ART 4

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

the daguerreotype

- a photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal; developed by Louis J. M. Daguerre. The daguerreotype was the first commercially successful photographic process, invented around 1837 by Daguerre.

the Salon des Refusés - 1863

-a protest against the exhibitions from the traditional academies. -the salon of the refused. -didnt have to use traditional styles

Fauvism

1905,Paris. Fauvism was a short-lived movement concerned with the liberation of color and the formal structure of a work of art. Fauve is a title which means "wild beast." This group first exhibited paintings in 1905 in Paris. The leader of this group was Henri Matisse, who painted pictures of revolutionary simplicity and high chroma, arbitrary color. Other painters of this group were Rouault, Derain, Vlamick, and Dufy

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

German Expressionism

A few German artists at the beginning of the century shared the expressionist goals of Fauves. Their desire to express attitudes and emotions was so pronounced and sustatined that we call their art German Expressionism. They developed imagery characterized by vivid, often angular simplifications of their subjects, dramatic color contrasts, with bold, at times crude finish. This made their works intense. German Expressionists built on the achievements of Gauguin and van Gogh and the soul-searching paintings of Munch. These German artists felt compelled to use the power of expressionism to address the human condition, often exploring such themes as natural life, sorrow, passion, spirituality, and mysticism.

Post-Impressionism

A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices.

functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Cubism

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

non-objectivity

Art that is nonrepresentational and abstract, focuses on form rather than depicting the subject matter realistically or as it appears in nature

14. What great 19th-century sculptor is associated with both Realism and Impressionism (p. 382)?

Auguste Rodin

cantilevering; reinforced concrete

Cantilevering is a frequent and defining feature of modernist architecture, perhaps most famously exemplified by Frank Lloyd Wright's 1935 masterpiece, Fallingwate

8. Who were the major French Impressionist painters (pp. 370-372)?

Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edger Degas

23. Within German Expressionism, what are the major groups (p. 391)?

Die Brucke(the Bridge)/ Der Blaue Reiter (the blue rider)

22. What are the two major movements of Expressionism (pp. 389-391)?

Fauvism and German expressionism

20. The three major Early Modern art movements: Fauvism, German Expressionism, Cubism (pp. 389-397).

Fauvism- is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a loose group of early twentieth-century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris[1] that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century

15. What qualities characterize Modern architecture (pp. 383-384)?

Function

3. Who was the painter most directly associated with Realism (pp. 354)?

Gustave Courbet

11. Who were the great Post-Impressionist painters? What did they accomplish (pp. 373-380)?

Henri de toulouse-lautrec- showed the dark side Georges Seurat- Pointillism color theory Vincent Van Gogh- convey emotions paul gauguin- strong color Paul Cezanne- color and patterns

the Industrial Revolution

It began in England from the late 1700's to the middle 1800's when new power driven machines replaced hand tools. New methods and machines changed factory work and travel. Coal was used instead of wood. Steam engines powered boats and railroads.

27. Who were the Futurists? What were the goals and beliefs of this short-lived movement (pp. 397-398)?

Italians who wanted motion to be the focus of art. forget the pass and look forward through use of war

16. Who has been called "the first truly modern architect (p. 384)?"

Louis henry sullivan

6. What connections may be made between Realism and Impressionism (pp. 369 ff.)?

Modernity

13. Who was the Post-Impressionist who was to have the most powerful impact on the development of Western painting? What was his contribution (pp. 378-380)?

Paul Cezanne- presented 2d and 3d

5. How did the development of photography encourage the birth of Realism and Impressionism (p. 363 and class lecture)?

Photos took what was real so impressionism raised to paint feelings and other gay things.

24. How may the work of the Fauvist artists be seen to differ from that of the German Expressionists (pp. 389- 393)?

The color palette, distortions of form, ragged outline and agitated brushstrokes

4. What new materials were used by pioneers of Modern architecture that would prove to revolutionize 19th and early 20th-century building in both form and content (pp. 360-362; 383-384)?

The standardization of parts, cast Iron, steel

12. Who was the greatest Dutch artist of the 19th century (pp. 375-376)?

Vincent Van Gogh

abstraction

a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples

synthetism

a genre of French painting characterized by bright flat shapes and symbolic treatments of abstract ideas

10. What stylistic qualities did the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists share in common?

color, brushwork, no mixing or fine edges, feelings

34. What were the major contributions of the German school of architecture and avant-garde design, known as the Bauhaus (pp. 416-418)?

craftsmanship, the unity of art, architecture and design

28. What Modern artistic style most influenced the aesthetic of Futurism, evocative of modernity (p. 397)?

cubist

36. Who has been called "perhaps America's greatest architect (p. 419)?" Why are terms like "organic" and "natural" used to describe his architectural style (pp. 419-420)?

frank lloyd wright, it flows

19. What is the artistic avant-garde? What are the origins of this term? How does this term apply to the leading artists of the late 19th, early 20th centuries of Modern Art (p. 389)?

french for front-guard, they push the limits and defied the academic standard of art

the International Style

is the name of a major architectural style that is said to have emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of modern architecture, as first defined by Americans Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932, with an emphasis more on architectural style, form and aesthetics than the social aspects of the modern movement as emphasized in Europe.

the avant-garde

n. new and very modern ideas in art, music or literature that are sometimes surprising or shocking.

25. The creation of what work "opened the door to a radically new method of representing form in space (p. 394)?" How was this accomplished? What sources did the artist use?

primitivism. drawing on african art, he intertwined the different forms and planes so that the space is illegible.

35. How may the International Style of architecture be seen to emerge from the ideas and practitioners behind the German Bauhaus (pp. 417-419)?

skyscrappers, glass, function

9. What qualities characterize Post-Impressionist painting (p. 373)?

systematically examining the properties and expressive qualities of line, pattern, form, and color.

"Form follows function."

the famous dictum of Louis Henry Sullivan which became the slogan of modern architecture.

21. What does the name "Fauve" mean? How did the Fauves get this name? To what aspect of their work does this name refer (p. 389)?

the wild beasts, Louis Vauxcelles, simplified design and shockingly bright color.

26. What were the ideas behind Cubism? What are the two phases of Cubism? What distinguishes them (pp. 393-396)?

to move beyond the description of visual reality, rejected naturalistic depictions, perferring shape and forms abstracted from the perceived world, Analytic Cubism and synthetic cubism

7. What were the major goals of the French Impressionist painters? What qualities may be said to characterize their work? What kinds of subjects did they typically paint?

to record their feelings, loose brushwork, local color, to show the good of everyday life,

plein-air painting

using natural light to paint, painting outside in nature