ART 110 - Chapter 9

Because long exposure times ruled out action shots in early photography, how were such images presented in newspapers?

As drawings

Which aspects made it difficult for photography to be seen as a form of art?

- Easily learned and produced - Early photos' lack of color - Accuracy and detail of the image

What are the reasons for works of art being censored?

- Exposes secrets to the public - Insults a group's belief system

What aspects made digital cameras appealing to photographers?

- Images could be transmitted digitally - Manipulation of photos could be done on a company

In what ways is "art cinema" differentiated from other types of film?

- It appeals to a small audience - It uses unconventional or experimental techniques

What was innovative about George Eastman's Kodak camera?

- It came preloaded with ready-to-shoot film - It was portable and easy to carry

What characteristics are presented in Julia Margaret Cameron's 1867 portrait of her niece titled "Julia Jackson?"

- Moody light - Softened focus

Which are attributes of graphic design?

- Organized layouts - Controlled interpretations

In what ways did photography impact traditional art media?

- Painters no longer had to record events - It allowed for the exploration of abstract and nonrepresentational work

For what purposes does Wafaa Bilal have a camera attached to his head in his piece "3rdi?"

- Randomly document his encounters - Bring attention to public surveillance

Which film advances are direct descendants of Eadweard Muybridge's experiments?

- Stop-motion photography - Continuous-motion photography

The earliest photographs needed to be exposed for extended amounts of time which led to which results?

- Studios requiring controlled environments - Moving objects not appearing

What characteristics best describe the films and filmmakers of New Wave Cinema?

- The films have unsteady camera shots - The filmmakers used fast, seemingly nervous, editing - The films were self conscious

What artistic practice involves using recorded game play shots to create a digital film?

Machinima

How are art filmmakers different from other film directors?

- They use unconventional filming techniques - They control almost every aspect of the film

What was revolutionary about Jean-Luc Godard's film "Breathless?"

- Varied dialog types - Abrupt camera shots

Which are parts of the rayograph technique?

- Various light sources - Darkroom - Light-sensitive paper

What are the reasons artists took quickly to video when it first became available?

- Videos could be recorded and played back instantly - Video monitors fit in well in gallery spaces

What parts need to be present for a camera to be functional?

- a lens - an opening - a light sensitive surface

Which roles in the making of a film are considered the artists?

- Actors - Directors - Editors

Which are basic requirements for the photographic process?

- An opening to admit light - Lens to focus and refract light

How does Bruce Nauman use visual elements in "Dance or Exercise on the Perimeter of a Square (Square Dance)?

- Awareness of space - Created a visual pattern - Repetitive movement

What characteristics would you find in a photograph taken by a Pictorialist?

- Blurring certain details - Varied tonal range

What characteristics of painting did early photographers seek to mimic?

- Blurry details - Wide range of value - Delicate highlights

In what ways can different effects be created in rayograph?

- Changing the light sources - Moving objects during exposure - Adjusting the height of objects

What was straight photography concerned with depicting?

- Creating a preconceived composition - What was seen through the viewfinder

What does Walker Evans capture with "6th Avenue/Forty-Second Street?"

A busy New York street

How was Eadweard Mubridge able to capture images of a running horse?

A series of cameras attached with thread

What did Andy Warhol do with his traditional art media and films?

Challenged the viewer's expectations

How was the illusion of smooth motion created in an animated feature?

Each frame is drawn then photographed

The process of piecing together different clips of film to create a single unified product is called ________________.

Editing

How does Shirin Neshat use digital video in her piece "Women without Men?"

She created installations that project the films on walls

Which artist, best known for work in other media, also had a prolific film career?

Andy Warhol

Why did Pictorialism lose popularity during World War I?

Artist were experimenting and exploring new trends in art

A director whose films have a consistent, individual style in a similar manner to a painter or a sculptor is called a(n) _______.

Auteur

What film used ten shots to edit into a violent, climatic scene?

Battleship Potemkin

Which film is considered one of the first New Wave films?

Breathless

What device was developed during the Renaissance to harness the principles of light as observed by the mathematician Alhazen?

Camera obscura

When art does not agree with the ideas of a particular society or group, what often happens?

Censored from the public

What did Walker Evans have to consider before taking the photograph "6th Avenue/Forty-Second Street?"

Composition

With what was the Pictorialist movement obsessed?

Creating painterly effects using photography

What kind of director is an "auteur?"

Creator of stylistic films

The invention developed in 1837 that used a copper plate coated with iodide is known as a ____________.

Daguerreotype

What attributes did Winsor McCay's "Gertie the Trained Dinosaur" have that other animated animals did not have?

Distinct personality

Bruce Nauman used filming to do what?

Document the artist at work

Light reflected from objects passes through a narrow opening, projecting an image of the outside world onto a surface in a dark interior is the basic principle for both photography and the ___________.

Eye

How does Hannah Hoch use photography in her piece "Cut with the Kitchen Knife?"

Found images and placed them in a composition

Which artist critiqued photography's effects on society?

Hannah Hoch

What does Wafaa Bilal do to get the audience to interact with his piece "Domestic Tension?"

He allowed people to shoot him with a paint gun over the internet

How did May Ray discover the darkroom technique, rayograph?

He exposed an object on light-sensitive paper

Because the Industrial Revolution allowed for mass production, the use of graphic design for commercial purposes _______.

Increased

The development of which of the following helped the computer become a gateway to a public space that was global and accessible to everyone?

Internet

How did George Eastman's invention of celluloid film enable the development of commercial motion pictures?

It allowed multiple images to be strung together

How does the internet aid Wafaa Bilal in his performance art?

It allows him to interact globally with a wider audiences

How does May ray's rayogram change the expectations of photography?

It caused the viewer to question the images seen in the photograph

What invention is credited with the rapid expansion of photography beyond professional photographers?

Kodak camera

Who invented the first workable film projector?

Lumiere

Which photo captured the emotion felt by those suffering during the Great Depression?

Migrant Mother

Which artist used publicly available images from the internet to create works of art?

Mungo Thompson

Which photographer first developed technology to capture an object in motion?

Muybridge

What made it possible for early photographers to produce multiple images?

Negatives

What print technology made it possible to create multiple photographs of a single image?

Negatives

In the 1950s, which group of filmmakers stood out for their self-conscious films about film?

New Wave

How did photography influence artists working with traditional media?

Photography was seen as material that could be used in any art practice

Which developments brought about the concept of photojournalism around 1900?

Photomechanical reproduction

What art movement did "Blessed Art Thou Among Women" follow?

Pictorialism

The French film that featured a knife placing butter on toast by itself used what technique?

Pixilation

Gertrude Kasebier used what painting characteristic for her piece "Blessed Art Thou Among Women?"

Soften focus

How did Melies create special effects in his films?

Stop-motion

What type of photography is the composition framed in the viewfinder, photographed, and printed with manipulation?

Straight Photography

What type of photography is the composition framed in the viewfinder, photographed, and printed without manipulation?

Straight photography

Why were Dorothea Lange's commissioned photos of Japanese internment camps censored by the government who hired her?

The U.S. government did not want photos of how American citizens were being treated

Godard's use of famous literature quotes and allusions to past movies in Breathless shows the director is aware of what?

The history of film

Gertrude Kasebier seeks to depict what with her piece "Blessed Art Thou Among Women?"

The ideals of motherhood as consecrated and important

How are films directed by "auteurs" similar to traditional art practices?

The maker is easily identified

What did Dorthea Lange's photograph "Migrant Mother" document?

The plight of migrants during the depression

Why did young art critics behind the New Wave movement begin to make films?

They wanted to create films they liked

In whose laboratory was the first genuine motion picture created in 1894?

Thomas Edison

True or false: Motion-picture film is not real motion but projected still images.

True

What did Man Ray attempt to portray with this image?

Unpredictable abstract images

What made Jean-Luc Godard's "Breathless" unique to filmmaking?

Use of jump cuts and shaky camera movements

What technology did artists embrace more than film because it could record and playback the image?

Video

Man Ray discovered that images created using the rayograph technique appears as what?

White shadows

What prompted the New Wave movement in film?

Young film critic's desire to create their own films

In the 19th century, photographic technology was developed that could use a single ___________ image to create multiple positive images.

negative