Art 101 Exam 2

Identify the works of Rudolph Schindler from review images and know major characteristics.

-Complex three dimensional forms -distinctive arrangements of solids and voids -Simple, inexpensive materials -Built-in furniture -open floor plans that embraced outdoor spaces

International style: Origin and 3 general characteristics of the movement

1. rectilinear forms; 2. light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; 3. open interior spaces; 4. a visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction

Describe the development of modern architecture on the West Coast, particularly the emphasis on residential buildings.

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Important characteristics of Art Deco

Art Deco: •Strong geometric forms - rectilinear buildings often with rounded elements •Stepped back roof lines •Weather motifs - lightning, clouds, sun •Geometric patterns like diagonals, chevrons, zigzags and/or horizontal bands •Regional motifs

Important characteristics of Art Moderne

Art Moderne: •Everything is aerodynamic •Emphasizes curving forms, long horizontal lines, metallic surfaces, and nautical elements such as railings and porthole windows •Forms are sleek and simplified with smooth surfaces and rounded corners

Describe the benefits of post-and-beam construction - particularly why it is favored by modern architects

Because the weight of the structure is supported by posts that are spaced relatively far apart, post and beam construction allows for large expanses of glass. Consequently, post and beam houses often feature large windows. Furthermore, post and beam houses usually feature high vaulted ceilings, creating a large, roomy living space.

Tell the works of Walter Gropius in America, particularly as they relate to regional modernism. How are they different from his earlier bldgs.? In what ways are they similar?

Blends modern forms with local materials and building traditions as well as making allowances for local climate

What is "Raumplan" and why is it significant?

Spatial plan - Multiple changes in heights and levels of rooms according to function and importance

Identify the works of Pierre Koenig, describe major characteristics

Uses steel to create lighter, open buildings full wall glass corrugated metal

Characteristics of the Googie style

• Signage oriented to car traffic - ad for itself • Roofs sloping at an upward angle • Curvaceous, geometric shapes like atoms, boomerangs, flying saucers, parabolas • Bold use of glass, steel, neon, illuminated plastics

Know the purpose of the Usonian houses and their influence on housing in America

•Houses for low-to-middle income families as the new ideal way of living •Houses were to designed to be under $5,000 (3x average annual salary) •Becomes the model for the Ranch house that dominates American building in the Post-War era

Importance of Mies van der Rohe, characteristics of his work from this period, and the shift in architecture he initiates

- leading figure of 20th century modernism - influential for more than 50 years •Marks an important shift in modern architecture - from the primacy of form to the primacy of space •Spaces seek to link interior and exterior spaces, both physically and visually •Simple, rectilinear buildings constructed with modern materials •Architecture based on material honesty and structural integrity Shift was from form to space

de Stijl Movement (origins and philosophy)

- roots in Cezanne, cubist art, and Frank Lloyd Wright - seeks to reduce, simplify, and abstract ideas of beauty

Important aspects of Bauhaus philosophy

- taught the basics of material characteristics, composition, and color - everything designed and created according to first principles rather than by following precedent - after learning basics students could pick their specialty

Identify examples of Eichler houses and particular characteristics of Joseph's houses

-Blank to street, open to back -post & beam w/ slab foundation -built ins, open plan kitchens

Identify the works of John Lautner, identify major characteristics of his work

-similar to FLW later works -natural materials -non rectilinear -dramatic houses -brilliantly engineered

de Stijl Movement - Gerrit Rietveld

Characteristics of the style: •Avoided past ornament, reality, style references •Reduction to the essentials of form and color (horz, vert & primaries) •Asymmetry with balance

Russian Constructivist Movement: Identify images and Characteristics

Characteristics: Use of advanced technology and engineering to create unusual forms. Portrays a Communist social purpose. Use of space and rhythm.

The Expressionists: Identify images and Characteristics

Characteristics: early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual natural biomorphic-inspired forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass

The Futurists: Identify images and Characteristics

Characteristics: strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggested speed

Differences between Art Deco and Art Moderne styles in America

Differences: •Art Deco references the past and stylizes it with contemporary colors and materials - tends to be brighter in color •Art Moderne is more simplified and abstract - style cues are takes from speed and motion (aerodynamic) - restrained in color, reflecting International Style

Identify the works of Irving Gill and identify major characteristics of his work. What various influences shaped him?

Flat roofs w/ no eaves concrete, white or off-white Cubed & rectangular No ornamentation Arches or series of arches creating outdoor hallways Worked for Adler & Sullivan San Diego's mission style

Adolf Loos: Identify later works and identify major characteristics of his work.

Interior spaces are more important than the aesthetic of the façade - interiors are designs in the "third dimension" (MORE PUBLIC BLDGS.)

How is Loos' work different from other modernists of this period?

Interiors considered "old-fashioned" by younger (more "modern")architects - misunderstood because of their complexity and lack of openness as well as materials choices

Identify examples of Frank Lloyd Wright's fourth period. Know distinguishing characteristics

Mostly public buildings -Big, open spaces -Closed off from the outside world (Romanticism)

Why is the Seagram building by Mies so significant?

Only uses half the lot, adjacent sides don't go to street either, space for benches and trees Building of the Millennium -The epitome of the modern building form, the skyscraper -Use of the most modern materials, steel and glass, with more ancient materials like bronze and marble -Tall building that allows for human interaction - the plaza -Elements of classical (proportion) and gothic (verticality)

Identify examples of Frank Lloyd Wright's third period

Organic Architecture - promotes harmony between human habitation and nature Falling Water , Taliesin West, Brodacre City, Usonian Houses

Know the various influences that shaped Richard Neutra

Studied under Wagner & Loos Moved to US - works for Halabird & Roche Then with FL Wright in Chicago, then in LA

Know the various influences that shaped Shindler

Studied with Wagner & Loos Supervises Wright's work in L.A. Left Europe before WWI, retains romantic ideas

Describe the Case Study House program, who founded it, and what particular goal the program it aimed to achieve

To bring modern European ideas to everyday architecture Founded by John Entenza in his magazine Arts & Architecture Models for low-cost hosing in a modern style

what are the differences between the "traditional" and the "modern" versions?

Traditional: •Mostly a decorative style, not much architecture •Shows neoclassical, Biedermeier, "exotic," and Art Nouveau influences •Uses exotic, luxurious materials - ivory and shagreen and rare woods like ebony •employs traditional furniture-making techniques like marquetry and inlays - very "French" Modern: •modern materials and industrial techniques like bent tube metal •focus on high quality, not mass production •Shows influences of the Secession, the Bauhaus and Le Corbusier, Cubist art and new tech like cars and luxury liners

Significance of Peter Behren's Turbine Factory, Gropius' Fagus Werks, and Deutscher Wekbund Model Factory? What building element did they introduce?

Turbine Factory first steel and glass building in Germany, an early example of a curtain wall. The factory to be a noble space, a "palace of labor" - happy workers are efficient workers Workbund becomes the model for all factory buildings.

Shift in philosophies from early Bauhaus (Weimar) to later Bauhaus (Dessau)

Weimar •emphasis/influence of German Expressionism •First focus is on individual production in an Arts & Crafts mode •Period of refinement of the Bauhaus philosophy of art education Dessau •Emphasis shifts from development of crafted goods to creation of prototypes for mass production •Moves away from Expressionism to "New Objectivity"

Identify the works of Craig Ellwood, describe major characteristics

clean, linear modern design combined wood and steel in post and beam construction linked interior and exterior spaces with full wall glass and same materials inside and out later works influenced by Mies

Identify examples of Googie architecture, the influences on the style

space race, car culture, Atomic age, Polynesian cultures

Define Organic Architecture and characteristics

•Building "belongs" in its site - use of natural, local materials to blend building and site •Building appears to "emerge" from the ground - strong effort made to incorporate it into the landscape •Asymmetrical - plans evolve naturally with no preconceived symmetries

Importance of the Bauhaus building by Gropius, particularly the use of the curtain wall system and the "dematerialization" of the building

•Designed by Gropius, 1925 •Design shows the primacy of function - separate buildings for each function but unified by appearance •Workshop building features a full "curtain wall" of glass - façade has no restraints of load •Ultimate example of the factory as the model for future building

Identify works of Le Corbusier and be able to identify three major distinguishing characteristics of his work (particularly "Five Points of Architecture")

•Free floor plan •Free façade •Pilotis •Ribbon windows •Roof garden

Show the influence of the Bauhaus and the International Style as it came to America.

•Gropius head of Graduate School of Design at Harvard - forms TAC - world- renowned arch. firm •Mies van der Rohe goes to Chicago - heads the Institute of Design (after "New Bauhaus") now IIT •Together helped shape the direction of American architecture through the rest of the 20th c. - the International Style becomes the prevailing paradigm of the next 30 years

Identify the works of Richard Neutra from review images and be able to identify major characteristics of his work.

•He gave great attention to defining the real needs of his clients •Houses a blend of art, landscape and practical comfort •Utilizes "spider leg" post and beam structure •covered patios •full walls of glass •silver paint

Typical characteristics of the work produced by Bauhaus's students and faculty.

•Honest use of materials - didn't believe in applied ornament •Marriage of industrial techniques and craft •Exploration of new materials •"Grammar of design" - color, proportion, balance, etc.

Identify the works of Mies van der Rohe in America and their characteristics.

•Works towards simplicity with a clean, functional look •Built mostly in steel and glass •Created neutral spaces that could adapt easily to change -Connection to land - small footprint (ALSO PUBLIC BUILDINGS)

Art Deco Style in Europe: what are the origins

•after WWI - European society seeking a break with the past, embraces all things modern •electricity, industrialization, transportation, growth of cities impact design •Ideas of modern style spread by French group of designers - Societé des Artistes Décorateurs •Public is eager for a new modern style after Art Nouveau - new geometric forms are a direct contrast to the free forms of previous style

Identify the works of Alvar Aalto and know distinguishing characteristics (at least 3)

•natural materials, warm colors - doesn't reject traditional methods or materials •Related his architecture to the site with naturalness and warmth while preserving the modernist approach •Combination of International Style and Organic - crisp, white boxes softened with undulating lines and natural materials