ART 334 Unit 2
The Jolly Topper Judith Leyster Northern Baroque Period Netherlands
- drunk man very flushed - man is older, but still acting like a young kid - His style of clothes are still reminiscent of young men - Specifically the hat and poofy-ness of the outfit - Tobacco and rolled cigarettes are on the table next to him The boxy thing on the table is for lighting cigarettes, but if you see it on the floor it is a foot warmer - a J and a star are the artist's signature, can be seen in the middle of the wall, slightly above cup the man is holding
Allegory of Sight Peter Paul Rubens and Han Brueghel Northern Baroque Period Belgium
- made for 2 people (Princess Isabelle Clara Eugenia and Archduke Albert - seen in painting on the desk) - was a celebration of stuff that they own - oil on wood panel - Shows both how the couple would display it and the extras that they wanted specifically displayed -Helpful to historians because it shows details of paintings that may not exist anymore - think inventory of historical paintings - Part of a series of allegories of the 5 senses that these two artists collaborated on - Bruegel painted the settings and Rubens did the figures (including the ones in the other paintings depicted within) - Consider it like a 2 for 1 - can get an artwork done by 2 artists that you want, even if you cannot afford separate ones from both of them (not the case for the people that commissioned this one, but still) - all things depicted are related to sight - telescopes, paintings, sculptures
Saint Theresa in Ecstasy Gianlorenzo Bernini Italian Baroque Period Italy
- marble (sculpture) - golden rays coming down from heaven bathing her in heavenly light - commissioned by a Spanish cardinal (currently in Cornaro Chapel in Rome) - St. Theresa was a Spanish saint (nun and a mystic [visionary] who had a vision that an angel came and pierced her body with an arrow repeatedly) - The pain transported her into a form of religious ecstasy and oneness with god - Depiction of religious ecstasy (head falls back/looking up, eyes roll back, etc) - controversy surrounding it as it does appear to illustrate sexual ecstasy, but Bernini argues that he was trying to put into imagery what St. Teresa described
The Virgin of the Apocalypse Miguel Cabrara Global Baroque Period Mexico
- most famous Mexican artist of his time (tried to start academy for painting) - Signed this painting as "Mich" - called himself Michelangelo -Promoting the idea that he was the Michelangelo of Mexico - Connecting the art of new Spain to the Italian renaissance tradition -commissioned by elite creole patrons (of spanish descent but norn in Spanish Mexico rather than Spain itself) - Iconography comes from chapter 12 of the book of revelations (book of apocalypse) Describes a woman clothed by the sun who is pursued by a dragon that wants to eat her kid - A literal representation of this heavenly battle that happens in the book of Revelations - Crushing the dragon/serpent beneath her foot is the defeat of heresy ( protestant reformation) and Meso-American cultures ( they had a feathered serpent deity) - Catholic image Representation of Mary as the queen of heaven Not a scene that would have been seen in protestant art - Rubens also did a famous version of this, the iconography borrowed by Cabrara, who likely saw it through a print brought by colonists
Judith Beheading Holofernes Caravaggio Italian Baroque Period Italy
- painted for a rich guy with an art collection - biblical scene (book of Judith) that only appears in Catholic Bibles (distinctly anti-protestant) - Holofernes was an Assyrian general, and Judith was a widow who seduced him in his tent and beheaded him - Judith is a young woman, determined, and with strong muscles in her arms - Originally Caravaggio had her topless (symbolic of her seduction of Holofernes) but that did not meet decorum - dramatic red cloth in the background frames the image (similar to the "Lady at her Bath" and "Gabrielle d'Estrees and One of her Sisters in the bath") - Judith became a symbol of truth, justice, and humility (was anti-protestant and therefore symbolic of the counter reformation)
Three Crosses Rembrandt van Rijn Northern Baroque Period Netherlands
- part of a series - released this print 4 diffferent times (Purposefully rereleased things like this to have audiences buy more from him ("I bought the first two, that means I need the 3rd")) - drypoint and etchings (etching - Acid used to make etchings into a metal plate for printing Drypoint - Scratch thin lines into the metal plate for printing) -was interested in printmaking to spread images and market himself - Shows the moment in the gospels during the crucifixion when a light flooded down from heaven
Las Meninas Diego Velázquez Habsburb Baroque Period Spain
- "Ladies in Waiting" - Infanta Margarita 5 year old daughter of Philip IV (patron of Velazquez) and Mariana of Austria - They are reflected in the mirror behind Margarita - red cloth behind them associated with nobility and to frame images -Velazquez places himself in the work in the left corner, holding palette - Margarita attended by her Maninas (maids in waiting) - Also had a dwarf - popular court fixture for entertainment - They were "collected" for the court for entertainment - The audience for this painting could be Philip and Mariana as an image of their child - Velazquez places himself in the painting to show the importance of his role here - Giving the king and queen an image of their child that will forever show her at 5 - nun in the bg, what they are surrounding the Infanta Margarita with - Almost an advertising piece for Velazquez Showing paintings within the paintings, himself, and the people he depicts - The argument for the parents needing to be shown in the mirror rather than in the room in such a relaxed area - Court rules would not have let them be there but Velazquez incorporates them into the scene - red cup Margarita being handed by attendant - thought to have magical qualities - Would hold cooling water but you could eat pieces off of it - Thought to make your skin lighter, prevent pregnancy, etc
Still Life with Flowers, Etc. '"Still Life with Flowers a Silver-Gilt Goblet, Dried Fruit, Sweetmeats, Bread sticks, Wine and a Pewter Pitcher" Clara Peeters Habsburg Baroque Period Belgium
- artist was probably the best known woman artist at the time - pioneer of still-life genre - known for including reflections of herself in paintings and realism - Still lifes and realism became popular at this time as a counter/reaction against the renaissance - more mannerist - because still-lifes were so innovative at the time, they were really popular- Form of painting that has happened since antiquity (lost but we know they existed at some point) - would be owned by royalty and other welathy/merchant-class people - things depicted are associated with wealth, money, good taste, etc - Peeters shows herself in the reflections of many different objects on the table (The pitcher, salt cellar, etc) - flowers - Tulips, daffodils (tulips were really popular at the time) - There is a connection here with scientific drawings of plantlife - Many artists (specifically women artists) would do scientific illustration because they were allowed to (A nod to this with the vase) - drawing attention to what women artists would do at the time - Drooping flowers show the fleetingness of life - cut flowers - face reflection serves both as a signature and symbol of how shiny the objects are - cup: Northern cup made by Italian glassmakers that is holding wine likely made in France or Italy Globalism of the materials in the work - fruits in bowl: Not native to northern Europe (Antwerp) Likely imported from Spain Connected to the international trade - half-eaten pretzel: This, like having her reflection, suggest that this is not just a still life but an active space - An actual space that she is painting, a space being used - The most important part of this was how the pieces were reflecting a specific social position The materials in it show wealth and connection to global trade
Buffoon with Lute Frans Hals Northern Baroque Period Netherlands
- biggest painter in Harlem (Netherlands) - trained as a mannerist painter - shifted style as mannerism fell out) - started working in a more realist style - took inspo from Caravaggio in tenebrism/Charioscurio - Caravaggisti - follower of caravaggio - can see some mannerist style (porcelain skin and rosey cheeks and knuckles) - rosey cheeks and knuckles could be just a depiction of the subject (rosey cheeks and glassy eyes from drinking, blushed knuckles from fighting) - Looseness of brushstrokes was new in this time period - look around the outline of him and his clothing - lute was a symbol of female genitalia - Young boy playing the lute a little tipsy - audience would have understood where he was and what this symbolized - some think he may be in a brothel - considered a genre painting - scene of everyday life
The Finding of Moses Nicolas Poussin Northern Baroque Period Italy
- classical baroque - not dynamic baroque, characterized by historical subjects, static, calm, serene - the pyramid in the bg shows that this is in Egypt - See a baby in a basket by a body of water with a pyramid in the background - Moses - Poussin would not know that you could actually see the pyramid from the Nile, so he put it there for setting the scene - infant moses being found by the daughter of the pharoh - smaller painting for a private audience, cabinet painting? - was painted at least 4 times - was popular and ppl wanted it -Moses was popular in the aristocracy because he was the model of a good ruler - Poussin set up models of his paintings to get details -Guy facing the water and nude is a representation of a river god - Just there as an ancient personification of this period
Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba Claude Lorrain French Baroque Period Italy
- classical landscape painting -fantasy image - people were into these at the time - Made for the Duke of Bullion - general of papal? army - use of light in this work is incredible, especially on the water - studies of light -scene from biblical history - When the queen of Sheba visits king Solomon in Jerusalem - Usually depicted as a meeting between the 2 but this is her leaving to go on the voyage to meet her - Picked a different point in the story to paint - Similar to Judith and Holofernes or depictions of David - Used linear perspective -Could see the roman ruins because he was working in Italy and could use them to create this landscape
Henry IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie de Medici Peter Paul Rubens Northern Baroque Period Belgium
- commissioned by Marie de Medici, Queen of France - husband was Henry IV (we say his mistress in fontainebleau painting) - they did not have a great marriage - he was protestant, she was catholic - Marie de Medici commissioned for herself, but also as a political display for her son Louis the 13th - Ruled as regent in his place after Henry died bc Louis was too young - Commissioned this big series of paintings from Rubens to make a point to her son of how important she was to the history of France - Rubens elevates her life story to the equivalent of a history painting in a series of 24 paintings - depiction of Marie and Henry's engagement - Henry being presented with a portrait of Marie (how they actually met) - Zeus and Hera (greek gods) sitting on clouds above - can tell it is them because of the peacock, eagle, and lightning (symbols of them) - Hera is the goddess of marriage, Zeus was known for affairs - comparison to Marie and Henry to Zeus and Hera - Henry standing in armor - warrior - woman in armor next to him is representation of France - always depicted as a woman - Dynamic Baroque - has energy and narrative, active poses, strong modeling, diagonal movement in painting - places marie and Henry on the same level as gods
John Freake Freake Master (anonymous but referred to as this) American Colonies Period USA
- depicting established colonists - John Freake: - Born in England - Immigrated to Boston in 1658 and became an attorney and merchant with significant wealth - Owned 2 homes, a mill and brew house, and shares in 6 mercantile ships - Was a puritan/pilgrim - people that came over because of religious persecution in Europe - Evolution of what a well-to-do pilgrim would look like (Not buckle hats, all black, etc) - Wearing a brown velvet coat likely imported from london, lace collar that was probably imported from Venice Italy, fluffy sleeves, over 24 silver buttons that were threaded with silver dress - Wearing a silver broach that he is holding so you see it, a pinky ring, holding fancy gloves in his hand - Hair - This puts him in the middle of being both religiously puritan and wealthy Roundhead - short hair - puritan Cavalier- long hair or wig - symbol of being morally questionable - John looks like he is the mullet of this century (In between being wealthy and being puritan) - wealth reflected in atire, hair comments on his sense of religious identity and its relation to appearance
Louis XIV Hyacinthe Rigaud French Baroque Period France
-Blue fabric with gold fleur-dis-lis and ermine fabric and velvet - Royal of France - Blue fabric drapes across the entire thing - The pose he is in is almost a dance pose - He used to dance - Also thought he had really good legs - He wore heals and had really tall hair because he was short - Popularized red heels - Now we have Louis Vuitton with red soles - Showing sword to show the military might of France -Red cloth framing the scene - seen in Fontainebleau portraits - symbol of state portraiture (so is the column in the background) - This image is "kind to him" because he was in his mid-60s - Ordered this painting as a gift to his grandson, who was the king of Spain - "Remember my legacy" - Ended up keeping it himself because he liked it so much and then had another copy made to give to his grandson
Elizabeth Clarke Freake and Baby Mary Freake Master American Colonies Period USA
- pendant portrait - designed to be a pair with her husband's portrait - Has a cloth that symbolizes state portraiture behind her (The red cloth from fontainebleau) - Elizabeth: -Hair is properly covered but can se some poking out- Similar to how her husband's hair is displayed -Lace collar (also imported) -Wearing silver tapeta -Red skirt underneath her silver dress to show off wealth -Other fancy things: -Red and black tassels on her sleeves -Has a triple strand of pearls around her neck -Bracelet - garnet -Rings -The chair she is sitting on is expensive - Turkish textile she is sitting on - Holding her baby Mary, but she was not always there - originally was holding a fan, but the painting was updated after mary was born - It was more practical to have your daughter painted into an old portrait than to pay for a new one - These pieces speak to the Freake's understanding of their place in the world while still dismissing our mistaken stereotypes of 17th century Puritans -The Freakes are not an austere couple, entirely clad in black. Instead, they display their wealth—both in dress and in accessories—in a moderate and acceptable way that suggests divine blessing. -The artist was a talented portraitist who was working within a rich tradition of Elizabethan painting.
Christ Crucified Anonymous Global Baroque Period Philippines
- sculpted in ivory - not local to the Philippines, maybe from Africa but probably from India - global trade networks - sculptors were probably trained by chinese sculptors - produced for global export - Manilla Galleon trade - Things produced in Manilla were transported into Acapulco (Mexico - New Spain), and then would go into Spain - Galleon because it was the name of the ships? - By nature of being made of ivory, it is a small devotional object - Private devotion - international communication - made in the Philippines from african/indian materials by artists trained by chinese for Spanish audience - similar to the abduction of helen tapestry - Philippines were considered part of Spain - viceroyalty
Raising of the Cross Peter Paul Rubens Global Baroque Period Belgium
- sometimes called the elevation of the cross - made for Church of St. Walpurga - Wings are 5'x15' and the central panel of the trip-dec is 11' x 15' (So big that it was painted on-site in the church) - Ruben's first commission after he returned from Antwerp (belgium) to Rome - Dramatic diagonal lets us know that this is an action event happening right before us - emphasis of light on Christ - The left panel (from our perspective, not the paintings perspective - would be classified as the right or Dexter side) has his followers in mourning (Mary, john the evangelist, other women-Parallels the diagonal of christ) - The right side (our perspective, actually sinister side) has the soldiers that are preparing the 2 thieves that are crucified alongside christ - diagonal going in the opposite direction on this side - unified landscape behind each panel -Ruben's work became the basis of many things that were copied after it, both in and outside of Europe - Prints were made to copy this image Prints were made in reverse because of the way things printed - mirrored
Their Sitting at Meate John White American Colonies Period USA
- watercolor -painted while in Roanoke colony - earliest surviving documentation of what the native Americans looked like when colonists came - This is a representation of the Algonquian people - these illustrations supported European superiority over the indigenous peoples - man and woman eating, wearing what looks like animal skin - Man has shorter hair (shaved with a mohawk?) and the woman looks like her hair is in a ponytail - Man has a feather in his hair, the woman is wearing necklaces, Earrings - Eating together, sitting down, not really a formal setting, more everyday - This painting went back to Europe and then Theodore de Bry made engravings for prints for these
The Town of Secoton John White American Colonies Period USA
- watercolor over graphite - Depiction of a town - Secoton - and them going about their day Agriculture being grown - these were all of the notes I had for this so I am assuming that it will not be on the exam ID part
Tenebrism/Chiaroscuro
Strong contrast of light and dark with a single light source popularized by Caravaggio
Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte Louis Le Vau - architect French Baroque Period France
- Client was Nicolas Fouquet - minister of france, upper middle class - Wealthy and able to elevate his status - Country estate was how he showed off his wealth and status - Needed to have the land and money to do this - fortified chateau at country house - included a suite for the king - demonstrating loyalty for his monarch and showed he had access to the king (so close he had an extra room at his house for him) - Designed to mirror itself on both sides - Center with identical wings on each side (look at floor plan) - hints back to medieval chateaus - blue roofs, mote - oval as the grand salon makes it dynamic baroque as it erupts from the building - 2 stories: Left side has the king's apartments- Half of his house dedicated to the king - Right side is dedicated to the owner - Interiors inspored by Italian designs, incredibly ornate - gardens: French formal garden - Three are no flowers - Metaphor for the owner's power and control - They have a garden (something containing the wild) that is this perfect and controlled - Arabesque designs in terra cotta -Characterized by a centralized access Often on sloping grounds - Had fountains, helped water flow - Fountains all throughout - Nicolas Fouquet invited the king and the entire court to come over for a party/massive display of elegance - Everyone left early at around 3am because his house was so much fancier than the king's that he was pissed off - Launched an investigation against him for embezzlement and got him arrested - Stole furniture and trees from here and then commissioned the palace of Versaille
Still Life with Chinese Bowl, Etc "Still Life with a Chinese Bowl, Nautilus Cup and Other Objects" Willem Kalf Habsburg Baroque Period Netherlands
- Example of pronkstilleven Pronkstilleven: (sumptuous still life) splendid and expensive-looking still life - Lemon peel - Lemons do not grow in the Netherlands - Would need to be imported - Same as the Arnolfini portrait by Van Eyck - peel is too long for the lemon, shows the detail the artist was capable of - Chinese bowl: Has a man and woman on it - Chinese blue and white porcelain from the Ming dynasty - Likely an object imported from china (through the Dutcheast trading company?) - With the spoon and the lid, it is likely a sugar bowl - tablecloth/tapestry is likely persian in origin - imported - atlas-looking character is supporting the top of the nautilus cup (chalice) with some Neptune-like figure riding a sea monster chasing another figure - mythological theme - Made from a mollusk that is native to the southwest pacific - All of these things would go through the Dutch East and West Trading Companies - Likely would have been owned by a wealthy merchant that would have worked for the Dutch West and East Trading Companies - Depicts things they would have surrounded themselves with
Self-Portrait Judith Leyster Northern Baroque Period Netherlands
- Father owned a brewery called Leyster (name) - artist was the first woman in St. Luke's painter's guild - A lot of her works were credited to Frans Hals - erased because she was a woman painter - we know they are hers now because she signed them - Crafted this to show herself both as a painter and to show the money she had - shown in the process of painting a work she actually painted - imitated the works of Frans Hals because there was a market for it - hence why a lot of her work was credited to him - Major difference between her and Hals was the size of the canvases - Hers were around 8" tall Hers would be smaller: cheaper and quicker to make
Still Life with Ebony Chest Antonio de Pereda Habsburg Baroque Period Spain
- International objects that show the owner's wealth and position - this time in a Spanish context - Certainly an aristocratic context - Everything on the table has to do with drinking chocolate - Drinking chocolate came from the Aztecs (ceremonial) - Europeans brought it back and added sugar and spices to it (making basically hot chocolate) - became a drink for the most wealthy european people - A lot of the cups appear to be rather humble, but the drink itself was only for aristocrats - Red-velvet table cloth: Shown in the aristocratic paintings (state portraiture), puts it in the frame of aristocratic people, but a lifestyle is shown rather than people - Associated with the monarchy and court - Bread, cheese, and beverages could possibly show a religious comparison - Last supper (cheese and chocolate was a popular combo in Europe, still is) - There is a chip in the cup that appears to be imported from china - Shown it was used a lot - Not getting rid of because it is wealthy - Can show that they were wealthy enough to use it and not worry about it being chipped, because they could afford to replace it - Delft Ware Dutch cups that were made to look like Chinese cups - The blue is shown to be more defined and not chipped - The wooden boxes in the chest are where the chocolate was held before being melted down - Ebony chest: Made of exotic materials - Ebony likely came from India or Indonesia - Inlaid with Ivory that likely came from Africa - The woven cloth hanging out of the box likely from Guatemala - Would be used as a napkin - 2 bright red vessels are earthenware vessels used to cool water Thought to give the water an aroma and taste Believed to have magical abilities - Same thing as the cup that was being given to the Infanta Margarita - Lacquered small cup likely from Japan - The figures on it are not Japanese, probably Italian - A wealth of international materials all being brought together in this still life
The Town of Secota Theodore de Bry American Colonies Period Germany
- Looks a lot more full of a town than White's - Taken out the textual inscriptions in the work - White included a bunch of text that described what was going on - text included now describes something totally different than what White said - the grand voyages were like cabinets of curiosity - Became really important sources of information for those who could not come to the americas, to feel like they were a part of the colonial experience - Also ended up justifying europeans taking over the land and committing atrocities against native americans - Depicted the native Americans as this exotic "other" and less than human
David Gianlorenzo Bernini Italian Baroque Period Italy
- Marble -was made for a Cardinal (for his villa) -Compare to Donatello and Michelangelo's David: - no longer in contrapposto -no longer depiction of heroic male nudity (decorum because protestant reformation) - Bernini's depiction is seen as more determined, less nervous/shy/etc - uses fewer classical traditions!
Their Sitting at Meate Theodore de Bry American Colonies Period Germany
- Mass produced images that were adaptations of originals created by John White - artist published an entire series of books called the Grand Voyages - also known as the collected travels of the east indies and the west indies - Copper-plate engravings and completely based on images that were sent back to Europe from those that traveled as he did not - Because his was massed produced he was able to influence a lot of people with his depictions - Can see that de Bry trained by looking at Renaissance art because of the musculature in the man - faces are depicted as more classically inspired European art - created a foreground and a background for the setting - text was taken from another person's textual description of the dining experiences of Native Americas, but another group - De Bry creates more of a homogenous definition of native Americans - not separated into their own separate groups, but lumped all together without regard to the different cultures - woman is looking at the audience - Made an object of sexual conquest as she is looking in a way considered to be "alluring" - the man doesn't seem to mind - displays them as wild and therefore less than the "superior" Europe - De Bry made his books for multiple markets - text would be in multiple languages and would shift some depending on the audience - changed the message to appeal to different audiences - De Bry did not portray his depictions of colonization chronologically - Everything about his depictions helped shape the understanding of colonization of the Americas, even if incorrect - Can still see examples of this today
Versailles Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun French Baroque Period France
- Massive palace that Louis XIV made surrounding his father's hunting lodge - Louis XIV used this to keep the nobles distracted so he can maintain full control of France - Became a model for palaces in the 18th century - Louis had it commissioned because he wanted to show his wealth and power - garden palace, french formal garden with no flowers, very structured - The original building was Louis the 13ths hunting lodge, but then Louis XIV turned it into a palace by adding the wings and a bit more to the core of the building - took over 2 centuries to build - Layout designed to reinforce court culture and etiquette and Louis' power over everything - Hall of mirrors (gold and glass room) Was insane at the time because of the production of mirrors and glass - Emphasized the wealth of the king Would be surrounded by gold and wealth and have it reflected around you - Overwhelming and designed to be that way Garden: -French formal garden Also designed by Andre le Notre - Also built on a hill/slope to help with water flow - Metaphor for the power over his land - The area was not well-suited for this kind of garden but they did some serious work to get this done - Needed a major hydraulic system to get this done - Did not have enough water to have all fountains running at once, so they would have staff members there to turn them on and off as the king would walk through
Calling of St. Matthew Caravaggio Italian Baroque Period Italy
- Oil on canvas - 10' 7 x 11' 2 -originally in a chapel - Caravaggio considered Bernini's counterpart in painting - Caravaggio was the city he was from (first name was Michelangelo but Renaissance Michelangelo was already famous) - first public commission of Caravaggio - historic painting (counter-reformation) - historical/biblical event - Christ and St. Peter arrive at the house of a Jewish banker (Levi) Jesus asks Levi to become one of his apostles, and that is when Levi becomes St. Matthew -The setting looks like the back room at a bar where they count money and stuff (you've seen movies I'm sure) To call to people who may have been in settings like this to find and follow god instead -Decorum, a biblical story, is rather clear in subject matter, and makes viewers think of God
The Virgin of Guadalupe Miguel Gonzalez Global Baroque Period Mexico
- Our Lady of Guadalupe is a vision of the Virgin Mary that appeared to an indigenous man (Juan Diego) in 1531 - These sightings connect the creole Spanish (ppl born in the Americas but of Spanish descent) to the religion and their identity - multi-media - oil on canvas on top of wood - mother of pearl added (it looks like lacquer-ware popular in china (spread of art and materials through trade)) - Mexico became a hub between the east and west for trade - no blue used to determine it is Mary - recognized by the sun behind her, moon under her feet, stepping on a serpent (Because this was seen by an indigenous man, it furthers the power of catholicism in this area) - important to the counter-reformation idea of the importance of the veneration of saints (both old and new - this is "new" because it is a new apparition of how she appears) - Images in the corners are of Juan Diego about his vision of the virgin and their interactions (being led to her, the vision, him with the roses, and the image on the cloak) - At the bottom, there is an eagle perching on a cactus, which was symbolic of Mexico, on their flag - Links back even to an indigenous period - Seen as a symbol of triumph locally, similar to the virgin stepping on the snake/dragon - the dove symbolizing the holy spirit can be seen above mary
Magdalen with the Smoking Flame Georges de la Tour French Baroque Period France
- Related to Caravaggio's tenebrism/chiaroscuro - De la Tour was a follower of Caravaggio - Caravaggisti style - Mary Magdalen staring at a candle holding a skull in her lap -Mary: - Follower of Jesus - Is sort of a group of Marys that we see in the bible - Mary of Magdhala was known as a prostitute - Was a figure of female devotion and that you could always be good with the Lord even if you go "astray" - Often shown as pregnant as a reference to sexual sin - Candle can be a representation of Jesus -Counter-reformation image as it is an image of a Saint - Particularly catholic image -Very intimate scene Humbly dressed, barefoot, reading -Pondering life - Skull is a symbol of mortality
The Water Seller of Seville Diego Velázquez Habsburg Baroque Period Spain
- artist made many scenes of everyday life for "low-life figures" - Man giving water to a boy, with another man in the background (there is a fig in the water pitcher to give flavor) - The boy and the water seller are not making eye contact - Water seller is much more humbly dressed than the boy, who is well-dressed - Maybe something inappropriate with their actions, or the boy feels he does not need to make eye contact with the man bc he is above him - watersellers were common at the time, often represented as beggars or cheats, but Velazquez did not - think to the Calling of St. Matthew - illicit actions with less-than-stellar people, but being humanized and not shown as a criminal - young man, middle aged, and older man - stages of life -example of naturalism - attention to detail (clothing texture, wrinkles)
Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes Artemisia Gentileschi Italian Baroque Period Italy
-Similar to Caravaggio with use of Tenebrism (Chiaroscuro)(artist worked in his style) - one of 4 versions done of this particular project - used red curtain similar to Caravaggio and Fontainebleau paintings to frame the background -6' tall (figures are full length, examples of still-lifes on the table) -set post-decapitation - artist did many works of female heroes attacking men (scholars say this related to her own traumas of rape)
