ARH 301 test 1 images

Book of the Dead, vignette from Spell 125, Papyrus of Hunefer (1285 BC).

Book of the Dead, vignette from Spell 125, Papyrus of Hunefer. Shows deceased, Hunefer, being led to judgment by jackal- headed god Anubis, where his heart is weighed against a feather, symbol of truth, in the presence of Thoth, ibis- headed god of wisdom and "lord of the divine words", as accompanying inscription reads, and who wears the wide sash of a divine lector priest; he notes the results of the weighing. Then, the deceased is led to the supreme judge of the dead and ruler of the underworld, Osiris, who is shown enthroned with attendants. From Thebes. Painted papyrus from the Nineteenth Dynasty ca. 1285 B.C. H. 39 cm. London, British Museum, EA 9001/3.

Doryphorus c.450-440BCE (creation), classical greek

Created by Polykleitos, who was a well known Greek sculptor. He created "The Canon" which was a book that discussed what the ideal human figure looked like. He created a larger than life bronze sculpture which was holding a spear (maybe achilles) to demonstrate the perfect human body. The sculpture didn't survive because the bronze was melted down for weapons, but the Romans made multiple marble copies of the bronze statue. Doryphorus also demonstrated "contrapposto" which means he looks like he's in movement (shifting of feet/hips).

Ishtar gate and throne room wall from Babylon (Neo-Babylonian (ca. 600-500 BC))

Ishtar gate and throne room wall from Babylon. The gate is decorated with tiers of dragons sacred to Marduk and bulls with blue forelocks and tails. On the throne room wall, lions walk in a line beneath stylized palm trees. c. 575 BCE. Glazed brick. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Vorderasiatisches Museum. Nebuchadnezzar built this along with its famous hanging gardens and Processional Way. The Processional Way ended at the Ishtar Gate. The Ishtar Gate took lots of skill to make because the bricks were fired which made them shrink, so that had to be taken into consideration. Had four crenellated (notched) towers and very elaborate decoration. The gate symbolized Babylonian power.

Standard of Ur (2550-2400BCE (creation))

Above: Upper register of side represents celebratory banquet at which king (larger figure seated at left, wearing elaborate skirt) and others drink as musicians play stringed instruments. Middle and lower registers represent procession of people and animals, perhaps advancing to palace. Below: Upper register of side depicts presentation of prisoners of war to king. Middle register depicts soldiers marching with wounded prisoners. Lower register depicts chariots running over enemies." Excavated from the royal tombs of Ur. A wooden box.

Archer in the temple of Aphaia (500 - 490 BCE.)

Among the best preserved fragments from Aegina is the dying warrior. This tragic but noble figure struggles to raise himself, supported on bent leg and elbow. He rises to extract an arrow from his chest, even though his death seems certain. Originally the figure would have been painted and fitted with authentic bronze accessories, heightening the sense of reality.

Khafre Statue (circa 2550 BC)

Khafre, seated, with protective Horus falcon. The statue originally stood with twenty-two other royal figures as centerpiece of the statue cult in the king's valley temple, Giza. Made of anorthosite gneiss (a type of feldspar) in the Fourth Dynasty circa 2550 BC. H. 168 cm., W. 57 cm. Cairo, Egyptian Museum, CG 14. Represents the ruler enthroned and protected by the falcon- god Horus, who perches behind the king's head, enfolding it in his wings. Khafre wears the traditional royal costume. He conveys a strong sense of dignity, calm, and, above all, permanence. The compactness arms pressed tightly to the body and body firmly anchored in the block projects a sense of unwavering power in an athletic body caught at the peak of perfection.

Camel carrying a group of musicians (mid 8c.CE (creation)); Chinese

Made of glazed and earthenware. Found in a tomb near present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi (Shanxi). Depicts Central Asian visitors to Tang capital of Chang'an. Such ceramic figurines, produced by the thousand for tombs, were decorated using a three-color-glaze technique that was a specialty of Tang ceramists. The glazes- usually chosen from a restricted palette of amber, yellow, green, and white- were splashed freely and allowed to run over the surface during firing to convey a feeling of spontaneity that complements the lively gestures and expressive faces of both camel and rider.

Riace warrior: Statue Areplication (c.460 BCE (creation), early classical greek)

One of the few bronze statues that is still surviving. Found ship wrecked near Riace, Italy. Made of bronze, bone, glass, silver, and copper. Most bronze statues were melted down to make weapons. Mimisis: replication of a human being. They added other types of materials to make the statues appear even more life-like. You can get this decorative quality because the figure started out as wax. Fully sculpture in the round. Meant to be seen in 360 degrees. Contraposto: implied motion/ shift of weight/ life likeness. Idealism because this statue demonstrated what was believed to be the ideal human figure.

Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD)

Ruins located in Rome. Contained a statue of Constantine, that was huge. Had multiple similarities to the Pantheon. They held court here. Was originally built for Maxentius but then Constantine took over and finished the building and dedicated it to himself. He created this space to function like god. Basilica= church. It functioned as an administrative center and provided a magnificent setting for the emperor when he appeared as supreme judge. The central hall was covered with huge groin vaults buttressed by the barrel vaults of the side aisles. such strong support for the central groin vaults allowed the opening of generous windows in the clerestory. A porch extended across one short side sheltering a triple entrance to the central hall.

seal found in the tomb of Queen Puabi. cylindrical seal and its modern impression. (c.2600-2500BCE (creation))

Seal found in the tomb of Queen Puabi, placed against her right arm. Impression depicts a banquet at which all guests, servants, and musicians are women. were made of hard and sometimes semiprecioius stones with designs incised into the surface. Rolled across a damp clay surface, the seal leaves a mirror image of its design that cannot easily be altered once dry. Found in the royal burial sites at Ur. This seal came from the tomb of Puabi.

Inner Shrine, Main Hall, Ise (beginning c.690CE (creation))

The Inner Shrine, also know as Naiku or Kotai Jungu, is located south of Ise, in the Mie Prefecture. The Shrine is dedicated to the sun goddess Amaterasu-omikami. It has been rebuilt many times since the 7th century, most recently in 2013, and is made of cypress wood joined together with no nails. It is one of the holiest of Shinto Shrines and only the Imperial Family and a few Shinto priests may enter the enclosure. Was made of unpainted cypress wood. Located on the coast southwest of Tokyo, Japan. A great Shinto monument, where the main deity worshipped the sun goddess (the legendary progenitor of Japan's imperial family. The architecture is simple and that was the purpose to give a feeling of natural simplicity. Used no nails, therefore it has been rebuilt many times. Wooden piles raise the building off the ground, horizontal logs hold the thatched roof in place.

Pantheon (c.118-125 (creation)) Roman style

The emperor Hadrian (A.D 117-138) built the Pantheon to replace Augustus' friend and Commander Marcus Agrippa's Pantheon of 27 B.C. which burnt to the ground in 80 A.D. Had spatial experimentation and structural audacity that are all hallmarks of Roman imperial architecture. The circular wall was called the drum and was formed by bricks, concrete, and arches. Acted as a temple to Mars, Venus, and Julius Caesar. Hadrin sat in the middle to hold court. stepped dome= layering with concrete. The diameter of the dome= the height so it formed a perfect sphere. Rotunda= circular room that was topped by a dome. Oculus- a hole in the center of the dome that acted as the only light source.

Great Pyramid of Giza/ Cheops (2600-2472BCE (creation))

The oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex. Made of granite and limestone. The designers of the pyramids tried to ensure that the king and his tomb "home" would never be disturbed. Khufu's builders placed his tomb chamber in the very heart of the mountain of masonry, at the end of a long, narrow, steeply rising passageway, sealed off after the king's burial by a 50-ton stone block. Three false passageways, either deliberately meant to mislead or the result of changes in plan as construction progressed, obscured the location of the tomb. Despite such precautions, early looters managed to penetrate to the tomb chamber and make off with Khufu's funeral treasure.

Tomb of Reliefs (3c.BCE (creation))

These tombs were made of stucco. Some parts are subtractive. There were many household items placed in the tomb to help with ones rite of passage. Showed what Etruscan houses would've looked like. The stucco decoration was not expensive but was very ornate and beautiful. There were larger tombs and smaller tombs. These tombs are warm and welcoming and the sarcophagus figures show lively individuals with alert eyes and warm smiles.

Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt (old kingdom 2400 BC)

Ti, standing twice as tall as other figures, watches men in another boat spearing hippopotamuses. Above are papyrus flowers, among which lurk many animals and birds. From the Tomb of Ti, Saqqara. Painted limestone relief c. 2400 BC. H 45 in. Elaborate paintings and reliefs often decorated the interiors of the tombs of royalty and wealthy individuals. In a separate boat ahead of Ti, the actual hunters, being of lesser rank and engaged in more strenuous activities, are rendered in a more lifelike and lively fashion than their master. They are captured at the charged moment of closing in on their prey ready to lunge. Supervising hippopotamus hunts was a duty of court officials like Ti. It was believed that Seth, the god of darkness, disguised himself as a hippo. Hippos were thought to be destructive since they wandered into fields, damaging crops. Thus tomb depictions of hippo hunts document the valor of the deceased and symbolize the triumph of good over evil. Egyptian.

Greek Theater in Epidauros (c.360-350BCE (creation))

Usually had three greek plays, primarily tragedies, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Was a semicircle of tiered seats built into a hillside overlooked a circular performance area, called the orchestra, at the center of which was an alter to Dionysos. Behind the orchestra was a two tiered stage structure made up of the vertical scene- an architectural backdrop for performances. This design provided uninterrupted sight lines and excellent acoustics, and allowed for the efficient entrance and exit of 12,000 spectators- a basic plan not to greatly improve upon since. Located in a more rural area, a little off the side from Athens. The seats are built up into a hill. Was dedicated to ascleplus (first doctor in written history). Polykleitus created perfect acoustics b/c of how the stones reflected sound. They also used a resonator (embedded in the wall) to tone out resonances they didn't want to hear. Marble steps.

Votive statues from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (Tell Asmar) Sumerian (ca. 3500-2800 BC)

Votive statues from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (Tell Asmar). The face, hair, bodies and clothing of the figures are reduced to geometric shapes. The eyes are large and staring and the hands clasped. c. 2900-2600 BCE. Limestone, alabaster and gypsum. Largest figure approx. 30 in. (76.3 cm) high. They are dedicated to the gods, show a devotional practice in which wealthy worshippers would set up images of themselves in a shrine before a larger, more elaborate image of a god. Inscription identifies them as "one who offers prayers". Followed the conventions of Sumerian art- the faces, bodies, and dress are stylized and streamlined to emphasize the cylindrical forms of the figures. All stand solemnly, hands clasped in respect, perhaps a posture expected in devotional contexts. The bold, glaring, inlaid eyes may be related to statements in contemporary Sumerian texts that advise worshippers to approach their deities with an attentive gaze.

Arch of Titus (81 CE (creation), Imperial/ Roman)

Was constructed of concrete and faced with marble, it is essentially a large free standing gateway whose passageway is covered by a barrel vault. Composite columns were added to the faces of the arch. It originally served as a giant base for a monumental bronze statue of a four-horse chariot and driver, a typical Roman triumph symbol. Titus's soldiers looted and destroyed the second temple of Jerusalem and this is depicted on a relief on the inside walls of the arch. The varying depth of relief sculpture creates the impression that the marches are moving toward the viewer and then turning to move away at the right through a distant arch, producing a clear illusion of a deeper and more complex space than earlier reliefs of Ara Pacis.

Parthenon (ca. 480-393 BCE (creation), classical greek)

Was located in Athens. According to inscriptions as well as the writings of Plutarch, Kallikrates designed the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis. There is also suggestion that he was the designer of the Ionic elements of the Parthenon. Built to Athena the virgin goddess. There is a temple/sanctuary called a cella, was located in the center. Colonade is a series of columns. Had a giant statue of Athena in the middle. Doric order= type of columns. Entablature (lintel)= horizontal elements. Post= vertical elements, they hold up the horizontal elements.

White Temple (c.3300BCE (creation))

White Temple was situated on Anu Ziggurat, within sacred Kullaba precinct of Uruk. Ziggurats were the most imposing Sumerian buildings. Ziggurats proclaimed wealth, prestige, and stability of a city's rulers and glorified its gods. They functioned as lofty bridges between the earth and the heavens, a meeting place for humans and their gods. Temple complexes- clusters of religious, administrative, and service buildings- stood in each city's center. A whitewashed brick temple was erected on top of Anu's ziggurat.

Terra Cota Warriors (3c.BC)

around 8,000 soldiers. It took 85 artists to make these warriors. They are all over slightly life-sized. Made for Emperor Qin, the first emperor. Qin had members of his court were executed and buried with him. He needed something stupendous in his tomb to demonstrate the strength of his rule. The statues were made from separate molds but the faces and smaller details were carved. The molds were put together and then fired. The proportions were odd because they needed a sturdy base. Figures were painted and were incredibly detailed. The eternal army : the terracotta soldiers of the first Chinese emperor.

Pont-du-Gard (ca. 19 BCE (creation), Imperial/ Roman)

built works; bridges (built works). Located in France. Was constructed of precisely cut stones from a nearby quarry. Consisted of a stack of three arcades (series of regularly spaced openings) formed by fitting together wedge-shaped pieces called voussoirs, which are locked together at the top center by a final piece called a keystone. A utilitarian structure, the aqueduct was left undecorated, and the projecting blocks that supported scaffolding during construction were left to provide easy access for repairs. Conveys a sense of balance, proportion, and rhythm, and although it harmonizes with its natural setting, it also makes a bold statement about Rome's ability to control nature in order to provide for its cities.

Gold Mask of Tutankhamun (new kingdom c.1334-1325BCE (creation))

made of gold and semiprecious stones. The young king holds the crook and flail that symbolizes his power as provider and protector to his people, and that associate him with Osiris, a fertility and vegetation god who presided over the dead and the underworld.

Great Stupa (1c. BCE). Style= Indian

originally built during the time of Ashoka and enlarged between 150-50 BCE, was part of a large monastery complex crowning a hilltop. The mast is an axis mundi, connecting the cosmic waters below the earth with the celestial realm above it and anchoring everything in its proper place. the ornate gate provides a physical and symbolic boundary between the inner, sacred area and the outer, profane world. Each gateway is carved with incidents from the Buddha's life and past lives, figures that associate female beauty with the fertility of nature. The Yakshi Bracket figure is placed at the threshold to prepare you to enter a sacred place. Burial site with the remains of the Buddha. You walk around clockwise to honor Buddha. reliquary: holds relics (bone, ashes, saint's hair, etc.)