ARH 253- Chapt 24
Fauvism (8)
- ***20th century art movement led by Henri Matisse which used color as the primary conveyor of meaning*** started around 1905 - young painters who painted on canvases very simplified in design and bright in color - art critic who was surprised by this and called them "fauves" aka wild beasts - completely independent of french academy - wanted to develop art with the directness of impressionism but with intense color juxtaposition - went further than others in liberating color from its descriptive function AND explore the effects color have on emotions -characterized by... - rich surface texture - lively linear patterns - bold colors - fauves never officially organized and their movement only lasted about 5 years
Analytical Cubism (3)
- 1st phase of Cubism - effort to analyze form and investigate meaning - characterized by pronounced use of geometric shape and monochromatic colors
Surrealism
- 20th century art movement - lots of Dada artists joined this movement - search for ways to express the world of dreams/unconscious - explore inner world of the psyche--> realm of fantasy - view dreams as occurring at the level connecting all human consciousness - dominant motivation= bring aspects of outer and inner "reality" together
The Blue Rider (5)
- 2nd german expressionist group - formed in Munich in 1911 - founded by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc - name chosen on mutual interest of horses and color blue - like the bridge they wanted to capture feelings in a visual form while also getting intense visceral (inward deep feeling) response from viewers
Synthetic Cubism (4)
- 2nd phase of Cubism (1912) - conscious effort to challenge the viewers understanding of reality - paintings/drawings were made from shapes and objects cut from paper or other materials to show parts of the subject - engages viewer with pictorial issues such as... - figuration - realism - abstraction
The Steerage
- Alfred Stieglitz - 1907- photograph - taken on trip to Europe with wife and daughter - wandered from 1st call area and stumbled upon the steerage passengers - image is haunting mixture of found patterns of forms and human activity--> stirs deep emotion
De Stijl
- Dutch movement promoting utopian ideals - believe in birth of a new age at the end of WWI - thought it was the time of balance between individual and universal values - develop simplified geometric style
Street, Dresden (8)
- Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - The Bridge - glimpse into frenzied, urbanized life of Germany pre WWI - scene is jarring and lacks harmony in both composition and color - women in foreground loom large and approach menacingly - perspective of the street threatens to push women directly into the viewers space--> confrontational nature - grotesque/detached faces--> mask like - women's faces and juxtaposition of colors add to the expressive impact of the image
Woman with the Hat (6)
- Henri Matisse - Fauvism - painting his wife - compositionally the painting is conventional but random choice of color surprises the viewers - sketchiness of forms--> whole image has patches of juxtaposed colors - produces jarring color contrasts
Painting
- Joan Miro - surrealism - used automatism to create this - began by making scattered collage composition - black figures= constellations in space
Supremist Composition: Airplane Flying
- Kazimir Malevich - supremist - squares, rectangles, and straight lines all fill the painting - brightly colored shapes floating against and within white space - placed in dynamic relationships to one another
Fountain
- Marcel Duchamp - Dada - one of his readymade sculptures--> may be his most outrageous one - chose to exhibit this bc the art of this piece lay in the choice of the object aka a urinal - confers (bestows) status of art onto a urinal and makes people see it in a new light - signed "R. Mutt" which was a fake name based off of the plumbing company and a popular comic (Dada humor)
Night
- Max Beckmann - new objectivity - not a war scene but showing societies current condition--> brutality and violence in homes - shows 3 intruders in a room - raping a woman - hung her husband - taking child - treatment of forms and space match Beckmann's view of brutality in early 20th cent society - objects= dislocated and contorted - space= buckled and illogical
Les Demoiselles D'Avignon (7)
- Picasso - cubism (analytical) - whole painting represents a dramatic departure from the careful presentation of a visual reality - women shown are prostitutes - women are aggressive and challenge the viewer--> as if they are aware of viewers presence - 3 of women are shown w/ grotesque faces--> influenced by African sculpture - opens door to a radically new method
Maquette for Guitar (6)
- Picasso - synthetic cubism - model for a sculpture of sheet metal - presents a cutaway view of guitar - lets viewer examine both surface and interior space (both mass and void) - transform anatomical features of African masks into part of an instrument
The persistence of memory
- Salvador Dali - surrealism (naturalistic) - realistically rendered landscape - features three decaying watches - expect watches to be hard but these are soft - creates haunting allegory of empty space where time has ended - rendered every detail of dreamscape with precise control - wants to make the irrational concrete
Unique forms of continuity in space
- Umberto Boccioni - futurism - definitive work of futurist sculpture - shows a running figure--> body is so expanded it seems as if it disappears behind the blur of its movement - search for a sculptural way to show dynamic movement reaches monumental expression in this - highlights formal and spatial effects of motion.. NOT their source
Improvisation (5)
- Vassily Kandinsky - Blue Rider - conveys feelings with.. - color juxtapositions - intersecting linear elements - implied spatial relationships - so abstract--> can't find anything narrative - thinking about the experience people have while making music
Suprematism
- abstract style of art started by Kazimir Malevich - *convey the belief that supreme reality in the world is pure feeling* - attaches to no objects and thus calls for new, nonobjective forms in art--> shapes not related to objects in the visible world - says the visual phenomena of objective world are meaningless - believe everyone can understand this new art bc of the universality of its symbols
Assemblage
- an artwork constructed from already existing objects
Dada
- another early 20th century art movement - emerged after WWI - Dadaist considered WWI as an insane spectacle of collective homicide - prompted by the revulsion against the horror of the war (never seen such widespread slaughter) - embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive - art is characterized by disdain for convention which is often enlivened by humor/whimsical things - more of a mindset/attitude than a single identifiable thing - **born of pessimism and cynicism**
The Amrory Show
- art exhibition in New York in 1913 - organized by two artists: Walt Kuhn and Arthur B. Davies - includes both American and European artwork - american artists had been isolated from artistic developments across the ocean: this is ended by armory show - at first it received bad attention/reviews from the press---> now its seen as seminal event in development of American modernist art
Expressionism
- art that is the result of the artists inner vision, often layered with emotional and psychological elements
New Objectivity
- artistic movement in Germany started after WWI - all the artists that are a part of it served in German army - military experience influenced their world views - aim of movement is to present a clear-eyed, direct and honest image of the war and its effects
Blue Period (4)
- artistic period of Picasso - in a melancholy state of mind - used mainly blue colors to show worn, pathetic and alienated figures - pessimistic overtones
Vassily Kandinsky (8)
- born in Russia - moved to Munich in 1896 - developed a spontaneous and aggressively avant-garde expressive style - one of the 1st artists to explore complete abstraction - elimination of representational objects - fueled by advances in science - was a true intellect (widely read in philosophy, religion, art and music) - thinks artists must express themselves by orchestrating color, form, and line
Henri Matisse (4)
- dominant figure of Fauve group - first a lawyer then decided to become an artist - says that one of the defining things of Fauvism was rejecting imitative colors - color= formal element responsible for pictorial coherence and primary conveyor of meaning
Futurism
- early 20th century Italian art movement - said war was a cleansing agent - celebrated speed and dynamism of modern technology - aiming for a new, more enlightened era
Constructivism
- early 20th century Russian art movement - started by Naum Gabo - sculptural movement that deals with assembled structures rather than traditional modeled forms - build up structures piece by piece in space instead of carving/modeling them - deal with "volumes of mass" and "volumes of space" as different materials
German Expressionism
- expressiveness of German artists was due to their wrenching distortions of form, ragged out lines and agitated brush strokes
Cubism and its stages (11)
- formed by experiments of Picasso and Georges Braques in 1908 - influenced by Cezanne - early 20th century art movement - **reject naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes/forms abstracted from conventionally perceived world** - formulated on belief that the art of painting needed to move much farther beyond the description of visual reality/ how we see them isn't enough - need more than a single viewpoint - it was a radical turning point in the history of art - dissect everything around them and break them down to show form and meaning - got its name when Matisse described one of Braques works as being painted "with little cubes" - 1st stage= Analytical Cubism - 2nd stage= Synthetic Cubism
The Bridge (4)
- german expressionist movement started in Dresden in 1905 - artists wanted to create a "bridge" between old and new Germany - led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - protested the hypocrisy and materialistic ideas of those in power - "Die Brucke" = the bridge
Pablo Picasso (8)
- most prolific artist in history - born in Spain - started at Barcelona Academy for Fine Arts in late 1890s - prodigious talent led him to experiment with lots of visual expression--> started in Spain and ended in Paris (1904) - explored basically every artistic medium - always stayed a traditional artist bc he always made careful preparatory studies for all his major works - epitomized modernism in his constant quest for innovation - once he was in Paris he had evolved through - spanish paintings sober realism through an impressionist phase to his blue period - one of the founders of Cubism - influenced by African masks and art
Umberto Boccioni
- one of the cosigners of Futurist Manifesto - in early 20th cent he was unsurpassed for his ability to capture sensation of motion in statue form - produced work that is definitive work of futurism
Marcel Duchamp
- one of the most influential Dadaist - frenchman who became central artist of New York Dada and was also active in Paris - started "readymade" sculptures
Alfred Stieglitz
- person most responsible for elevating the importance of photography - took camera everywhere and photographed whatever he saw around him - studied photochemistry in Germany then moved back to New York - once back in NYC founded the photo-secession group - only believed in making "straight, unmanipulated" photographs---> only use basic photographic process when exposing/printing pics - wants his pics to capture a moment so well that whoever looks at it feels as if they were there - specialized in photos of his environment
Bauhaus
- school in Germany - 1919; Walter Groupius becomes director - goal is to train artists, architects, and designers to accept/anticipate 20th century needs - developed extensive curriculum that art schools everywhere now structure their curriculum off of
Readymade sculpture
- started by Marcel Duchamp - Dada art - sculptures made from mass produced every day objects--> sometimes modified and sometimes combined with another object
