerensky as Minister-President
Bloody Sunday
* march on Winter Palace w/ list of demands * over 40 (officially) died and hundreds injured
October Manifesto
* promised complete civil rights, including voting and representative government * granted an elected parliament: The Duma * gave universal suffrage to Russian men
U.S. Post-War Vision
* spread democracy * containment
Alexandra
* wife of Nicholas II * favored the presence of Rasputin
The Decembrists
Wanted to make Russia into a constitutional monarchy
Karl Marx - Writings
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism
4 MAIN causes of World War I: ___, ___, ___, ___
soviets
A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers: ____
totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.): ____
Berlin Wall
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.
Invasion of Afghanistan
A move of the Brezhnev government in which they sent in troops to ensure Central Asian influence and to install a puppet government. It spurred a sharp response from the US, with the senate refusing to ratify Strategic Arms Limitation agreements, creating a grain embargo, and aiding rebels. It sapped Soviet strength for 10 years, and the morale and prestige of the Soviet army plummeted
Pan-Slavism
A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
The Cheka
A new Red secret police. It replaced the old tsarist secret police. They aimed at nothing less than destruction of all those who opposed the new regime. Bourgeoisie were singled out who consider as "class enemies".
Bolsheviks
A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917. They believed that the proletariats should overthrow the czar and the rich (bourgeoisie).
Oprichniki
A personal group of civil servants who arrested boyers and gave their lands to Ivan the Terrible's (and Ivan III's) supporters
Glasnost
A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.
Detente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Treaty of Tilsit
Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elba as well as the Polish provinces (1807): ____ __ ____
Czar in charge of Russia vs Napoleon
Alexander I
Czar-Liberator
Alexander II
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy: ___ ___
Schlieffen Plan
Attack plan by Germans, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare; WWI: ___ ___
Socialist Realism
Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism.
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
August 1939 - (same thing as Non-Aggression Pact) Russian foreign minister, Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop meet and agree to carve up Poland.
Klemens Von Metternich
Austrian foreign minister in charge of Vienna: _____ ___ _____
The Berlin Crisis
Because of tension between the East and West, the Soviets closed all railway and highway across Berlin. U.S. implemented an airlift to drop supplies
WW1 - Russian Inadequacy
Blockade & Gallipoli lead to allies' inability to support Russia
Revolution of 1917
Bolsheviks overthrow gov't via raid on October 25, 1917 (organized by Trotsky)
Russian Serfdom
Bound to the lord on a hereditary basis, the peasant ____ was little more than a slave. Individual _____ and ____ families were regularly sold, with and without land, in the early nineteenth century
WW1 - War's Nature
Brutal, excessively long, thought unecessary by most soldiers, led to heavy desertion on both sides of front
Impact of Mongol Invasion - Kiev
By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames. Many Russian boyar (noble) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov (descendents of Bulgak), and Chaadaev (descendents of Genghis Khan's son Chagatai Khan).
Austria-Hungary, Russia, Ottoman Empire, Germany
Ceased empires after WWI: ___-___, ___, ___ ___, ___
Operation Barbarossa
Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II
Kornilov
Commander in Chief of the Russian army, he attempted a right-wing coup to overthrow the Provisional Government in September of 1917: ___ ___
Fascism vs Communism
Communism: seeks a classless society, no religion, all private ownership of property, pairs with a socialist economy, appeals to lower to middle class families Fascism: form of government that focuses on race or religion and is ruled by a dictator and communism is a form of government that believes that everyone is equal in all aspects of life and that no one is better then anyone else even thought communists are also ruled by a dictator
Provda
Communist party newspaper, explained the purpose of art is to show masses positive models of initiative and heroic labor: _____
Congress of Vienna - Russia's Losses
Congress' plan fails due to Britain's lust for trade
U.S. and Germany
Countries ahead of Soviet production in 1930s: ____ ___ ____
Collectivization
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.
architecture, religion
Culture - Byzantine Influence: ______ and ______
scorched earth
Destroying crops and livestock so that one's enemy has nothing to use for food as they invade. Used by the Russians when Napoleon invaded in 1812: ____ ____
Results of WW2
Division of Germany into US and Soviet Blocs, the aggressive expansion of USSR into Poland, THE COLD WAR, self-determination from former austro-hungarian nations
Kiev
During the ____an era, the peoples of Rus' experienced a period of great economic expansion, opening trade routes with the Vikings to the north and west and the Byzantine Greeks to the south and west; traders also began to travel south and east eventually making contact with Persia and the peoples of Central Asia.
Romanov Dynasty
Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Ivan III
First official czar of Russia
Time of Troubles
Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as Czar in 1613.
The Iron Curtain
Imaginary line dividing USSR-Soviet block from the West
natural resources
Importance of Siberia - CIS: ______ ______
trade
Importance of rivers - CIS: _____
Westernization
Increasing influence of western civilization on the rest of the world, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
De-Stalinization
Khrushchev's policy of purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory; monuments of Stalin were destroyed; Stalin's body was moved outside the Kremlin Wall; Khrushchev did this because he disliked Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens
Obrok
Labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state.
WW1 - Results on Russian society and politics
Led to February Revolution
Lenin's Death
Led to Stalin using politics and public opinion to gain power & rid the country of his enemies (including Trotsky)
Formation of the Soviets
Lenin
Edict of Emancipation
Liberated serfs on March 3, 1861
Yugoslavia
Many of the Balkan states had been unified in opposition to the Nazis by communist leader Tito. After the war, Tito took the opportunity to form a new communist state of Yugoslavia. Stalin attempted to bring Tito under his fold, but Tito refused and Yugoslavia would remain as an independent communist ally to the USSR until Tito's death in 1980
Dmitri
Many people who wanted the throne claimed to be Ivan IV's son ___
Red China 1949
Nationalism vs Communism was a big problem early on, but with limited support from the U.S., support for nationalism faltered, and in 1949, China was completely communist.
Eastern Bloc
Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany
St. Petersburg
New capital of Russia and served as a warm water port on the Baltic Sea; often called "Window on the West"
Duma
Nicholas I: created a second ____, which met for the first time in February 1907. The leftist parties—including the Social Democrats and the Social Revolutionaries, who had boycotted the First ____—had won 200 seats in the Second, more than a third of the membership. (same word)
Russia's involvement in Europe's commercial wars
Often kept out of conflict in favor of keeping trade intact with any and all countries available (Austria, France, Britain)
Catherine's rise to power
Often used romancing and bribery to convince high officials (and boyars) to support her &
The Russian Civil War
Opposition to the Bolshevik Party (the Russian Communist Party) erupted into a civil war. Communists began the Red Terror campaign, secret police killed 200,000 opponents of the regime. They killed Tsar Nicholas II & his family, including the famous daughter Anastasia. Whites(opposition) were defeated by Red Army. About 10 million lives were lost in this civil war
Ivan the Terrible - Overall Effect
Overall started leading to improvement with Russia/the territories he controlled
Dissidents
People who speak out against the government
Cossacks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws.
Battle for Germany
Peter III's influence led to ending of conflict over territory
NEP
Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need
Streltsy
Professional troops who made up the Moscow Garrison. They were suppressed by Peter the Great
Constantinople
Regarded as the "Second Rome" ____________
coal, iron, oil, wood
Resources of the CIS: ____, ____, ___, ____
Kulaks
Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class & were targeted by Stalin's wave of killings: _____
overthrown, relocated, destroyed entirely
Russia's evolution of capitals (why they kept changing)
mirs
Russia's rural agricultural communities where land was held in common
Decembrists
Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. Because these events occurred in December, the rebels were called the _____?
Leo Tolstoy
Russian novelist regarded as one of the greatest of all time; best known for" War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina"
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin
mir
Russian village commune: ___
Peristroika
Russian word used to describe the reconstruction of the Soviet government in an effort to reduce nuclear arms and promote peace.
Russo-Japanese War: Embarassment
Russians sent entire naval fleet, returning with only a few ships
Rasputin
Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues.
Khruschev
Served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. Responsible for the "De-Stalinization" of the USSR, as well as several liberal reforms ranging from agriculture to foreign policy. Party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev.
Stalinism
Stalin's government system that was acheived in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination
Boris Godunov
Successor to Ivan, this tsar was first a regent over Ivan's feeble son Feodor. Ruled during the "Time of Troubles" when civil war and famine (due to a volcanic eruption) killed a third of all Russians.
NATO vs Warsaw
Ten Western European nations joined with U.S. and Canada form defensive military alliance. Warsaw was Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania
Turning of the Tide in WW2
The Battle for Stalingrad
Soviet Collapse
The Soviet Union's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. After years of Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development, economic growth was at a standstill. Failed attempts at reform, a stagnant economy, and war in Afghanistan led to a general feeling of discontent, especially in the Baltic republics and Eastern Europe. Greater political and social freedoms, instituted by the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, created an atmosphere of open criticism of the Moscow regime. The dramatic drop of the price of oil in 1985 and 1986, and consequent lack of foreign exchange reserves in following years to purchase grain profoundly influenced actions of the Soviet leadership.
Rus
The ___ ' were an early medieval group or people who gave their name to the lands of Russia, Ruthenia, and Belarus. Most Western scholars believe them to be a group of Varangians, specifically Norsemen. The ___' had relocated "from over sea", first to northeastern Europe, creating an early polity that finally came under the leadership of Rurik. Later, Rurik's relative Oleg captured Kiev, founding Kievan ___'. The descendants of Rurik were the ruling dynasty of Rus' (after 862), and the founders of the Tsardom of Russia.
Kronstadt Sailors
The ___ ___ were supporters of the Bolsheviks from a naval fortress located in a Russian seaport town near the Gulf of Finland. Post Civil War they rebelled against the Bolsheviks because of the discontent with Russia's economical situation post-war.
Decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
The Third Rome
The idea of Moscow being the _____ ____ was popular since the early Russian Tsars. Within decades after the Fall of Constantinople to Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1453, some were nominating Moscow as the "_____ ____," or new "New ____"
Mongols
These people were often called the "Golden Horde" _______
Black Sea
This body of water became neutral following the Crimean War: ___ ___
Byzantine
Three _____ influences on Russia: * converted all the Slavs (Early Russians) to Christianity * converted all the Bibles into a Slavic language * Russians adapted aspects of the this culture such as art, music, and architecture
Brest Litovsk
Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war: Treaty of _____ ________
Russia's compromise against Napoleon
Treaty of Tilsit
The February Revolution
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicated his throne and thus made way for the formation of a transitional government for Russia in what is now known as:
Race to Berlin
U.S. and Britain raced to Berlin against Soviets. Soviets got to Berlin first.
Woodrow Wilson
U.S. president in office during WWI
The Great Northern War
War lasted from 1700 to 1721. It was fought between Sweden's Charles XII and a coalition lead by Peter the Great. By the end of the war, Sweden had lost her supremacy as the leading power in the Baltic region and was replaced by Peter the Great's Russia.
The Great Winter War
War occurred between Finland & USSR; the Finns ended up winning
Lenin - Classless Society
Wasn't really classless as he and other leaders were better off than those they led (dedicated revolutionaries)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
What does "NATO" stand for?
New Economic Policy
What does "NEP" stand for?
Napoleon
Who invaded Russia in 1812?
Iaroslav
Who ruled Kiev at the height of its power?
Anastasia
Wife of Ivan the terrible who came from old boyar family, the Romanovs; died and furthered Ivan's decline
Conferences during WW2
Yalta & Tehran
The Hungarian Revolt 1956
[1956 and 1968] (hungarian revolt) a revolt against communist regime that was crushed by the Soviets. (Prague Spring) similar to what happened in Hungary. Alexander Dubcek tried to reform. Ended when the USSR and Warsaw Pact countries invaded... sent a message to E. Europe that you are captive and have no control over your fate.
Ivan The Terrible, Stalin
____ ___ _____: was especially nasty to people who had wronged him such as people involved in attempts to assassinate him. His title comes from the Russian "Grozny" which actually translates better as "The Fearsome" or "The Formidable", the implication being that he was a man who caused terror in other nations rather than being awful or evil as the English version implies ____: amongst the most brutal leaders who ever lived and his regime would have been shocking in the medieval period let alone the 20th century.
Poland
ceased to exist following 1795 and attacks by many foreign empires
Karl Marx - Dialectical History & Class Struggle
classes would get split too unfairly and lead to upper class controlling all aspects of life
Karl Marx - Communist Utopia
everyone would live equally
Napoleon's March on Russia
failed....miserably
Cuban Missile Crisis
international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba
Cyril, Methodius
monks, created Cyrillic alphabet: ______ and ______
Poverty of the Peasant
poverty got worse as war raged on
Lenin's War Communism and its effects
seizing of private property: [supposedly] shared equally among the people
Leninism - Dictatorship of the Proletariat
small group of dedicated revolutionaries can lead a communist nation
Reasons for 5 Year Plans
speed up industrialization and military power
Instructions
statement of legal principles written by Catherine II of Russia, and permeated with the ideas of the French Enlightenment. It was compiled as a guide for the All-Russian Legislative Commission convened in 1767 for the purpose of replacing the mid-17th-century Muscovite code of laws with a modern law code. Catherine believed that to strengthen law and institutions was above all else to strengthen the monarchy: ______
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
Barschina
unpaid labor dues (corvée) owed by a peasant to his lord, most commonly labor on the land
Stalin's USSR compared to other nations
was doing VERY well before WW2
The Great Purges
widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Stalin between 1936 and 1938, attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union
Karl Marx - Capitalism's failure
would eventually become unstable and collapse from the inside out