ARS 102-Exam 1 Terms ASU
Ospedale degli Innocenti
"1445, Florentine government openend this shelter to deal with the large amounts of abandoned children."
Dante Alighieri
"Dante", author of The Divine Comedy DANTE'S INFERNO
Palazzo Publico
"public house/city hall" in Sienna commissioned by town fathers- includes Lorenzeti's allegory of good government
Donatello
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
Sandro Botticelli
(1445-1510) A painter who embodied platonist ideas, used color, made many paintings on an allegorical level. on aesthetic path. more concerned with grace and elegance, works: birth of Venus
Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.
Raphael
(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
column
(architeture) a tall cylindrical vertical upright and used to support a structure
Euclid
(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geomertry.
graphic art
(n) art which involves drawing, painting, printing, photography, writing, etc.
Giovanni de Medici
1360-1429. Was the founder of the Medici family fortunes. He was a merchant and banker of Florence. He was not overly interested in gaining control of Florence, that fell to his son, Cosimo.
Trecento
14th Century: 1300's. includes Giotto, Duccio, Lorenzetti, Giovanni, Dante, and Petrarch.
Quattrocento
15th Century: 1400's, includes Donatello, Brunelleschi, Fra Angelico, Leonardo da Vinci, Ghiberti, Masaccio, Michelangelo, Uccello, Piero della Francesca, and Botticelli.
Cinquecento
16th Century: 1500's, includes Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, Giorgione, Boticello, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Parmigianino. Also known as the high renaissance.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Nuremburg
1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
Bruges
A center of cloth trade in Flanders and located northwest of Ghent, an area known for its trade centers
Baptistry doors competition (North)
A competition led by the guild of wool refiners and textile production who assigned the topic of Sacrifice of Isaac, an old testament story. Brunelleschi vs. Lorenzo Ghiberti- with Ghiberti being the winner. Both produced sculptural reliefs made of bronze to decorate the baptistry doors in a quatrefoil shape. Originally intended for the east door but changed to the the north side.
absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Medusa
A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles
Basilica
A huge marble government building in ancient Rome
Helikon
A mountain in Greece. Served as home to the Muses
Burin
A pointed tool used for engraving or incising.
Woodcut
A print of an image that has been carved in wood
tholos
A temple with a circular plan. Also, the burial chamber of a tholos tomb.
Capernaum
A town on the Sea of Galilee that became Jesus' home during his Galilean ministry.
vanishing point
A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel edges of an object appear to converge.
representational art
AKA figurative art, recognizable natural forms or created objects
naturalism
AKA naturalistic- heroes, patriots, sometimes religious, can shift world politics- accurate depiction of detail
Venice
An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.
Joseph of Arimathea
An influential member of the Sanhedrin who buried Jesus' body in his own tomb.
quatrefoil
An ornamental design of four lobes or leaves as used in architectural tracery, resembling a flower or four-leaf clover.
Andrea Mantegna
Andrea Mantegna was an Italian painter, a student of Roman archeology, and son-in-law of Jacopo Bellin
Parnassus, c. 1479
Andrea Mantegna: MY FAVE. commissioned by Isabella de Este, the Marchesa of Mantua for her studiolo (private study). Depicts myths of the gods which were important to her, a very educated and wealthy woman- including Mars and Vesus' affair, Vulcan's anger, Mercury with Pegasus, and Apollo playing music with the 9 Muses dancing and singing along atop Mount Helikon.
Camera degli Sposi, Ducal Palace, Mantua, 1474
Andrea Mantegna: a court fresco which decorated a bedroom of the Ducal Palace- includes many illusionary elements such as tromp l'oeil architectural elements (relief sculptures of ancient Roman rulers) and a ceiling tondo of an oculus/parapet
Saint Antoninus
Antoninus of Florence OP, was an Italian Dominican friar, who ruled as an Archbishop of Florence. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.
Donato Bramante
Architect of St. Peter's Basilica
engraving
Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints
Piero della Francesca
Baptism of Christ
Tiziano Vecellio
Born in Pieve di Cadore, Italy. He was a prolific and verstaile artist who experimented with new forms of art. He is famous for using bright colors, applying paint in bold brushstrokes, and making one color seem to blend into another. Some famous works include Assumption of the Virgin, and Sacred and Profane Love.
The Arena Chapel
Built in Padua (west of Venice) built near a Roman arena, includes a program of of frescoes that depict lives of Jesus and Mary. Founded by Enrico Scrovegni, Padua's wealthiest citizen. Enrico commissioned the chapel because his wealth came from moneylending (a sin)
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Amsterdam
Capital of the Netherlands
Dominican
Catholic religious order
Charles I and II
Charles I-King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 Charles II-King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
Madonna Enthroned, 1280-1290
Cimabue: Byzantine altarpiece, gold threads in Madonna clothing, no depth, legs don't make sense. Start of Renaissance- believable depiction of humanity
Virgil
Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied
Fra Angelico
Debt to Masaccio. Observation of the natural world, but some illogical aspects (proportions, lighting) that are not classical.
Isaac Newton
Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.
Gattamelata, Padua, 1445-50, bronze
Donatello: Equestrian portrait of Erasmo da Narni who led the army of Venice- his nickname was honeyed cat. Sits in front of the church of Sant'Antonio in Padua, inspired by classical Marcus Aurelius.
Mary Magdalen, c. 1445
Donatello: Later work, wood carving of Mary in her middle age, depicted older and emaciated- a comment on her extreme sacrifice to the religion (Jesus).
David, c. 1430-40
Donatello: commissioned by Medici family for their personal courtyard- revolutionary depiction of a nude figure. The boy steps on Goliath's head, severed with the giant's own sword, holding stone and wearing shepard's hat with laurel.
St. Mark, Or San Michele, Florence, 1411-1415
Donatello: commissioned from guild of Linen Weavers and Peddlers, integration of civic and religious displays while referencing classical styles (as seen in pose).
Tempietto, c. 1502-3
Donato Bramante: San Pietro in Montorio, a church in Rome including the courtyard which holds a small martyrium by Donato Bramante.
Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
Giacomo della Porta
Facade of Il Gesu
Charon
Ferryman of the underworld
The Sacrifice of Isaac, 1401-3
Filippo Brunelleschi: THE DOORS LOSER :( cites an antique sculpture (thorn picker), drama, more awkward stance of Abraham, doesn't show perspective understanding as much
San Spirito, Florence, begun 1445
Filippo Brunelleschi: basilica plan that references Roman plans in a latin cross shape (nave, transept, isle, choir, crossing). Used sacred geometry (circles and squares) with each smaller chapel radiating exactly as large as the Nave- height of isle is half of the Nave height. coffered ceiling in Nave (referencing antiquity).
Ospedale degli Innocenti (Hospital of the Innocents), Florence, begun 1419
Filippo Brunelleschi: commissioned by the guild of silk and financed by Giovanni Medici. basically a baby drop off (orphanage), begins Renaissance architecture (symmetry, loggia, arches, rejects Gothic style and embraces antiquity). Pediments decorate each window. Circular reliefs (tondo)
Isabella d'Este
First lady of the Renaissance, she was an example for women to break away from traditional roles, and even founded a school for young women. She ruled Mantua, was well educated and a big patron of the arts.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Flemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life
Jan van Eyck
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
Platonic Academy
Florentine Academy focusing on Plato, Cosimo was patron
Filippo Brunelleschi
Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence
Marsilio Ficino
Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.
Diogenes
Founder of Cynicism
Annunciation, San Marco, Florence, c. 1441-45
Fra Angelico: focuses on spirituality of being a Monk more than classical interpretations (reflective on the Dominican order of church)- more diffused lighting with exception of a spotlight on Mary, old fashioned halo's, Peter the Martyr is present.
Hans Holbein the Younger
German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.
Albrecht Dürer
German artist who spread Renaissance ideas in northern Europe
Johann Gutenberg
German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
Jodocus Vijd
Ghent Altarpiece is a very large and complex 15th-century polyptych altarpiece in St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium. It is attributed to the brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck, who were Early Flemish painters. It is considered a masterpiece of European art and one of the world's treasures.
Nativity, 1305, Arena Chapel (Padua)
Giotto: a program of frescoes depicting the lives of Jesus and Mary. Lower sets depict passion of Jesus, Central set depicts other events in Jesus life, and Top sets depict Mary's life. West Interior= The Last Judgement. 2nd level includes the Nativity Scene.
Madonna Enthroned, 1310
Giotto: humanism, Florence, architectural throne, start of understanding of modeling and depth- naturalistic
The Last Judgement, 1305, Arena Chapel (Padua)
Giotto: on the west wall of the Chapel. right is good left is bad, includes the patron gifting the chapel to an angel, supervised by a pope. other money lenders are in hell.
Apollo
God of the sun
Hades
God of the underworld
Minerva
Goddess of wisdom/ Athena
Mt. Helikon
Gods retreat, crafted by Peagus when he step his foot on the ground *stomp stomp*
Vitruvius
Great Roman architect of the time of Augustus (27BC - 14 AD) who wrote 10 books on architecture
Pythagoras
Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem
Deësis
Greek, "supplication." An image of Christ flanked by the figures of the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, who intercede on behalf of humankind.
Ospedale degli Innocenti
HOSPITAL OF THE INNOCENTS. ORPHANAGE. includes tondo's and is thought to be an example of the first sighting of Renaissance architecture. Splits from previously popular Gothic architecture and begins the homage to antiquity with pediments decorating windows and the loggia (open porch) in front.
Masaccio
He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII's first wife
Polykleitos
High Classical Sculptor; devised mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body; famous work=Doryphoros (bronze statue of young man holding spear)
Santa Maria del Carmine
It is famous as the location of the Brancacci Chapel housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale, later finished by Filippino Lippi.
Careggi
It was Lorenzo the Magnificent's favourite home, which he turned into the headquarters of the Platonic Academy
Wittenburg, Saxony
It was here in Wittenberg, Germany, that Martin Luther lived and preached, and on October 31, 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church. The Protestant Reformation had begun.
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
Cosimo de' Medici
Italian banker and politician- served as an active ruler of Florence during much of the Renaissance because of his great wealth and patronage of the arts, learning and architecture.
Giovanni de' Medici
Italian banker of a famous family- the founder of the Medici bank. Begins the rise of power for the famous family in Florence.
Bartolommeo Fazio
Italian historian, writer and humanist.
Uccello
Italian painter and mathematician who was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
intonaco
Italian term for the final, thin layer of plaster on which fresco is painted- which is painted while the plaster is still wet, allowing the pigment to penetrate into the plaster wall.
Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife, 1438
Jan van Eyck: an interesting piece due to it's multifaceted functioning- imagery in this small piece references either fertility and religion (relating to marriage) or serving as a legal documentation of marriage holding witnesses, which was the artist himself. "Van Eyck was Here"
Ghent Altarpiece (CLOSED VIEW), Cathedral of St. Bavon, Ghent, Flanders (Belgium), 1432
Jan van Eyck: closed for most of the year- includes patrons in grisaille (tones of black and white to represent sculpture in painting).
Ghent Altarpiece (OPEN VIEW), Cathedral of St. Bavon, Ghent, Flanders (Belgium), 1432
Jan van Eyck: opened for Easter, once a year- top pieces are of Dyesus, depiction of Jesus and throne as a Byzantine formation from the Last Judgement, Mary on the left and John on the right (beginning of mankind to the end). Bottom pieces show the agmos day, a blood sacrifice that flows into a chalace as well as the fonz vitae, a fountain of cleansing. In the distance we see a cathedral & holy and pagan figures streaming into the scene from all angles.
John Calvin
John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation
Minos
King of Crete
Marcus Aurelius
Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana
Santa Maria Novella
Leon Battista Alberti
Vitruvian Man, c. 1485-1490
Leonardo da Vinci: idea that man is an ideal form, fitting into circular and square shapes
Mona Lisa, c. 1503-6
Leonardo da Vinci: known as La Gioconda. Leonardo was known to be very attached to this painting, which has been stolen a few times. Spumato is used generously here- an effect of smokiness added with layers of varnish.
The Last Supper, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, 1495-98
Leonardo da Vinci: located in the dining hall, marks the holiday in Judaism called Sadyr, celebrated by eating. Commissioned by Duke of Scorza Court (included is their coat of arms). oil and tempera on dry plaster technique did not work well for this Fresco. Jesus head is the vanishing point in the piece, and numerology of 3's and 4's used.
Annunciation, the Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry, 1413-1416
Limbourg Brothers: Paul and Jean from Netherlands illuminated manuscript of Northern Europe (France), included in the Duc de Berry Book of Hours
The Sacrifice of Isaac, 1401-2
Lorenzo Ghiberti: THE DOORS WINNER, nude idealized Isaac from antiquity, perspective shown as the box is at an angle. Foreshortening is stronger. Used more antiquity references and cast it in larger pieces, using less bronze (lower cost, cheap fuccz)
The Meeting of Solomon and Sheba, East Doors of the Baptistry, Florence Cathedral, 1450-1452
Lorenzo Ghiberti: upon winning the decoration of the North doors, Ghiberti was commissioned to complete the East doors as well. good example of one point perspective (linear) as well as atmospheric perspective. 2 sets of 5 old testament scenes (10 in all). Story used to unite the East and West churches, placed so that travelers from the East would meet at these doors in the Western region.
Gattamelata
MAN ON HORSE means "honeyed cat"
Padua
Made accurate drawings of human anatomy.
Parmigianino
Madonna with the Long Neck
Mainz
Mainz is a German city on the Rhine River. It's known for its old town, with half-timbered houses and medieval market squares
Brancacci Chapel
Masaccio, used chiaroscuro(light) and scuro(dark) like Giotto
Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, c. 1427: Tribute Money, Adam and Eve
Masaccio: Commissioned Fresco which illustrates the life of St. Peter. Modeling involved- the illusion of mass and volume. Eve's pose is derived from Greek Venus. Continues various uses of perspective. Many different levels of frescoes, including the Tribute Money- a tax collector present and people, including Jesus paying taxes bc that is good thing to do. Very thematic- many events happening in the same frame. Significance of the real window- creates illusion of light in paintings that is coming from the direction of the actual window in real life.
Trinity with the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist and Donors, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, c. 1425
Masaccio: Momento Mori- uses new perspective systems and architectural forms/styles reminiscent of classical times in which Jesus would have actually lived. Fresco. Funerary monument, Lenzi's were the Donors and they are in the fresco. One point perspective point is at the bottom of the cross- the height of an average person, to amplify the illusion. TRIANGLES
New St. Peter's, 1546-64
Michelangelo Buonarroti: began the dome but died in process of building it, Giacomo continues Michelangelo's vision after his death.
David, 1501-4: Palazzo City Hall
Michelangelo Buonarroti: big, the symbol of republican government in this time period, Michelangelo believed the body is a prison for the soul and the soul can be read from the exterior of the body. David is depicted as a teenager here, holding his sling but no rock. the face looks confident but upon closer inspection there is some doubt in his face. It is important to note the differences between this David and the last. Possible homoerotic undertones.
Sistine Chapel frescoes, Vatican, Rome, ceiling (1508-12): Creation of Adam (1510), The Fall of Man (1510), The Prophet Jeremiah (1510), The Last Judgement (1536-41)
Michelangelo Buonarroti: commissioned at 65 years of age, chapel was already built and the Pope Sixtus at the time wanted to ~redecorate~. Mike had 14 mechanical assistants while he painted the whole thing himself. Depicts 9 central narrative scenes in order from the altar (where the Pope stood to tell the story) to the door. altar > creation > fall of man > the flood.. > door. The last judgement is held on the altar wall. Mike uses body contortion in his work and extremely massive figures, even using male references for the female body.
Allegory of Good Government: Effects of Good Government in the City and the Country, 1338-39
Palazzo Publico, Siena (Ambrogio Lorenzetti): reflects humanist interest in republican government- dancing, singing, good clothing, construction, law, agriculture. Roman imagery of she wolf- says that the town is as good as Rome. Angel holds laws of city and says they will punish criminals.
Parma
Parma is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside.
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio)
Patronized by Pope Julius II
Annunciation, c. 1450, San Francesco, Arezzo
Piero della Francesca: Mary is BIG- like a door (open and closed door), like a columns (Entasis- mimics her form, she is sturdy and structural to religion as a tapered Doric column is to a building). depicted classically, math and geometry being very important.
Battista Sforza, Duchess of Urbino and Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, after 1475
Piero della Francesca: she dead, she real white. shows atmospheric perspective. start of portraiture which were messages in picture form. Each person shown in landscapes they conquered.
The Flaggelation, c. 1460
Piero della Francesca: tiles on floor and coffered ceiling create transversals, a use of linear perspective. Columns in the architecture depicted create orthogonals. Figures are larger and smaller to create illusion of space here.
Della Rovere
Pope Julius II, born Giuliano della Rovere, and nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope". During his nine-year pontificate his military and diplomatic interventions averted a take-over by France of the Italian States.
Desiderius Erasmus, Rotterdam
Published the first edition of the Greek New Testament, as well as a revised Latin translation and copious annotations.
School of Athens, Stanza della Signatura (private apartments of the Pope and tribunal meeting room), Vatican, Rome, 1510-11
Raphael Sanzio: alll classical themes, interesting that in the Popes private place this exists! architecture present and very important in this piece, as are the people included- the central figures being Plato (thought to reference Leonardo) and Aristotle (sky vs. Earth). Socrates. Apollo- god of Poetry. Minerva. sad man- Hereclitus, thought to be Michelangelo in melancholy, references the sistine chapel Jeremiah and Albrecht Durer's Melancholia.
Madonna of the Meadow, 1505
Raphael Sanzio: sunny and optimistic, atmospheric perspective present, foreshadowing of biblical stories such as the crucifixion
Church of Sant' Antonio, Padua
Roman Catholic Church
Franciscan
Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California
Ptolemy
Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.
Mantua
Romeo goes to this city during his banishment.
Stanza della Segnatura
Room of the Signature; papal library
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Sacrifice of Isaac
St. Bavo
Saint Bavo of Ghent was a Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint.
San Marco, Florence
San Marco is the name of a religious complex in Florence, Italy. It comprises a church and a convent. The convent, which is now the Museo Nazionale di San Marco, has three claims to fame
The Birth of Venus, 1482
Sandro Botticelli: derived pose of Venus from the Medici Venus, wind god Zephyr embraced by a breeze, blowing hair onto Venus to help her ashore. A human depiction of spring comes to cover Venus with a floral cloak, as flowers represent spring as well as Venus' (the goddess of love) characteristics.
indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Kuyuk the Great Khan, Persian miniature, 1438
Shiraz: Persian perspective contributes both 3-D and 2-D to a single painting because these artists preferred design over illusion, creating a theatrical world of bright colors and patterns.
Palazzo Pubblico
Siena, 1288-1309, center of Siena's government, fortress-like exterior, huge bell tower dominates the facade, city square, symbolically puts the building in competition with the cathedral
Pope Julius II
The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.
Arnolofini
The Arnolfini Portrait is a 1434 oil painting on oak panel by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck.
Arezzo
The Basilica of San Francesco is a late Medieval church in Arezzo
Jean, Duc de Berry
The Duke of Berry (France): primarily remembered as a collector of important illuminated manuscripts and other works commissioned by him during the Renaissance
Ionic Order
The Ionic capital is characterized by the use of volutes. The Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform; the cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart.
Andrea Palladio
The father of modern picture books of Architecture
Johan Kepler
This man believed that the Earth's orbit was an elliptical shape, not circular
Doric order
This style of column features simple, heavy columns without bases.
Ghent
Treaty which ended the War of 1812
Pediments
Triangular shapes where roof lines come together.
Leon Batista Alberti
Use of grid., An architect from Florence who promoted individualism. Said that "Men can do all things if they will".
Kuyuk the Great Khan
Use of vibrant color, patters, and variations in proportion and in spacial arrangement
Serenissima
VENICE, a city in northeastern Italy. small islands separated by canals. city on water
Neoplatonism
Views based on the ideas of Plato that one should search beyond appearances for true knowledge
neoplatonism
Views based on the ideas of Plato that one should search beyond appearances for true knowledge
The Pleasures of Fishing, China, 1490
Wu Wei: aerial perspective in Asian art- creates an atmospheric landscape
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
frieze
a broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling.
Naples
a busy port and the largest city in southern Italy
oculus/parapet
a circular decoration at the top of a ceiling- sometimes real architectural elements and other times these are tondo frescoes/paintings
tondo
a circular painting or relief
tondo
a circular painting or relief sculpture
pilaster
a column that projects from a wall for decoration purposes.
arcades
a covered passageway with arches along one or both sides
Agnus Dei
a figure of a lamb bearing a cross as an emblem of Christ, usually to be sacrificed for Easter
loggia
a gallery or room with one or more open sides, usually open to the garden. like a porch, with a series of columns and arches.
Loggia
a gallery with an open arcade or colonnade on one or both sides
Entablature
a horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
entablature
a horizontal, continuous topping on classical buildings, supported by columns and includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
bubonic plague
a horrible disease spread throughout Europe by fleas on mice, killing 1/3 of the population
donor portrait
a larger painting or other work showing the person who commissioned and paid for the image
Or San Michele
a major florentine sculptural project of the 1400s. It was a building prominently located on the main street. At various times it housed a church, a granary, and the headquarters of Florence's guilds. After construction of the building Florence assigned each of the niches on the exterior to a speific guild for decoration with a sculpture of its paton saint
Grisaille
a method of painting in gray monochrome to imitate sculpture.
Enrico Scrovegni
a money-lender from Padua who lived around the time of Giotto and Dante- inherited much money and used some of it to commission the building and internal painting of the Arena Chapel, which contains a fresco cycle by Giotto including a depiction of the Enrico giving the chapel to an angel as debt for his money lending sins.
fresco
a painting made directly on a wall, sometimes using plaster mixed with pigment to create an actual wall out of an artwork
polyptych
a painting, typically an altarpiece, consisting of more than three leaves or panels joined by hinges or folds.
aisle
a passageway between rows of seats
Recession
a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters.
ambulatory
a place for walking
ambulatory
a place for walking, especially as an aisle around the apse in a church.
studiolo
a private study
Pilaster
a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.
sinopia
a reddish-brown natural Earth pigment (form of dehydrated iron oxide) used for painting
Flanders
a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
the Baptistry (Florence)
a religious building in the Piazza del Duomo used to give baptisms- one of the oldest buildings in the city.
putto
a representation of a naked child, especially a cherub or a cupid in Renaissance art.
Federico da Montefeltro
a ruler of Urbino that received classical education and was also taught fighting skills
quatrefoil
a shape
needle
a sharp pointed implement (usually steel)
Martyrium (plural: martyria)
a shrine built over a place of martyrdom or a grave of a martyred Christian saint
Studiolo
a small room, often lavishly decorated, dedicated to reading, studying and writing.
burin
a steel tool used for engraving in copper or wood, with chisel point.
predella
a step or platform on which an altar is placed or a raised shelf above an altar
International Gothic Style
a style in art during the late 14th and early 15th centuries characterized by elegant stylization of illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, stained glass, etc, and by increased interest in secular themes.
arcade
a succession of arches supported by columns. a supported walkway enclosed by a line of such on one or both sides. provides shelter, interior or exterior. like a hallway of columns and arches.
Florence
a town in Italy, greatly known for it's citizens contributions to the Renaissance art times
De Pictura (literally, "on painting")
a treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti which served as a scholarly publication showing techniques of artistic intent. included were examples of one-point perspective, ellipse circles, and much more on perspective. Most likely this taught a great deal of Renaissance peoples about depicting perspective.
linear or one-point perspective
a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.
coffered
a type of recessed ceiling decoration in a square or rectangular shape.
linear/one-point perspective
all lines (orthogonasls and transversals) converge into one vanishing point, giving an illusion of real created space.
isocephaly
all people are the same height in an image- all heads aligned in horizontal way showing cohesion and unity of a group
Pietro Arentino
an Italian author, playwright, poet, satirist and blackmailer who wielded immense influence on contemporary art and politics and invented modern literate pornography. GAY
lunettes
an arched aperture or window, especially one in a domed ceiling.
Contrapposto
an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.
arriccio
an early layer of fresco which provides the key for the continuation of the fresco- usually allowed to dry completely before applying the final paint atop
memento mori
an object serving as a warning or reminder of death, such as a skull
hierarchic scale
art technique used to depict unnatural proportion for relative importance of figures in the work.
sfumato
artistic techniques allows tones and colors to fade into one another to create hazy, soft forms
putto (putti)
babby angel things, similar to cupid but no bc that's pagan (& ur going to hell)
Ypres
battle where poison gas was 1st used
realism
began in France- rejected Romanticism. revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggeration emotions and drama of the Romantic movement. attempts to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificial artistic conventions (such as supernatural elements).
Pope Leo X
began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church
frescoes
buon fresco= wet, secco fresco= dry. painted directly onto a wall.
Inquisition ("Holy Office")
church court for heresy
martyrium (martyria)
church of a circular form, centered on a central element and built on a central plan pertaining to the religion (sometimes cruciform shape)
portico
column holding porch structure
Rogier van der Weyden
deposition
contrapposto
describes a human figure in art as standing with most of its weight on one foot, allowing the body and shoulders twist off-axis from the hips and legs. gives the figure a relaxed, more dynamic appearance.
figurative art
describes art that is clearly derived from real object sources, representational of the real world
ignudi
describes the 20 seated nude male figures incorporated into the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo
orthogonals
diagonal perspective lines
Byzantine Empire
dissolved in 1453, AKA the Eastern Roman empire, was the extension of the Roman empire in the East during late antiquity
secco
dry fresco
tempera
egg and pigment mixed, a type of paint used often in
formalism
emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape, texture, etc. over iconography and historical context. work of art is contained within the art work itself.
Byzantine
extremely intricate or complicated in structure./ next to florance
sibyls
female prophet.
Doric order
first order of ancient Greek classical architecture. recognized by the simple circular capitals atop columns.
choir
group of people who sing together (esp. during religious services); place for choir
St. Bartholomew
he has no skin bc they skinned him alive. typically depicted holding his skin proudly, unphased. lookin like Hellraiser
Book of Hours
illuminated manuscript prayer book for lay people coinciding with all prayer hours of the day
trompe l'oeil/illusionism
illusion so strong that the viewer is fooled- photo realism
foreshortening
illusionistic use of distorted figures, creates depth
subject matter
immediately recognizable imagery
orthogonals
in perspective systems, imaginary sightlines extending from forms to the vanishing point
Lenzi family
involved in the holy trinity painting
Condottieri
leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder
condottieri
like a hitman of the renaissance times- would be hired by Italian city-states to fight in wars. usually seen as some type of hero. Depicted usually on a horse.
formal elements
line, plane, shape, space, light and shadow, color
architrave
main beam resting across the tops of columns
fons vitae
means the fountain of life.
scholasticism
medieval system of knowledge that did not include aspects of of the ancient world- devoted to word of god, but shifted to a more humanist approach in the 1400's
prophets/sibyls
men and women who foretold the birth of Christ
stylized
non-naturalistic form. example- the heart shape is a stylized representation of a real heart
oblique
not parallel or at a right angel- slanting
Siena
one of the places where the Renaissance was centered after the Black Death
giornata
originates from the Italian word that means "a day's work"- describing how much painting can be done in a single day of painting (usually referring to fresco)
gesso
paint primer- used to prepare various surfaces for paint application
Hubert van Eyck
painted the Ghent Altarpiece and Jan finished it
transversals
parallel and perpendicular to orthogonals within perspective lines
intaglio
process of printmaking: design engraved into a material.
woodcut
process of relief printmaking: cutting into wood
balustrade
railing supported by balusters (column), ornamental parapet on a high place in architecture
nonrepresentational/abstract
refers to compositions which do not rely on representation- indicating a departure from reality in the depiction of imagery in art
La Gioconda
refers to the Mona Lisa by Leonardo- the name of the model is Giocondo, inferring she is the wife of Mr. Giocondo
attribute
regard something as being caused by someone or something
principles of design
repetition, rhythm, balance, symmetry/asymmetry, proportion, scale
peristyle
row of columns surrounding a space
Lodovico Gonzaga
ruler of the Italian city of Mantua
Ionic order
second order of ancient Greek architecture. recognized by decorated swirling capitals on its columns.
idealized
seen as above the ordinary, this art style focuses on depicting perfection or excellence (example- gods/goddesses and portraiture that showed ideal features and left unwanted features exempt)
spandrels
semi-triangular space between one side of the outer curve of an arch, wall or ceiling framework
hemicycles
semicircular shape or structure, in architecture- big or small
"Johannes de eyck fuit hic"
signature " Jan van Eyke was here. 1434" on Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife
tempietto
small circular temple AKA a tholos
iconography/iconology
studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of content of art (a branch of art history studies)
Cosimo de Medici
supported education and the arts made many business connections in Europe
aisle
surrounding the nave, this is a space for walking and seating within a church. an area distinguished from the surrounding space, but still included in the open area as a whole.
Court of Alfonso V of Aragon
the King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicily and Count of Barcelona from 1416, and King of Naples from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.
choir
the area of a church that provides seating for the clergy and is usually the Western part of the channel, between the nave and the sanctuary.
transcept
the arm of a cruciform church, perpendicular to the nave; the point where the nave and this cross is called the crossing; beyond the crossing lies the sanctuary, whether apse, choir, or chevet
Sistine Chapel
the big one: located in the Apostolic Palace (official residence of the Pope) in Vatican City. Named after Pope Sixtus IV who restored it between 1477-1480 (Michelangelo).
shaft
the body of a column
base
the bottom of a column
nave
the central area of a church
nave
the central hall of a church building. intended to hold the congregation during service. traditionally, this area is rectangular and separated by the surrounding space by pillars (including columns).
sculptured wall motif
the concept of a building as a massive block of stone with openings and spaces carved out of it
cella
the inner area of an ancient temple, latin for small chamber
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
the last of the great wars in Europe fought nominally for religion
Corinthian Order
the most decorative of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring a fluted column shaft, capitals with flowers and leaves below a small scroll, and a large base; used more by the Romans
crossing
the space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept
aerial perspective
the technique of representing more distant objects in art as fainter and smaller while closer objects remain larger and more contrasted.
capital
the top (decorated by order) of a column
content (meaning)
the topic of the piece, sometimes having the same imagery but not the same meaning
Palazzo Vecchio
the town hall of Florence, overlooking the Piazza della Signoria- holding copies of Michelangelo's David
transcept
the transverse (horizontal from a cross shape point of view) space of any building.
Chiaroscuro
the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting
chiaroscuro
the treatment of light and shade within a drawing or painting. uses strong tonal contrasts between light and dark to model three dimensional forms. highlights and shadows.
Pediment
the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns.
Corinthian
third order of ancient Greek architecture. known as the most ornate of the orders- characterized by slender columns and elaborate capitals decorated with leaves and scrolls.
The Limbourg Brothers
three Dutch brothers: Herman, Paul and Johan famous for miniature paintings- traveled to France and Burgundy to work on a famous illuminated manuscript for the Duke of Berry.
Florence Baptistery
three-doored building next to the Florence Cathedral; has a panel created by Brunelleschi
Girolamo Savonarola
took control of Florence from the Medici family
pediment
triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, usually includes a portico of columns.
basilica
type of Church plan, usually in the shape of a Latin cross. Characterized by the inclusion of a nave, aisles, semicircular apse, transept, and and atrium.
Apocrypha
unauthentic works
Wu Wei
uses areal perspectives, no single vanish point in his work
patronage
usually used to specify a patron of arts- a person who supports an artist with financial support or other in exchange for the artwork.
Lucca
well-preserved Renaissance walls encircling its historic city center and its cobblestone streets
buon
wet fresco
Battista Sforza
wife of Montefeltro that recieved a humanist education and was versed in Greek and Latin
