arh quiz 2

Raigo

Japanese, "welcoming approach." An image or installation that shows the Amida Buddha of JODO Buddhism descending to earth to welcome souls into his Western Paradise

Liji

"Book of Rites." CONFUCIUS's summary of the late Zhou philosophy of jade

Haboku

"Broken ink." Also known as SO. A style of Japanese painting associated with ZEN BUDDHISM that uses dramatic ink washes. Inspired by Chan Buddhist paintings of the Song period in China

Shogun

"Military Pacifier of the East." The twelfth-century title for successive dynasties of military rulers Japan (until 1868)

Ukiyo-E

"Pictures of the floating world." A generic tradition of painting dating from about 1600 representing daily life and the kabuki theater. Mass-produced through the inexpensive medium of woodblock printing

Koans

"Questions" or "exchanges" with a Zen master designed to break down traditional, rational patterns of thought, sharpen one's intuitions, and create a breakthrough toenlightenment and sense of oneness with nature

Yijing

"The Book of Changes." A divination text (c. 200-100 BCE) that explains early Chinese views of the cosmos and discusses the qualities of jade

Samurai

(Or bushi) A noble and professional class of feudal warriors. The samurai code included seppuku, a ritual of suicide known in the West as hara-kiri

Yamato-E

Literally, "Japanese style." A native style of painting that emerged in the Heian period. Named for the Yamato Plain where the city of Nara was built

Calligraphy

Literally, "beautiful handwriting." In China, the art of fine handwriting developed concurrently with painting, and practitioners of one art form were often accomplished in the other. They used the same brushes and inks and tended to work in flashes of inspiration to capture the QI and give their marks meaning beyond the words or subjects they illustrate

Yunqi

Literally, "cloud spirit" or "cloud force." A rhythmic, curvilinear scroll form that embodies the energy of the QI. It is often associated with the cult of sacred mountains.

Raku

Literally, "happiness wares." Low-fired ceramic wares whose imperfect shapes, rough incisions, and loosely splashed glazes reflect the ancient folk traditions of Japan and Korea

Emakimono

Literally, "rolled picture." A horizontal scroll associated with a narrative style of painting that emerged in the Heian period. Also called emaki

Noh

Literally, "talent or performance." A form of Japanese drama with restrained actions and prolonged silences patronized by the noble classes

Cun

The raindrop or "wrinkle" brushstroke used inside ink contour lines to shade, model, and texture forms to make them appeal to the sense of touch and appear to have greater mass. Chinese writers identify about twenty-five varieties

Irimoya

The traditional Japanese hip-and-gable roof type. It may support shibi, crescent-shaped decorations at the ends of the ridge pole

Ming

The ultimate inward vision in which the two vital forces of nature, the YIN and the YANG, become one in DAOISM's experience of the oneness of all creation. Also, the name (meaning "bright") of a Chinese dynasty of rulers (1368-1644)

Kondo

"Golden hall." An area of active worship in a Buddhist temple compound. Also known as a hondo

Daimyo

"Great names." Powerful feudal lords, commanders of the SAMURAI.

Shinden

Heian-period country houses with central sleeping areas and smaller buildings linked by covered walkways around gardens and ponds

Gaso

A ZEN priest-painter

Lacquer

A clear, natural varnish obtained from the Rhus verniciflua (lacquer tree). It is generally applied in many layers with impregnated color, forms a hard and long-lasting body when dry, and may be carved

Byobu

A decorative folding screen

Patina

A discoloration of bronze caused by prolonged exposure to minerals. The main patinas appearing on Chinese bronzes are blue (azurite), green (malachite), and red (cuprite). Similar color effects can be created more quickly using solutions of acids

Crackle

A distinctive type of pattern of cracks that develops in the glaze on a piece of pottery owing to the fact that the glaze and clay body of the vessel contract at unequal rates during cooling after the fired vessel is removed from the kiln. Also known as crazing.

Kano School

A distinctively Japanese style of painting developed by members of the Kano family in the sixteenth century and known for its bold, overall decorative patterning, rich colors, and gold-leaf backgrounds. It remained the dominant style of painting in Japan until the Meiji period

Porcelain

A fine white hard-paste and translucent pottery made from volcanic clays containing the minerals quartz, kaolin, and feldspar. Also made of other clays rich in kaolin. One of the major centers of production in China was established at Jingdezhen around 1004CE, a region with exceptionally fine porcellaneous clays close to the Yangzi River along which the wares were exported. By the Ming period, Chinese painters were creating the hard-edged blue cobalt and white designs on porcelains for which China became famous

Torii

A gateway to a SHINTO shrine

Kakemono

A hanging scroll

Chanoyu

A highly ritualized tea ceremony that combines the philosophies of many Japanese movements in the arts. The ceremony fosters a set of SHINTO-based ethics embodied in the principles of WABI (honesty, integrity, reticence, quiet simplicity) and SABI (a preference for the old and rustic over the new). It also advocates SHIBUI, a taste for that which is bitter but pleasing, a prominent quality of many teas used in the ceremony

Mortise and Tenon

A method of joining two pieces of wood or stone in which a tenon, or projecting part, from one piece is inserted into a mortise, or cavity, of corresponding size and shape in the other. The two pieces may then be pinned, glued, or wedged together.

Confucianism

A moral philosophy dating back to at least Shang times, which was codified in the social ethics and teachings Confucius (c. 551-479 BCE). It paid homage to one's spirit ancestors to recreate the perfect order of the spiritual world here on earth. Confucius called this ideal of perfect harmony with nature and the spirits the LI. Confucius believed the ideal Chinese gentleman - a broad-minded, loyal, respectful, and just individual with empathy and good etiquette or deportment - embodied the li and concept of ren (human-heartedness). Confucian respect for age, authority, and morality made this philosophy popular among Chinese leaders and the artists they patronized for centuries to come. However, Confucius did not comment directly on the arts and how his principles might be manifest in them

Pagoda

A name derived from a Portuguese word of undetermined origin. A tall, slender tower with accented, upturned eaves that may derive from Han watchtowers known through terracotta models in tombs, or the yasti on stupas. An internationally recognized architectural symbol of Asia

Tokonoma

A shallow alcove or niche in a tea house where a flower arrangement and small painting or hanging scroll might be displayed during a tea ceremony

Celadon

A term of disputed origin referring to a glaze developed in China and used elsewhere in Asia, particularly Korea and Japan. The classic celadon glaze colors are pale greens and bluish-greens that resemble those of jades. The term is also used to refer to any vessel with a celadon glaze

Ding

A three-legged bronze vessel type produced in the Shang and later periods, developed from Neolithic ceramic prototypes

Yu

A type of ornate bronze vessel made in the Shang and Zhou periods

Shamanism

A widespread belief that certain individuals known as shamans are able to enter self-induced trance states and communicate with the celestial world. They perform a variety of functions—healing, spiritual, etc.—assumed by priests, preachers, magicians, actors, doctors, and others in larger, more industrialized societies.

Wenren

Also known as literati painters. Highly educated, upper-class scholar-officials who emerged in the Song period who did not attempt to make a living from their art. Many writers of the time praised them for their lofty-mindedness, inspiration, spontaneity, and creativity, and said they were superior to the professional court painters associated with the academies

Individualists

Also known as the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou." A group of late Ming artists who would not acknowledge the authority of their new Manchu overlords. They followed the Song traditions of painting, as well as inventing some new ones of their own

The Tale of Genji

Also known as the Genji Monogatari. A novel (c. 1000-15) by Lady Murasaki, often illustrated in the YAMATO-E style of painting by women artists

Shi Mo

An austere style of painting with ink, but no color, on absorbent papers capable of capturing the subtlest nuances of brushwork

Neo-Confucianism

An eclectic Chinese philosophy that had been developing since the Tang period, incorporating elements of DAOIST and Buddhist thought. The official ethical and metaphysical philosophy of the Ming court.

Chan Buddhism

Chan derives from the Sanskrit word dhyana, meaning "contemplation." A mystical form of Buddhism that seeks harmony with the vital spirit of nature through meditation. In the West, it is better-known as Zen, the Japanese pronunciation of "Chan"

Daoism

Chinese, "The Way." A philosophy derived from the Dao de jing ("Book of the Way") by Lao Zi ("Old One") (born c. 604 BCE)that explains how the dao is embedded in the heart of nature. A general term for the animistic beliefs that lie at the core of the Chinese understanding of the world and humankind's quest for harmony with nature. Through contemplation, the Daoist seeks to release his or her ego or natural instincts and achieve this harmony with the flow of nature and the universe. In contrast to CONFUCIANISM, which guides one's communal or outer life, Daoism is a private inner and spiritual philosophy. Daoist priests were often court divinators and shamans. Together, the dao and LIexpress dual and complementary ideals of life; the inner and outer worlds of existence

Bi

Chinese, "circular"

Cong

Chinese, "rectangular." Along with the BI, one of two important geometric forms made from jade and dating from the Neolithic period

Pinyin

Chinese, "spelled sound." A system of transliterating the Chinese language adopted by the People's Republic of China in 1958 and later in Taiwan, where it is called the New Phonetic System. It has largely replaced the older Wade-Giles system

Reliquaries

Elaborate containers designed to hold valued religious relics

Chinoiserie

French term meaning "Chinese-style things." The vogue for Chinese art in the West beginning around 1700

Kofun

From ko, "old" or "ancient," and fun, "grave mound." These large mound-tombs, erected by the rulers of the Kofun period, were surrounded by rows of HANIWA (hani, "clay and wa, "circle"), terracotta images of shields, singers, armored warriors, ladies, birds, and horses, which marked the boundary between the land of the living and the dead

Shinto

From the Chinese words for "Sacred Way" or "Way of the Gods." The pre-Buddhist religion of Japan that venerated the KAMI,nature gods, at sacred places (IWAKURA), where those spirits live in the rocks, trees, water, and other objects. The religion encouraged the development of apparently simple and rustic, but deceptively complex art forms and rituals. Many Japanese worshipers combine elements of Shintoism and Buddhism in their belief systems

Feng Shui

I From the Chinese for "wind" and "water." A colloquial Chinese name for a DAOIST belief that people and nature are linked in an invisible dialogue and that certain "dragon lines" of energy or QI flowing along the surface and within the earth have the power to influence the lives of people near them. The flow of this qi is not static and may vary every two hours or at other intervals throughout a sixty-year cycle of time in the Chinese calender

Li

I The "innate structure of nature" in Confucianism. Similar in concept to the dao ("The Way") of Lao Zi (see DAOISM) and the QI of Xie He

Shoin

Japanese for "drawing room" or "study." An architectural form that emerged in the Momoyama period. The proportional relationships of all the parts are based on the TATAMI module. Known for its asymmetry and variety of open, flowing spaces, which can be reconfigured though the use of FUSUMA (sliding panels)

Nambam Byobu

Japanese, "screen paintings of barbarians." A type of Japanese screen painting made in the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries representing Westerners and their ships. At the time, the Japanese called Westerners the nambam jin("southern barbarians")

Satori

Japanese, "understanding" or "to see into one's true nature"; commonly translated as "enlightenment." To have a deep spiritual experience of oneness with all nature

Fluxus

Latin for "flowing." An international group of artists (c. 1960-78) that promoted "living art" in which there was no separation of art and life. A fully universal movement that was not dependent upon the support of the New York City galleries and museums.

Esoteric Buddhism

Mikkyo in Japanese. A highly intellectual and elitist sect that placed a great value on mandalas to instruct and enlighten the faithful in the complexities of that sect. It includes the Tendai and Shingon sectsfrom northern India, Nepal, and Tibet

Fusuma

Painted paper-covered sliding panels or doors mounted in slotted wooden tracks in temples, castles, and other large Japanese buildings. Generally associated with the Momoyama period to the present

Amitabha Buddhism

Pure Land Buddhism, call out the name of the Buddha. Its art forms relatively simple and populist

Chumon

The "middle gate" to a Japanese Buddhist temple compound. Often containing KONGO RIKISHI, large sculptured images of fierce guardian deities

Zen Buddhism

The Japanese equivalent of Chan Buddhism in China. The name is based on the Japanese pronunciation of "Chan." It arrived in Japan in the thirteenth century and has two pillars of wisdom: transcendental naturalism, the idea that we are one with the cosmos; and spontaneous intuition, the idea that we must express this oneness intuitively, with an economy of means. The painting style associated with ZEN is called ZENGA

Jodo

The Japanese name for Pure Land Buddhism, which came to Japan from China. Focussed on the Amida Buddha, it first gained a widespread following during the Heian period

Koto

The Japanese national musical instrument, similar to a zither. A long wooden instrument with thirteen strings (to be plucked) and thirteen movable bridges set over a wooden soundbox

Yin and Yang

The female and male principles of nature in DAOIST thought. The yin (female) is associated with darkness, softness, and passivity, and the yang (male) with brightness, hardness, and action.

Haiku

The most characteristic form of poetry in Japan since the fourteenth century, consisting of three lines of five, seven, and five syllables. Previously, the TANKA format (consisting of thirty-one syllables) had been the most popular form of poetry in Japan

Zenga

The painting style associated with Zen Buddhism

Qi

The vital spirit embedded in nature, mentioned in the canons of Xie He. An artist's qi is manifest in his body movements, especially his brushwork, which expresses his harmony (yun) with nature. The WENREN artists from the cultural elite in China believed that through their cultural refinement they could express their qi in their works, while the professional academic painters who worked for hire in the courts could not

Sinicize

To acculturate or convert to Chinese ways. Often used in reference to the way the Chinese have absorbed successive waves of foreign intruders into the mainstream of their culture. Sinology is the study of Chinese civilization

Taotie

Varieties of ogre or monster masks formed by the conjunction of two profile faces with prominent beady eyes. Used to decorate Shang bronze vessels.

Tatami

Woven reed floor mats about 3 by 6 feet (90 180 cm). Proportional relationships in traditional Japanese architectural planning are based on the tatami module