Art 259 Midterm 2 lists
William Hogarth, The Marriage Contract, from Marriage a la Mode, 1745 people should not marry for money and title
British Painting in the Age of Enlightenment:
-trompe l'oeil (fool the eye) -di sotto in sù (seen from below) -quadro riportato (transferred framed painting) -caravaggisti (follower of Caravaggio) -quadratura (painting of illusionistic architecture—often part of di sotto in sù ceiling paintings) -Reformation and Counter-Reformation--religious issues -dynamism and theatricality—stylistic characteristic of 17th century Italian Baroque art and architecture -static vs. dynamic—style issues in 17th century Baroque art -plasticity (three dimensionality in sculpture, architecture)—a characteristic of 17th century Italian art
Chapter 23
Painting in Baroque era Rome: Carracci and followers—baroque classicism Caravaggio and followers (Caravaggisti)—baroque naturalism Themes in Spanish, Flemish and French Baroque painting: the depiction of royalty, or portraits of power: the ruling families of Spain, England and France Holland (Northern Netherlands): Free art market develops
Chapter 23
Christopher Wren, St. Paul's Cathedral, London 1675 Date: 1675-1710 Country: England Artist: Christopher Wren - son of a clergy man, received a good education, was not an architecture initially, was a professor of astronomy and mathematics. Commission: Design building, St, Paul's Cathedral former form was old catholic cathedral, great fire in London 1666, destroyed cathedral, the king and London city council, decide a new cathedral, be grand wonderful. Medium: Function: Subject: England a stable monarch, He designs this excellent acoustic function. We call this late Baroque style, a collective design, he didn't travel, he went to France, saw the Louvre, Bernini's influence. double story porticos one is the facade, long building, columns, double story of porticos, Louis the 14th, the other is the dome, tall lantern dome, like the Michelangelo, Bernini, proposed facade of the Louvre Palace, Paris 1664 Michelangelo, Dome of St, Peter's Rome, Bramante Tempietto façade, want the dome to be seen over the city, on the inside, double shell dome, so the inside is lower to achieve the acoustic effect, the height on the outside and the acoustic on the inside. Christopher Wren is buried here.
England
Versailles, begun 1669 the palace in the middle divide three roads leads to France side 3 roads that lead all part of France he did. Louis moved his court to where his father hunting site, enormous rooms, the entire court could live at Versailles, 5000 people.
EnglandEngland
Horace Walpole, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England, 1749-76(Wrote Castle of Otranto) Neogothic, gothic revival style, in England/France, the trend and things
Grand Tour, Neoclassicism, Gothic Revival
Horace Walpole, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England, 1749-76; picture gallery with fan vaulting
Grand Tour, Neoclassicism, Gothic Revival
Josiah Wedgwood, Am I Not a Man and a Brother? 1787, Black-and-White Jasperware, 1 3/8'' little Jasperware round relief,
Grand Tour, Neoclassicism, Gothic Revival
Anthony Van Dyck, Charles I Dismounted, 1635 Date: 1635 Country: Flanders (Southern Netherlands) Artist: Van Dyck- Pupil of Ruben, painted in the workshop of Rubens. From Flanders, went to Italy for short time Get commissioned in England, painting portraits, become header painter for the kind of England Commission: King Charles the I , King of England Medium: oil on canvas. Large painting, in the louvre, ultimately he was assassinated Function: Subject: Portrait of king Charles the I - how do we know this a royal person? one foot stand front, especially got his elbow right at us, which is not very polite the horse is bowing, the horse is showing smaller than the rider, like Ancient, the horse is bowing recognized the power. the light is shining on his face, particular sword important weapon to show he is the king. he is looking down like he is better than anyone else the background is like a canopy over his head, English oak
Flanders (Southern Netherlands) Flemish Baroque
Peter Paul Rubens, King Henri IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie de' Medici, for the Luxembourg Palace, Paris, 1621-25 Date: 1621-25 Country: Artist: Rubens - work for the Spanish court, he got disgraced with one of the princess, so the family moved to Antwerp important is that Rubens had very find education, spoken many languages He worked every monarch in Europe, king of France, diplomatic skills, big workshop, so wealthy that he bought a country so he became sir Rubens 1600 - 1608 these 8 years he went down to Italy, what he would be see in Rome? He would saw Caravaggio / Carracci in Rome, duke of Mantua Commission: Marie de' Medici, wife of Henry IV of France Medium: rich oil painting/ oil on canvas, rich brush work Function: tell a story she wanted to written was part of 24 painting cycle sought to glorify Marie de' Medici's ruling in France for the Luxembourg Palace, Paris Subject: Marie, 21 enormous paintings for her palace, Marie is telling the story King henry fall in love with her instantly King Henri IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie de' Medici Problem with that: not always accurate. Highly idealized Jupiter thunderbolt and Juno's peacock
Flanders (Southern Netherlands) Flemish Baroque
Versailles, Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors) French style, the light of Apollo sense of unity that is really long 1648, Charles Napbrn, started the French Royal academy turned useful, which was training painters and sculptors to do the style, coordinated all the decoration, tapestry factory made furniture, paintings on the ceilings war victories, organized, an entire wall of enormous mirrors, maybe from Veius, Pusson was deeply invovled in plitics, room of light, reflect the idea the light of Apollo. France- Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardoin-Mansart, Charles le Brun and André le Nôtre, "Palace at Versailles, France" begun 1669, "Hall of Mirrors. Mansart and Le Vau were the architects of the building. Le Vau, le Brun, and le Nôtre were the interior designers. 240 feet long and 46 feet high (Hall of Mirrors). Framed 18 inch paneled mirrors together to create the room and was inspired by Carracci's Farnese ceiling. The ceiling was decorated with paintings on canvas. The underlying theme was the glorification of the King (Louis XIV) as Apollo the Sun God.
France
Claude Lorrain, A Pastoral Landscape, 1648 Country: Painted in Rome Artist: Claude Lorrain, he is from Lorrain, France, but didn't paint in France, go to the Rome countryside. he sold paintings to kings of every country in Europe. People start to forge his paintings because he is very famous, so he started to record sketches of his paintings. Commission: A Rome cardinal. Medium: Oil on copper, it is a support which is very illuminant, has shiny look, usually done in a small painting, but this is big. Function: Subject: history subject, not always legible always dark dust, misty light and sky, Based real landscape but painted in imaginary
France Baroque
Hyacinthe Rigaud, Louis XIV, 1701 (reigned alone 1661- 1715) Date: 1701 Country: France Artist: Hyacinthe Rigaud Commission: France rule by Louis XIV the 14th Medium: Function: showing kingship, his power even when he is old Subject: He like himself to the sun god of Apollo, the state is me "I am Apollo" was a great dancer, he is in his 70's, sword on him, symbol of power, the throne, the crown, red royal canopy, in the palace. Eyes look down at us. the French blue, and red says French royalty, red royal canopy, has a sword a symbol of power painted in his palace Inspired by the painting of Charles I by van Dyke (1635).
France Baroque
Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with Saint Matthew and the Angel, 1639-40 Date: 1639-40 Country: Painted in Rome Artist: Nicolas Poussin influential in Italy and France, didn't like politics, From France, but didn't paint in France, Painted Series subject, he thought the painting should be a grand subject, he was influential in France, Italian clients, international guy, carefully constructed. Well educated as a painter, move down to Rome in 1628. Commission: A Roman cardinal Medium: Function: Subject: religious narrative painting, mostly he did history paintings. Part of the series of Roman patron, a cardinal, shows Mathew and angel, he is seated working on the gospel, angles helping him out, interior scene. Foreground, broken columns stones on the foreground: actually symbolic, means with the advent of Christianity, there is new world order, old order which is the pagan world is going to be swept away, symbolic placed by Poussin. St Matthew with the angel, sitting working on the gospels, and an angel is helping him, usually we see this in a interior scene, but Poussin loves landscape, lead our eye through the painting to the back.
France Baroque
Josiah Wedgwood, The Apotheosis of Homer, 1778 (Jasperware) designed by John Flaxman (and preliminary bas relife) Flaxman hired by people to do illustration, simple line drawing, design tomb bas-relief: Homer is about to be honored by the genius figure personification
Grand Tour, Neoclassicism, Gothic Revival
Gerard ter Borch, The Suitor's Visit, c. 1658 Date: 1658 Country: Dutch Art Artist: Gerard ter Borch - social class well known for his calm looking painting Commission: probably just painted no commission, no patron, depend on how the patron interpret. Medium: oil on canvas, very calm painting one type popular is interior scene, see how the Dutch live, fancy fire place. Function: unknown Subject: how to interpret, very mysterious not sure about a painting about courtship for love or a high class prostitute with customer he is greeting or asking something, old gentlemen reach out, could be a relationship on the way, dog symbolizes fidelity, musical playing symbolize love.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
JJacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, c. 1670 Date: 1670 Country: Dutch Artist: Jacob van Ruisdael from a family who were landscapist for generations, specialized in landscape painting. 1. the Dutch very proud oft their country that they fought for and free from Spain. 2. release their Spanish rule but also increase their territory by clever method by digging drainage ditches to get more land. Windmills, city of Holland. The front is the Liene Bleaching Fields, industry of Dutch. Set up used the rule of third, 2/3 of sky 1/3 of land vice versa. Dutch weather is changeable, so we see patch of sunlight reflected, clouds pattern maybe the Dutch thinking about sky related to God in heaven. Visual accurate
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Jan Steen, Feast of St. Nicholas, 1660's Date: 1660 Country: Dutch Artist: Jan Steen - uses larger brushstrokes than Ter Borch -painted over 800 works but didn't receive financial success Commission: no patrons, Jan Steen painted in his workshop, Medium: oil in canvas Function: St. Nicholas means Christmas = Christmas occasion. Subject: Genre every day life painting about Christmas red and green color scheme Boy is crying, holding on a shoe, shoe trick Dad is pointing at the chimney telling how St. Nicholas sending the gifts.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Judith Leyster, Self Portrait, 1635 Date: 1635 Country: Dutch Art Artist: Judith Leyster - successful painter, specialized in merry company scenes, painting of musicals. Marie company scene, musical scene, did people playing a musical instrument. Got married to another painter, had her own workshop, her own assistant. Commission: self portrait Medium: oil on canvas, Loose painting style Function: Self portrait of her stopping her work to lean back and look at her viewers -fancy dress + lovely smile, good personality = symbolizes her success as an artist it's hard to paint the lace on her sheer, see her portrait, so you can see how well her painting skills.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Pieter Claesz, Still Life with Tazza, 1636 Date: 1636 Country: Dutch Artist: Pieter Claesz Commission: Medium: Oil on copper, Still life painting Function: Subject: fancy silver drinking vassal, beautiful objects, 3rd version of vanities of images, Memento Mori: Remembering Death. Underline theme 2, they could not afford beautiful things, struggle between owning or enjoying, one of them is clock, indicating the pass of time, symbol, another is book, could be not pay attention to the world, but knowledge stuffed in your head ultimate is the skills, so naturalistic, what we called monochromic still life, not much colorful. Could be sold in studio, so accurate. Be aware that you could die any time Vanitas, how short our life is, being physical, collecting, being jealous of other people, something you want to avoid.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life, c1700 Country: Dutch Art Artist: Rachel Ruysch - she successful painter, even after married still painted. Maybe commissioned Her father is a professor of anatomy and botanist, train her about nature. Netherland in the world exploration and travel, Dutch trading company, bring back spies and seeds, and flower bulbs like tulips, came from Turkey. They start to breed them, and develop, tulip mania, speculate the color of tulips. Commission: Medium: Function/ meaning: some of these plants in full bloom, other are buds, others are dying. a reminder of the passage of time, and passage of life, the moth symbolism of human soul, the shells often from exotic place, refer to the travel of the Dutch. shells from an exotic place, refer to the traveling, Subject: They don't grow in the same time, so she had to sketch individual flower type, she would put the together based on the sketch, she painted as speculative gift, court painter Germany and Austria, high class talent. when she asked to do these painting, she would depict accuracy, speculative gift to paint the individual flower.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Rembrandt van Rijn, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632 Date: 1632 Country: Amsterdam, Dutch Art Artist: Rembrandt van Rijn - interesting career - did not finish university, became a painter, became successful very fast in his 20, went bankrupt over years, difficult free market, took his companion of his house keeper, they could not married, honest man, enormous impact on Dutch painting. Did a lots of portraits, love the old testament scenes Commission: public commission Medium: oil on canvas Function: anatomy lesson, nice public commission for Rembrandt Subject: Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is doing an Anatomy, person was used who was someone was a criminal, executed for robbery, Show different facial reaction, Day that marks the occasion, this was a big occasion, meant to be hang in the hall. Compare with Caravaggio, Calling of Matthew, Caravaggio followers in the Netherland.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Rembrandt, The Company of Captain Frans, Banning Cocq (Night Watch), 1642 Country: Dutch Art Artist: Rembrandt - - interesting career - did not finish university, became a painter, became successful very fast in his 20, went bankrupt over years, difficult free market, took his companion of his house keeper, they could not married, honest man, enormous impact on Dutch painting. Did a lots of portraits, love the old testament scenes. Commission: Captain Barining Cocq and 17 members of his civic guards. Medium: oil on canvas, cut down from the original size Function: Subject: A militia company massive group portraits, having traditional banquet all standing the gild hall, late afternoon watch mascot is a young woman, she has a chicken upside down, the chicken feet symbol of masculine. the painting of light and dark = Uses a dense layer of grime to darken and obscure the colors on the painting to create a nocturnal scene (reason why it is also called Night Watch)
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque
Frans Hals, Officers of the Haarlem Militian Company of St. Adrian, 1627 Date: 1627 Country: Dutch Art Artist: Frans Hals - mainly painted portraiture, had Loose painting style Netherland got their independence, free art market, different from patronage system, artiest specialized in landscape, competitive, skills are very good Commission: held their office for a few years, commissioned portraits Medium: oil on canvas Function: A Militia company Portraiture, Subject: Depicts officers from the upper middle class at a social gathering; Like last supper problem, Frans Hals managed to make individuals more alive, challenge to portray portrait of members of corporate organizations with an equal focus on each individual, he may have had them painting the portrait first. One of the technique is to have a people drinking and eating, having a couple of people recognized us as we walking into the room. Same technique as last supper, hang in the gild hall.
Holland (Dutch Art) (Northern Netherlands) Baroque:
Date: 1672-1685 Country: Rome Artist: Giovanni Battista Gaulli - influenced by Bernini. Commission: General of the Jesuit order, Gian Paolo Oliva (persuasion from Bernini) painted for Vault of the church of II Gesu Gesù college Medium: a painting fresco stucco frame gilded, done with quadro riportato (transferred framed painting) = like the frame for the ceiling painting, illusionism Function: in the counter-reformation new church build, had no screen / do not hide the altar Element of ceiling entirely dedicated to glorifying the church triumph. Subject: Church build with barrel vault ceiling, power of judgement and holiness Last Judgement, elect rising joyfully towards the name of god and the damned plummeting towards the nave floor Bernini's pupil Antonio Raggi helped him some of the stucco figures. Inside a fresco, IHS, the initial of the Chris, the damned on the left, highly illusionism church.
Italian Baroque
Caravaggio, Calling of St. Matthew, Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, 1599-1602 Date: 1599-1602 Country: Rome Artist: Caravaggio = caravaggisti (follower of Caravaggio) came from Milan his dark style called tenebrism means in a dark matter, distinguish from chiaroscuro, he didn't invent but he pushed the dark painting born 1573- die 1610, not long time, but influential life. shady guy, murdered man over tennis match, ran, murdered by murdered victim's family Learn to paint in Milan, and came down to Rome, he was working in a shop, got commission by a couple of cardinals He broke all the rules unlike other traditional arties, bugs people. He didn't do preparatory study, directly on canvas, however too naturalism so his painting got rejected sometimes, he had to repaint. Extraordinary violent style, court document, ultimately he murdered someone and had to flee Rome but he very innovative. He taught himself to be a Knights of Malta. Medium: oil on canvas Function: Depicts scene of Christ summoning Levi (Roman tax collector) to a higher being, becoming Matthew. Subject: left hand panel, columns of St. Matthew, who is a tax collector, and kept a portion as their own. Chris dress as ancient Rome, pointing at Matthew, others dress in contemporary clothes show their success in 17 century, bare feet, a shadow/ halo from his head. genius detail: Matthew with one hand indicating himself, and other hand counting the money, the moment of truth, good income, life of soul, life of poverty.
Italian Baroque Naturalistic
Bernini, Ecstacy of St. Theresa, Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, 1645-52 Date: 1656-57 17. Century Country: Rome, Artist: Bernini - interested in theater, both sculptor and architectures, he united all the kinds of arts Commission: called Cornaro chapel because it was commissioned by Cornaro family, chapel costly and expensive Function: Altar piece, Cornaro wants to the bury in the church, so he paid to build color marbles, involve the viewer to inspire faith, Medium: sculptures Subject: Saint Theresa was a great theological teacher, many followers, had lots of well documented miracles, well witness by other people. She wrote down her visions. One of the vision, was an angel pierce her heart, with a flaming arrow, she said it was painful and sweet, excited pain, god is caress her soul. dramatic / sexual / spiritual symbolism/ a metaphor that body made her moan, physical experience. On the sides, family portraits, are witnessing the miracles, like donor figures, they are engaged in what's going in like the audience. theater setting: body floating, insert a stain glass, let lights up the whole scenes, marbles,
Italian Baroque art
Carlo Maderno and Gianlorenzo Bernini Saint Peter's Vatican, Rome, 1656-57 Maderno, façade, 1607-1626; Bernini, piazza design, c. 1656-1657. Artiest: Gianlorenzo Bernini - talented sculpture and architecture, beloved by nearly 9 of popes, hired by the pope to do a fitting entrance way of the Piazza. Country: Vatican Rome Commission: Pope the 5th, who is responsible for finish it. Medium: Subject: Bernini design the piazza Carlo Maderno, interior of St Peter's Rome St Peter's tomb, also done by Bernini. Obelisk in the center, inherited from Egypt and ancient Rome, as a symbol of victory of the war. Bernini had to accept the presence of the obelisk → so he built a second fountain to build a second piazza → Broken oval shape, opening up to embrace all souls into the Christianly, symbolism Construction through the entire 16 C, finished beginning at 17 C, finish the surroundings, façade just finished Reformation and Counter-Reformation--religious issues interesting thing Italian baroque art: dynamic and theatrical, draw people in.
Italian Baroque art
Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, plan--1638, façade--1665-7 Date: plan--1638, façade--1665-7 Country: Rome Artist: Borromini - from Italy, he is Bernini's rival, build this for free, his architect, are really solid, don't fall down, he resent Bernini, because Pope likes him. Commissioned by: Abbot / Cardinal Francesco Barberini in 1634 for the Religious / Holy Order of the Trinity construction began in 1638 and the church was consecrated in 1646. San Carlo known as St. Charles because it's a small church All Quattro Fontane, means: 4 small fountains Medium: plasticity & energetic: sculptures inside, waved curved surface outside and inside, many sculptures, Function: innovation to make Christianity exciting / again Subject: Small church, no monastery attached, the façade is double stories façade Inside: Undulating oval shape, Main theme comes from the order of the religion, Trinitarians which is the Holy Trinity. 3 altars, oval dome with polygon coffers, lantern with stain glasses, space is not huge but very dynamic, energy, Borromini: Limited spaced architect, but he reminds the most difficulties made them into opportunities, engaged in imagination.
Italian baroque classicism
Annibale Carracci, Loves of the Gods Ceiling of the Farnese Gallery, Farnese Palace, Rome, 1597-1601 Date: 1597-1601 Country: Rome Artist: Carracci inspired by Sistine Chapel, Titian, Raphael frescos Carracci's brother and cousin run a painting art academy, as painter they train young painters, taught them painting, Medium: a painting fresco stucco frame gilded, done with quadro riportato (transferred framed painting) = like the frame for the ceiling painting, illusionism Function: Cardinal Farnese family, one of the pope lived there, want the main gallery which was long room expand the sides of the palace, maybe his nephew got married to depict about love / wedding celebration (in the center), maybe he's interested in mythology Subject: Venus and Anchises, counter-reformation not showing genital, he is taking the sandal of the Venus, means love making. Combines traditional Northern Italian tradition ceiling painting, with central Italian Renaissance, as well as Roman Classical Heritage.
Italian baroque classicism art
Jacques Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784 Neoclassical painting, history painting of the Oath of the Horatii, style is really simple, subject matter is also Neoclassical a story about ancient Rome, the begining where the Romans and Aribas fighting 3 arches, 3 elements of story under each arch, standing a triangle form, the father is wearing red tight brushwork, like Roman frieze,
Late 18th-Century Neoclassicism:
Juan Sánchez Cotán, Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber, c. 1602 Date: 1602 Country: Spain, catholic country Artist: Juan Sánchez Cotán Commission: decided to paint this just from a friend, 4 of these painting, simple subjects Medium: Oil on canvas, Earthy, gray, tenebrism Function: Juan Sánchez Cotán wanted to enthusiasm monastery Celebrating god's bounty fruits and vegetables, shows the skills of the painters. Subject: The set is like a cupboard to keep food refresh, so he arranged 4 different fruit and vegetable in a descending curve. he used light and dark, focus on the texture of the vegetables, lots of chiaroscuro, melon is pale and smooth, create harmonic vision celebrating. he gave to a friend of his, later on they end up being acquired by a royal family in 19 Century, being own by a civil general, in San Diego museum.
Spain: 17 century Europe Baroque
Diego Velázquez, Water Carrier of Seville, 1619 Date: 1619 Country: Spain Artist: Diego Velázquez - the most famous painter in Spain, he was working for the king of Spain in his middle age He had painting traditional comes from Seville, interesting genre subject matter, a scene of every day life painting. Medium: oil on canvas Function: He gave this to the man who had introduced him to the king of the Spain Subject: Hard to paint water and glasses, interesting facial study, texture, comparison.
Spain: 17 century Europe Baroque art