ARH TEST 4

___ ___ emerged in New York in the mid-twentieth century. The art of ___ ___ emphasized: spontaneity. gestural brushstrokes. nonobjective imagery. fields of intense color. Some ___ ___ focused on gestural painting methods, while others explored subtle interactions of color. -Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko Center of art world moved from Paris to NYC during Post-WW2 period. HUGE CANVAS, NO AGENDA OR SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES. If there were figures, abstracted. -Assemblage and construction sculptures (not in this period just saying)

Abstract Expressionism

The American photographer Alfred Stieglitz supported the development of abstract art in the United States by exhibiting modern European works, along with those of American artists influenced by the Parisian avant-garde, in his 291 gallery in New York. In 1913, the sensational ____ ____—the International Exhibition of Modern Art in New York—assembled works by leading European and American artists. Grant Wood, American Gothic -THE TURNING POINT OF AMERICA TO GO TO ABSTRACTION. America prior did not like Abstraction. Preferred down-to-earth and humble portraits or landscapes with Romantic influences (the power of nature).

Armory Show

____ ____ is marked by: a lyrical linearity. the use of symbolism. rich ornamentation. an overriding sense of the organic. ____ ____ originated in England as part of the arts-and-crafts movement that arose in rebellion against the pretentiousness of nineteenth-century art. Alphonse Mucha is one of the most famous Art Nouveau artist. He did posters, paintings, currency, postcards, and other designs. -Antoni Gaudí: architecture (grew out of ground)

Art Nouveau

Some of the most notable characteristics of modern painting included a newfound realism of subject and technique, a more fluid or impressionistic handling of medium, and a new treatment of space. One nineteenth-century sculptor, Auguste Rodin, changed the course of the history of sculpture by applying these principles of modern painting in his work. -The Burghers of Calars (loose structure, see him working the clay, taking it off, no pedestal, eye-level)

Auguste Rodin: Impressionistic

____ began as a literary movement after World War I based on automatic writing, in which the mind explored free associations. ____ emerged out of Dada, but Surrealists turned more towards dreams and the unconscious. They were very much inspired by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung ____ art took two major forms: ____ ____: artists largely practiced automatism (the creation of art without conscious control); the works were mainly abstract -Both practiced sleep deprivation and fasting.

Biomorphic Surrealism

While on the East Coast Pop Art was on the wane and Photorealism on the rise, events on the West Coast were about the change the course of women's art, history, and criticism. ___ art explores the role of gender in society, including in the arts. RECLAIMING THE ART HISTORY OF WOMEN LOST IN TIME. GUERRILA GIRLS: ACTIVISTS MAD AT NY TIMES COVER 1993 OF 'ALL-STARS' BEING ALL WHITE MEN.

Feminist Art

In Mexico, a generation of mural painters channeled the indigenous artistic traditions of Pre-Hispanic Mexico in modern works with epic historical narratives and powerful social and political criticism. After the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910 and ended around 1920, the government established a public mural program to glorify the revolution, promote its ideals, and create pride in Mexico's mestizo (mixed) Spanish and indigenous heritage. -HER AND DIEGO RIVERA were Communists. -Mixed heritage of German father and Mexican mother. -European heart damaged, Mexican heart holding the portrait of her and Diego.

Frida Kahlo

The Italian poet Marinetti introduced ____ in 1909 as a way of glorifying dynamism, or the theory that force or energy is the basic principle of all phenomena. ____ artists attempted to capture the energy of modern life through depiction of the movement of their subjects. Like Cubism, ____ was an experiment in abstraction, but both movements always contained vestiges of representation. They also championed war as a means of washing away the past; they also wanted to destroy museums, libraries, and similar institutions. Many ____ joined up when WWI began and it ended the Futurist movement as many of its members died in the war. -Italy, loved war, cleansing war of old establishments, institute a new.

Futurism

-ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, ACTION PAINTING LEADER

Jackson Pollock

The key artist of the Neoclassical period.

Jacques-Louis David

FEMINIST ART, EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE, WOMEN ALL THRU HISTORY HAVING A PLATE, REST WRITTEN ON FLOOR

Judy Chicago

-THE Dada artist. -READY MADE medium, found mass-produced objects and modified them minimally.

Marcel Duchamp

QUEEN OF PERFORMANCE ART, CRY

Marina Abramović

-ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, COLOR-FIELD PAINTING LEADER

Mark Rothko

privileged action over object, public spaces over museum settings, the impermanent over the permanent, and, often, audience participation over passive spectatorship. Most of the pioneering work in ____ art is memorialized only in still photographs, if at all. Today, a subgenre of ___ art is performance video; such works are scripted and often feature elaborate staging and special effects. TAKE OUT TO THE PUBLIC, EPHEMERAL. MORE ACCESSIBLE, NOW OFTEN DONE IN STUDIO SPACES.

Performance Art

a movement that first gained major recognition during the 1970s, represented a new endeavor to depict subjects with sharp, photographic precision. It was in part a reaction to the expressionistic and abstract movements of the twentieth century. -Chuck Close, Duane Hanson HYPERREALISM. NOT PHOTOGRAPHS, BUT PAINTINGS AND SCULPTURE. HUMOROUS IN SCULPTURE. TRICK YOU INTO BELIEVING IT IS THAT OF A PHOTOGRAPH. FIGURAL PAINTING NEVER WENT AWAY.

Photorealism

SEURAT's artistic style. A Post-Impressionist, using tiny dots like stippling with paint. Leisure activities.

Pointillism

relies on universal images of popular culture, such as movie posters, billboards, magazine and newspaper photographs, and advertisements. Through their selections of commonplace and familiar objects, ___ artists challenged commonplace conceptions about the meaning of art. -Hamilton, Warhol LONDON. Play with the tradition of a window to another world. POP= POPULAR ART FROM POPULAR CULTURE. POKE FUN AT CONSUMER CULTURE BUT ALSO CONNECT, ABSTRACTION DOES NOT ALWAYS CONNECT. NEO-EXPRESSIONISM OCCURRED: REMEMBERING GERMAN HISTORY (also has nothing to do with this just saying)

Pop Art

The postwar era in the United States was marked by the increasing exposure of the inequality between races. The dominant art movements of the 1950s and 1960s were almost exclusively white male. Few if any women artists or artists of color working in the mainstream idioms became familiar names, much less those whose visual images articulated racial and cultural difference. Many artists in the second half of the twentieth century explored ___ and ____ ____ through visual representation. MANY ARTISTS NOT CONFINED TO ONE THING.

Racial/Ethnic Identity Art

The "modern" painters of the nineteenth century objected to Academic art because the subject matter did not represent real life and because the manner in which the subjects were rendered did not reflect reality as it was observed by the naked eye. ____ artists chose to depict subjects that were evident in everyday life, using an optical approach—rather than a conceptual approach—to rendering subjects. "I have never seen an angel. Show me an angel and I'll paint one." Gustave Courbet Modernism-does focus on modern life, but this is also the time when artists start to examine the premises of art itself; it can be critical of art and what qualifies as art and what art is supposed to look like -Optical approach rather than a conceptual approach -Showed lower class, real people with real jobs -Showed stories people did not want to see, depressing -Manet, Courbet

Realism

SEXUAL IDENTITY As women have sought to express their individuality and social concerns through art, so have members of the LGBT community. Photographer ___ ___ created many black-and-white images of people struggling in a world that was hostile to them because of their sexual identify. BRITISH, US GOVT. SPONSOR, ENDED THIS THANKS TO CONSERVATIVE AMERICANS NOT LIKING IT.

Robert Mapplethorpe

While Neoclassicism emphasized restraint of emotion, purity of form, and subjects that inspired morality, ____ artists drew on their imaginations, nature, emotions, the exotic, the past, and the fantastical P. I. N. E. Past: Longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture will be revived). Irrational/Inner mind/Insanity: Romantic artists depict the human psyche and topics that transcend the use of reason. One ____ artist, Gericault, chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum. Nature: Longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationality. Emotion/Exotic: Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on rationality. -Not rational -Semi-racist and sexist with its portrayal of 'exotic' people. -Gericault, Delacroix, Goya

Romanticism

-THE artist of Naturalistic Surrealism.

Salvador Dalí: The Persistence of Memory

-Frida Kahlo

The Two Fridas

-Another key artist of the Realist movement with Luncheon the Grass and Olympia.

Édouard Manet

The style of art with the least impact on the development of modern art was the most popular type of painting in its day. ____ art derived its style and subject matter from conventions established by the ____ Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in Paris. Established in 1648, the ____ maintained a firm grip on artistic production for more than two centuries. -Bouguerean (the ideal) -Naturalistic in style, but not realistic in story or narrative. Soft, classically-inspired, naked women like the Venus.

Academic Art

a technique and style of abstract painting in which paint is randomly splashed, thrown, or poured on the canvas. It was made famous by Jackson Pollock, and formed part of the more general movement of abstract expressionism. A DIVISION OF A-E, ALSO KNOWN AS GESTURAL PAINTING.

Action painting

considered the 1st phase of ____; focused on structures and forms, in particular dissecting and reassembling the

Analytic Cubism

became part of the lexicon of contemporary art with the advent of Postmodernism in the 1980s, but the concept stretches back to early twentieth-century movements such as Cubism and Dada. ____ consists of borrowed elements. Sometimes the new work builds on or changes the one appropriated, but at other times, the original image is unaltered. -Borrowed materials or styles -Example: DIAMONDS.

Appropriation

a style of American abstract painting prominent from the late 1940s to the 1960s which features large expanses of unmodulated color covering the greater part of the canvas. Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko were considered its chief exponents. A DIVISION OF A-E

Color-field painting

which began in the 1960s, asserts that art lies in the mind of the artist; the visible or audible or palpable product is merely an expression of the artist's idea. ___ art challenges the traditional definition of art as involving technical mastery of a craft. THE IDEA IS MORE FUNDAMENTAL THAN THE EXECUTION. EXAMPLE WOULD BE MINIMALISM

Conceptual Art (tmoac)

is the art of today, produced by artists who are living in the twenty-first century Late 90s-present

Contemporary Art

Figurative art in the US still existed. Strong references to people and objects in the real world. -Lonely, stressed the isolation people felt during the Great Depression. FDR public artworks. No door to enter, few people in the diner. -By Edward Hopper.

Nighthawks

Like Expressionism, ____ is the offspring of nineteenth-century influences, in this case Cézanne's geometrization of nature, abandonment of scientific perspective, rendering of multiple views, and emphasis on the two-dimensional canvas surface. Picasso, the driving force behind the birth of ____, combined the pictorial methods of Cézanne with formal elements from native African, Oceanic, and Iberian sculpture. Analytic ____: considered the 1st phase of ____; focused on structures and forms, in particular dissecting and reassembling them (Shatter apart and put it back together) Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Braque's The Portugeuse Guernica Synthetic ____: A new phase that began in 1912; artists constructed paintings, drawings, sculptures, from found or pre-made materials; Collage falls into this phase of ____. Picasso's La bouteille de Suze (More collage-based, from found objects like newspapers and rope)

Cubism

World War I began in August 1914 and lasted until November 1918. This war caused mass destruction for Europe. More than 9 million soldiers died in that 4 year span. In 1916, during World War I, an international movement arose that declared itself against reason, society, traditional art. The name of the movement was supposedly chosen at random from a dictionary, a nonsense term for nonsense art. ____ is French for a child's hobby horse ____ asserted that traditional art forms—a reflection of the absurdity of war and the insanity of a world that gave rise to it—must be discarded. Despite their pessimism, there is always a level of whimsy and irreverent humor to their works. -Reflect the absurdity of the world. -Nonsensical and random.

Dada nonsensical/random

EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN EUROPE The second decade of the twentieth century witnessed the rise of many dynamic schools of art in Europe, including Constructivism and ___ ___. These movements were dedicated to pure abstraction, or nonobjective art. They believed art could contribute to improving society and humanity. They used art to promote utopian ideals. Nonobjective art differs from Cubism and Futurism in its total lack of representational elements. -Led by Piet Mondrian, squares and rectangles, go away from propaganda and motive. COLOR, SHAPE, LINE only. Universal language = the truth of art (understood)

De Stijl

-One of the styles prevailing in Expressionistic Germany, led by Kandinsky. THE BLUE RIDER. MUSIC is the purest abstract form, PUR abstraction (no relation to our world) -Color and symbolism in color

Der Blaue Rieter

-One of the styles prevailing in Expressionistic Germany, led by Kirchner. THE BRIDGE. -Loneliness and isolation whilst surrounded by people in the city.

Die Brücke

the theory that force or energy is the basic principle of all phenomena.

Dynamism

A polarity existed in Postimpressionism that was like the polarity of the Neoclassical-Romantic period. On one hand were artists who sought a more scientific approach to painting. On the other hand were artists whose works were more emotional, expressive, and laden with symbolism, as exemplified by van Gogh and Gauguin. In their vibrant palettes and bravura brushwork, van Gogh and Gauguin foreshadowed ____. -Munch (The Scream) -AMERICA: Realist tradition in figural painting and landscapes, with Romanticism.

Expressionism

is the distortion of nature—as opposed to the imitation of nature—to achieve a desired emotional effect. Like the work of nineteenth-century ____ artists such as van Gogh, Gauguin, Munch, and Kollwitz, twentieth-century ____ used abstraction as a tool to communicate the inner feelings of the artist. ____ styles of the early twentieth century include: Die Brücke (The Bridge). Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). -WW1 -Kollwitz DID NOT belong to either group.

Expressionism (Germany)

was a logical successor to the painting styles of van Gogh and Gauguin, due to its emotive qualities. The art of the ____ emphasized: harsh, non-descriptive color. bold linear patterning. a distorted form of perspective. Fauvism grew out of a desire for a direct form of expression, as well as the discovery of works of art from Africa, Polynesia, and other ancient cultures. -ABSTRACTION through bold use of color.

Fauvism

The phenomenon of ____ has created a world in which cultures are no longer distant from each other, and people and places are no longer separate. Art historians and critics have had to find new ways of analyzing and organizing materials on the subject of multiculturalism and cross-culturalism in contemporary art. Concepts such as hybridity, appropriation, and postcolonialism are important for understanding the art of the twenty-first century. -May be influenced from places across the world.

Globalization

-By Picasso. Analytic Cubism. -Small Spanish village bombed by Hitler, Franco of Spain. -Symbolism with the bull and the horse (Franco of Spain)

Guernica

-The key artist of the Realist movement.

Gustave Courbet

Also in the early twentieth century, a cultural movement took root in a section of New York City known as ____. African American writers, artists, intellectuals, and musicians in ____ produced such a conspicuous body of specifically African American work that the movement became known as the ____ ____. -A CULTURAL MOVEMENT and an art movement. -Can look back at past and recapture it. -Lawrence, Douglas

Harlem Renaissance

-Red Room (Harmony in Red) -The key artist of the Fauves, how a single color interacts with itself, patterning which goes up.

Henri Matisse

is the mixing of traditions of different cultures to create new blends and new connections. High art and high culture (associated with classical antiquity and perpetuated through the artistic traditions of the Renaissance) have traditionally been contrasted with low culture (or popular/mass culture). Some contemporary art focuses on the blurring of boundaries between high art and low culture. -High art: sculpture, painting -Low art: 'craft', example: graffiti

Hybridity

Luo Brothers, Welcome to the World Famous Brand (Contemporary Art)

Hybridity: McDonald's/consumerism (low art) with a religious altar (high art)

Amalia Pica, Stage (as seen on Afghan Star) (Contemporary Art)

INSPIRED FROM SOMEWHERE ELSE. Globalization, Appropriation (Argentina: inspired by Afghan Star, comparable to the Idols, irony in being able to freely vote for reality stars but not free or fair elections)

____ artists reacted against the constraints of Academic style and subject matter. They advocated painting outdoors and chose to render subjects found in nature. They studied the dramatic effects of atmosphere and light on people and objects. Using a varied palette of colors, they captured the actual colors—or local colors—of objects under different lighting conditions. ____ art is characterized by use of modern subjects, loose brush strokes, interest in natural light and its effects on color, spontaneity, and Plein air. -Tube paints -Monet -Penoir, leisure activities -Cassatt, women artists hung out with men but did not have their mobility, showed images of home (limited in subject matter) -JAPAN INSPIRED BY JAPAN

Impressionism

sought to reduce their ideas to their simplest forms. They created geometric shapes or progressions of shapes or lines using minimal numbers of formal elements—for example, the minimum amounts of colors and textures. They did not attempt to represent objects or figures. SKETCH AND SEND OFF TO FOUNDRY.

Minimalism

___ architecture rejected the ideals and principles of the classical tradition in favor of experimental forms of expression. REJECTS ORNAMENTATION (SKYSCRAPERS) NOT LOOKING TO THE PAST. CLEAN LINES, OPEN SPACES.

Modern Architecture

____ was inspired by the urge to depict contemporary life and events rather than history. ___ architects felt free to explore new styles inspired by technology and science, psychology, politics, economics, and social consciousness. A contemporary style of architecture that deemphasizes ornamentation and uses recently developed materials of high strength

Modernism

____ ____: artists depicted recognizable scenes that had transformed into dreams or nightmares.

Naturalistic Surrealism

Modern art declared its opposition to the whimsy of the late Rococo style with ____ art of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In the later 18th century, there is a renewed interest in classical antiquity Paintings would often have a civic moral and use of ancient stories was common ____ art contained: harsh sculptural lines. planar instead of linear recession. Classical, especially Roman, subject matter.

Neoclassicism

Directional lines of arms (harmony, symmetry, balance) -Ancient Roman story (doing civic duty and defending one's home-land) -Jacques-Louis David

Oath of the Horati

Samuel Fosso, The Chief: He Who Sold Africa to the Colonists (Contemporary Art)

P-C, Appropriation: receiving all these items in exchange for his people and his land

-THE Cubist painter, inspired by Cezanne. -Inspired by African tribal art. Mask-like features.

Pablo Picasso

This architectural movement, ____, "warmed up" buildings, linking them to the architectural past. -1960s-present day refers to a reaction against modernism. It is less a cohesive movement than an approach and attitude toward art, culture, and society. A contemporary style that arose as a reaction to Modernism that returns to ornamentation drawn from Classical and historical sources.

Post Modernism

Some aspects of globalization in the arts are a reaction to the retreat of the European empires that ruled much of the world through the middle of the twentieth century. The former colonies in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and far eastern Asia bear complex relationships with their former rulers—political, economic, ethnic, and cultural. Art that emphasizes these complexities deals with ____ themes.

Post-Colonialism

Hew Locke, Sikander (Contemporary Art)

Post-Colonialism: India and Britain's relationship 'Alexander the Great': conqueror/ing

____-____ is an umbrella term to refer to artists who follow Impressionism, but their styles are divergent. By the mid-1880s, younger painters, and even some ____, felt that ____ had run its course and it had sacrificed some traditional elements of art , like line, shape, form, and even color. -Varied in style greatly -Seurat, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Toulouse (GAS LIGHTING) -VAN GOGH USED IMPASTO A time period not a specific style.

Postimpressionism

By the end of the 1970s, architects continued to create steel-cage structures, but drew freely from past styles of ornamentation, including classical columns, pediments, friezes, and a variety of elements from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. SAW MODERN ARCHITECTURE AS COLD, WARM IT UP, MAKE IT MORE INVITING. DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE HAPPENING CURRENTLY (just saying) purer geometric forms, rearrange them haphazardly (distort tradition)

Postmodern Architecture

The early part of the twentieth century also saw numerous innovations in modern architecture, especially the concepts that "form follows function" and that "less is more." In 1919, Walter Gropius became director of the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts, which he renamed Das Staatliche ___, or "Building House of the State," or simply The ____. ___ artists created designs that would shape much of the remaining two-thirds of the twentieth century. -INTEGRATE INTO EVERYDAY LIFE

The Bauhaus

A new phase that began in 1912; artists constructed paintings, drawings, sculptures, from found or pre-made materials; Collage falls into this phase of ____.

Synthetic Cubism

Another Post-Impressionist painter, takes color to more Expressionistic style (not scientific), short strokes and thick paint (IMPASTO).

Vincent Van Gogh