ART APPRECIATION QUIZ 4

Solvent

Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.

Grounds

- Imprimatura - Toned Ground - Gesso Ground

Dilution

Adding water to a solution in order to decrease the concentration

Paint: Vehicle

Binder and Solvent.

Gesso

- "Gesso", a mixture of white pigment & glue that sealed the wood & could be sanded & rubbed to a smooth, ivory like finish. - A brilliant white undercoating made of inherit pigment such as chalk or plaster & used as "ground" for paint, especially for "tempera". - Traditional ground with a glue component, suitable for hard surfaces but cracks into fine lines once dry rendering it less than ideal for canvas. - White coating made of substances such as chalk, plaster, and size that is spread over a surface to make it more receptive to paint.

Durer

- (1471- 1528) - German Renaissance artist, he is famous for his prints and woodcuts. He created religious paintings for churches., (1471-1528) - Greatest of German Renaissance artists; woodcuts, engravings, watercolors; Revelation of St John, Adam and Eve, Great Piece of Turf

Multiples

(Example / Pen & Ink) - Drawings are worked in multiples, sometimes in superimposed sheets of Mylar, so that elements placed on an under layer appear as though seen through a fog.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

(Council of Trent) - Council of trent adjourns in 1564; BAROQUE ART,LITURGICAL REFORMS, INQUISITION, RELIGIOUS ORDERS - In response to Protestant breakaway; reformist tendencies in Catholic Church itself; Council of Trent reaffirmed doctrices and practices; set about correcting abuses and corruption stimulating Protestant movement; a crackdown and refocusing on personal piety and inv spriituality; creation of Jesuits committed to renewal of Catholic Church

Baroque Period

(Drama & Emotion) - A style characteristic of seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, subjects of portraits expanded beyond religious figures to nature and ordinary individuals. Many paintings incorporated long hallways and views through windows or doorways. - In France during 1600-1800; prior to the French Revolution. The French Revolution was when the lower class revolted against the higher class to create the middle class.(Very wealthy time)

Registration

- (1) For the purpose of professional recognition entails entering on an official list and individual who has been certified as eligible by set qualifications of an organization or agency. (2) The process of gathering information from an individual to assist in providing care. This information consists of administrative data and pertinent clinical data. The data are entered into a computer system that is used to track registration for services, outpatient, emergency, admission to inpatient care, transfers within the care system, and discharge from care.

Serigraphy

- (Printing Process/Silk Screening). - a printing technique that forces ink through a stencil (image) on a screen stretched with a fine silk or similar fabric; also called silk-screening or screen-printing

Powdered Resin

- (^) Aquatint tool.

Stencil

- A perforated template allowing ink or paint to pass through to print a design.

Photolithography

- A planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image. - Pros: used to make very precise patterns. - How: solution of polymer is photoreceptive (i.e. reacts with light)--polymer reacts to certain wavelength of light by shining light on solution and solution becomes sold at location of light

Drypoint Needle

- A point. Used to a grave and in it into the surface of a plate.

Serigraphy - Screen Printing

- A printing technique that forces ink through a stencil (image) on a screen stretched with a fine silk or similar fabric; also called silk-screening or screen-printing. - Printing techniques that make use of a flat tool to force ink through a stencil directly onto paper. [silkscreen printing]

Intaglio Engraving

- An Intaglio printmaking in which the binder is wax, which is heated to render the paints fluid. - Controlled lines that are usually short and straight.

Etching

- An Intaglio printmaking process in which a metal plate coated with wax is drawn upon with a sharp tool down to the plate and then placed in an acid bath. The acid eats into the plate where the lines have been drawn, the wax is removed, and then the plate is inked and printed.

Stippling

- An arrangement of dots. - , This shading technique involves a pattern of dots. - , A technique for producing an image from multiple dots. - , A method of creating texture and value using an increasing and decreassing number of dots or marks.

Intaglio

- Any printing process in which the ink sits below the surface of the plate. - A graphic technique in which the design is incised, or scratched, on a metal plate, either manually (engraving) or chemically (etching). The incised lines of the design take the ink, making this the reverse of the woodcut technique. - , Also known as Gravure. - Any printmaking technique in which lines and areas to be inking are recessed below the surface of the printing plate. Etching, engraving, drypoint, and aquatint are this process.

Computer Images

- Are a mosaic of pixels, arranged in rows and columns similar to the tiles in a mosaic.

Burr

- As it cuts through the metal, the tool raises a rough edge called a burr, which, if left in place, produces a soft, velvety line when printed.

End Grain

- Block of wood used for engraving. Cross section of tree. usually boxwood or maple. - The area of glue surface on the end grain, not as good as if you had glued it to a long grain glue surface

Acid Bath

- Etching is an intaglio process in which the matrix is covered with a waxy substance and the design is drawn into this substance. The completed matrix drawing is then put into a(n) ACID BATH. - Third step in intaglio. - Acidic mixture used to clean materials after soldering; it works best when it's warm.

Expressionism

- Fauvism was part of a larger trend in Europe called expressionism which arose as artist came to believe that the fundamental purpose of art was to express their intense feelings toward the world. - Expressionism: describes any style where the artist's subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation. - Referes especially to a art movement that developed in Germany in the early 20th century, where the expressive ideal had the greatest influence. - Like Fauves, expressionist artist looked to Gauguin & Van Gogh as their predecessors. - (^) They admired as well the stark works f the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, who was then living in Berlin

Four Methods of Printmaking

- Relief - Intaglio - Lithography - Serigraphy - Screen printing

Burin

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Titian

- "Almost sixty years separate Titian's Portrait of a Man (the so-called Ariosto) in the National Gallery, London, and his Jacopo Strada, now in Vienna, dated 1568. This broad span of time frames Titian's career as a portrait painter. About one hundred portraits are extant, making it possible to follow both the stylistic and human progress of the artist (the development of his art, but also the events, meetings and successes of his life) as well as the course of Italian and European history in the sixteenth century, exemplified through the images of the protagonists of political, religious and cultural power

Italy: Bernini

- (1598-1680) A baroque architect and sculptor. Made the Colonnade for piazza in from of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and was his greatest architectural work, and the Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter's Cathedral, and the altarpiece The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, that shows a lot of emotion. - The papacy's official baroque artist. Sculpted Ecstasy of St. Teresa of Avila, tombs for the popes, and a large statue of Constantine. Famous for square facing St. Peters Basilica and its freestanding Colonnades.

Holland: Rembrandt

- (1601-1669) - One of the best painters and printmakers of all time, lived during the Baroque period and is remembered for his dramatic use of light, single, group, and self-portraits and works such as The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, The Night Watch, The Descent from the Cross, and Abraham and Isaac. - Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus.

Rococo: Boucher

- (1703-1770) - French Rococo painter. He is known for his peaceful and appealing paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories which represented the arts or pastoral occupations. He also often painted portraits of his mistress. - Rococo, Idealizes shepherds, usually painted nudes, but they were all Gods and Goddesses

Lime Plaster

- (Fresco) - Mixed calcium hydroxide and sand. used for true frescoes. transforms back to limestone when exposed to carbon dioxide. - As it dries it undergoes chemical transformation and fuses pigment with plaster.

Medium

- A particular material for example clay, fiber, stone, wood, and paint. - A means for sending information; a technique, material, or means of expression available to an artist.

High Renaissance

- A period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. - (1490-1530) During this period, the city-states of Italy lost much of their economic and political vitality, confronting French invasion and then Spanish domination.

Ground

- A preparatory coating of paint, usually white but sometime colored, applied to the support for a painting or drawing. - An acid-resistan coating applied to a metal plat to ready it for use in etching. - The information that is perceived as secondary in two-dimension image; the background. (see figure-ground relationship)

Turpentine

- A thin distilled oil used as a paint thinner, solvent, and liniment. (noun)

Northern Renaissance

- An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance.

Linseed Oil

- Binder, can also be used for quick-drying oil paints. - Is an amber-colored, fatty oil extracted from the cotyledon and inner coats of the linseed. Used to preserve or refinish wood. - The primary oil used to bind oil paints, it's made from pressed flax seeds and tends to yellow with age

Gum Arabic

- Binder, helps prevent the colors from lightening, prevents bleeding beyond brush strokes.

Mixed Media

- Collage - Combine Paintings - Work of art formed from the combination of more than one medium, often an unusual combination of seemingly unrelated materials such as wood, clay, paint, and fabric.

Bruegel

- Flemish painter during the Northern Renaissance who painted "Peasant Wedding" that was a genre painting of ordinary people doing ordinary things in the world.

Byzantine Art + Mosaics: Icon

- Icon: A distinctive form of Byzantine art is the "Icon", named after the Greek word for image "Eikon". Within the contact of Byzantine art, an icon is a specific kind of image, either a portrait of a sacred person or a portrayal of a sacred event. Isons were most commonly painted in tempera on gilded wood panels. - A standard element of later Byzantine iconography, the "Pantokrator" image emphasizes the , awe-inspiring, even terrifying majesty of christ opposed to his gentle, approachable, human incarnation of Jesus. (Example of Mosaic depicting "Christ as Pantokrator" By: Santa Maria La Nuova - Monreale, Sicily. Before 1183)

Veronese

- Influenced by Titian and Michelangelo; Late Renaissance - Style*: Coloristic and use of classical architecture as setting; illusionistic ceiling painting (forty-five degree viewing angle. - Festival with lots of people and action: dwarfs, dogs, military; lavish costumes; color schemes; lighter and fluffier. - He had an Allegory of Wisdom and Strength; His Supper in Emmaus features two kids; also did frescos at the Villa Barbaro.

Fluid (wet) Media

- Media is constantly changing or a fluid state. Any popular item prodiced for mass media has the potential of being transformed very quickly into a number of user-generated info. - Liquid based drawing materials; primary medium is ink. - Liquid based: pen and ink, pen and wash, brush and ink, brush and wash

Late Renaissance - Italy

- More religious and literary, less focused on the classics. They will draw on Greco-Roman classics, yet to a lesser extent. Italian Renaissance more visual through paintings and sculptures, Late Renaissance more focused on literary works such as poetry

Silverpoint

- The most common metalpoint used for drawing. These create thin, faint, gray lines that are impossible to erase. - A drawing medium in which a silver-tipped instrument inscribes lines on a surface that has been coated with a ground or pigment. - A sharp stylus that creates a fine line; a stylus made of silver, used in drawing in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries because of the fine line it produced and the sharp point it maintained. (Jan van Eyck, Portrait of Cardinal Niccolo Albergati, 1431) - With this drawing implement, the artist draws by dragging a silver-tipped implement over a surface coated with a ground of bone dust or chalk mixed with gum, water, and pigment.

Van Eyck

- Used oil-based paints; used layers to create variety of subtle colors when painting. - Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting; pioneered modern oil painting techniques, his art was mirror of the world, exquisitie attention to detail

Drawing Approaches

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Poster Paints

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Surface - Support / Ground

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Use of Drawing

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Wax Vehicle

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Binder

A substance that allows it to be shaped into sticks (for dry media), to be suspended in fluid (for liquid media) & to adhere to the drawing surface. - Also is related to "Pastel & Graphite" - Pigments are mixed together with binder that hold them together (charcoal and pastels)

Life Drawing

Drawing from live models to record the movements, gestures, rhythms, and essential physical capabilities of human or animal bodies as aesthetically pleasing art forms.

Materials For Drawing :

Drawing media can be divided into two broad groups: dry media & liquid media. -Although some media are naturally occurring, most of today's media are manufactured, usually by combining powdered "pigment" (coloring material) with a "binder" - a substance that allow it to be shaped into sticks (for dry media), to be suspended in fluid (for liquid media), & to adhere to the drawing surface.

Two Approaches in Drawing :

Dry media: generally applied directly in stick form - As the stick is dragged over suitably abrasive surface, it leaves particles of itself behind. Liquid Media: Generally applied with a tool such as a pen or a brush.

New Directions

In continental religion; religious developments based on feeling sprang up; strong RC revival took place in France, "The Genius of Christianity" expressed their views against rev ideas of religion, aka "bible of romanticism"; against Newtonian view, romantics found God immanent in nature; according to Schleirmacher, religion neither dogma nor system of ethics, instead it was intuition of absolute dependence on an infinite reality, considered Christianity 'religion of religions', interpreted religions of world in same way other romantic writers interpreted variety of unique peoples and cultures.

Leonardo

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Panels

Palette divisions that group tools? - Wood panels: Traditionally used with oil paintings, wood panels are heavy & liable to crack, the lighter linen canvas could be stretched to almost unlimited size. - Gilded Wood Panels. - Many panels can be used to combine one piece of art work such as a painting with oil on canvas or oil on wood panels.

Stretcher Bars / Canvas

- Specially cut wood put together as a framed support for the canvas. - Stretching a canvas

Pigment

Coloring Material (Liquid Media) - Usually a combining powered pigment ... (with a binder). - Also is related to "Pastel"

Linear Techniques

Modeling, stippling, hatching, and cross-hatching are all examples.

Long Paint

Mural

France: Architecture

gothic

Passages

the form of the painting through steps of strokes, pattern, texture, amount of paint, type of paint, type of brush/ tool, the techniques that form it as a whole, - what is emphasized and important focus of the piece?

Problems of Vehicles

- Yellowing - Cracking - Discoloring

Oil Primer

- glazes - grounds

Chalk (Dry Material)

(Pigment, Non-Fat Binder, Gum Arabic) + (ful range of colors) - To geologists, "Chalk" names a kind of soft, white limestone. - In art, the word has been used less precisely to name three soft, finely textured stones that can be used for drawing: "Black Chalk" (composite of carbon & clay). "Red Chalk" (iron oxide & clay), & "White Chalk" (calcite or calcium carbonate). - Like Graphite, these tones need only be mined & then cut into convenient sizes for use. - Natural Chalks have largely been replaced today by "Conte Crayon" & "Pastels", though they are still available to artist who seek them out.

Animal Glue

- A glue in liquid form having excellent bonding property with paper or glass and reasonably good bond with wood or metal. Resistance to heat, cold, creep and water is poor.

Dry Media

- A means of drawing such as graphite pencil, charcoal, pastel, conte crayon, or computer printer ribbon, in which the base that carries the pigments is not fluid. as shown in the drawing, each of these media creates a different line quality., - Graphite (pencil), oil pastel, compressed charcoal, conte crayon (doesn't erase), chalk pastels, light charcoal. - Dry media are those media that are applied dry;they include pencil,charcoal,crayon,and chalk or pastel. - pigments are mixed together with binder that hold them together (charcoal and pastels)

Acrylic Paint

- A paint which uses acrylic plastic to hold the color or pigments together. Similar to oil point but can be clean up with water before it dries. - Thicker and stronger than tempera or watercolor paint, acrylic is water based "plastic" paint

Fresco

- A painting medium in which colors are applied to a plaster ground, usually a wall (mural) or a ceiling. In "buon fresco", also called "True Fresco", colors are applied before the plaster dries & thus bond with the surface. In "Fresco Secco" ("Dry Fresco"), colors are applied to dry plaster.

Other Media

- Mosaic - Gilding - Computer Images

Pastel (Dry Material)

( Full range of colors & degree of hardness) - Pastel is considered a borderline medium, somewhere between painting & drawing. - Pastel consists of pigment bound with a non greasy binder such as a solution of gum arabic or gum tragacanth (natural gums made from hardened sap) in water. - Artist favor soft pastels for most work reserving the harder ones for special effects or details. - Due to pastels bounding so lightly, pastels leave a velvety line of almost pure pigment. - They can be easily blended by blurring one color into another, obliterating the individual strokes & creating smoothly graduated tones. - The principle of it is so simple so that artists can manufacture their own if they choose mixing pigment & binder into a doughy paste, then rolling the paste into sticks & letting it dry.

Crayon / Conte Crayon (Dry Material)

(Oil Binder) (full range of colors) - Conte Crayon: Most well known artist crayon, developed in france at the turn of the 19th century, it consists of compressed pigment compounded with clay & a small amount of greasy binder. - ^ Initially conceived as a substitute for natural black & red chalks, Conte Crayons have since become available in a full range of colors. - For Crayons, the binder is a greasy or waxy substance. (Wax binder: Crayola Crayons / Greasy binder: Oil pastels) - Crayons made with waxy or greasy binders, in contrast, tend to favor discreet strokes that can be layered but not blended. - Writing implement consisting of a colored stick of composition wax used for writing and drawing. - Drawing material in stick form (include charcoal, chalk, and pastel, plus wax implements); often brighter in color. - Ground pigment mixed with oil, gum, or wax.

Spain: Velasquez

- (1599-1660). - Spanish painter and court painter to Philip IV. Important not just for royal portraits but as an important influence on other Baroque painters.

Brush & Ink (wet media)

- Drawing tool that employs pigmented liquids used in writing to make lines or areas of wash. - Has a telltale swelling and tapering look. - Popular style of Chinese art (on paper or silk). - Brushes are extremely versatile drawing implements, they are available in a wide variety of materials, textures, widths, and shapes that produce many different effects. - Soft & supple brushes used for watercolor & ink. - Can produce a broad range of effects. - Black ink, looks like calligraphy as a drawing.

Acrylic

- Strong, weatherproof, industrial paints using a vehicle of synthetic plastic resin. (invented in 1930's). - For the first time since it was developed, oil paint had a challenger as the principle medium for Western painting. - Acrylics (synthetic artists colors) AKA Polymer Paints. - Vehicles in Acrylic: Acrylic Resin, Polymerized (its simple molecules linked into long chains) through emulsion in water. - As Acrylic paint dires, the resin particles coalesce to form a tough, flexible, & waterproof film. - Depending on how they are used, acrylics can mimic the effects of oil paint, watercolors, gouache, and even tempera. - They can be used on both prepared or raw canvas, & also on paper & fabric. - They can be layered into a heavy impasto like oils or diluted with water & spread in translucent washes like watercolor. - Like tempera, they dry quickly & permanently (artist using acrylics usually rest their brushes in water while working, for if the paint dries on the brush, it is extremely difficult to remove). - Unlike watercolors, Acrylic paints are not soluble once they have dried.

Short Paint

Impressionism

Mixed Media: Collage

In representational painting, objects from the real world are transposed into art by the hand of a painter, who creates a likeness. - Collage is a french wry that means "pasting" or "gluing". - In art it refers to the practice of attaching actual objects such as paper or cloth to the surface of a canvas or some other support, as well as to the resultant artwork.

Polymer Medium

- what kind of medium are pigments suspended in in acrylic paint? - ACRYLIC PAINT

Watercolor / Aquarelle

- Water Color: Transparent medium, the same as aquarelles, made with a mixture of pigments and gum arabic that is soluble in water. - Aquarelle: A painting done in transparent water color.

Cubism / Abstraction / Abstract Art

- While artist associated with Europe's many expressionist tendencies were exploring the possibilities of colors, the two artist in Paris were reducing the role of color to a minimum to concentrate on the problem of representing form in space. (Ex: Pablo Picasso). - Abstraction: A visual representation that may have little resemblance to the real world. Abstraction can occur through a process of simplification or distortion in an attempt to communicate an essential aspect of a form or concept. - Abstract Art: Art form that represents ideas using geometric and other designs instead of natural forms seeking to break away from traditional representation of physical objects. Pioneered by Kandinsky and others in the early 20th century. - Abstract Art: Art that does not resemble things in real life, stresses the form of the subject matter rather than the actual appearance. - Cubism: 1910.This movement in painting and sculpture was fathered by Picasso and Braque, and influenced by the conceptual painter, Paul Cezanne. Cezanne believed that the world could be perceived as groups of planes or solid geometric forms, (cubes, cylinders, spheres). - Cubism: Style of painting and sculpture developed in the early 20th century, characterized chiefly by an emphasis on formal structure, the reduction of natural forms to their geometrical equivalents, and the organization of the planes of a represented object independently of representational requirements. - Cubism: A form of painting that rejected visual reality and emphasized instead geometric shapes and forms that often suggested movement

Relief

- Woodcut - Wood Engraving - In a relief process, the printmaker cuts away all parts of the printing surface not meant to carry ink, leaving the design "in relief" at the level of the surface. - Difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point in an area. - A raised form on a largely flat background, for example, the design on a coin.

Silkscreen

- a print made using a stencil process in which an image or design is superimposed on a very fine mesh screen and printing ink is squeegeed onto the printing surface through the area of the screen that is not covered by the stencil. - Ink forced through stencils on silk stretched across a frame. (like tshirts or Warhol's Marilyn Monroe)

Lithography

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Mixed Media Printing

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Charcoal (Dry Material)

(Hardwoods) (gray scale) - Best quality of Charcoal: vine, or willow twigs, slowly heated in an airtight chamber until only sticks or carbon remain- black, brittle, & featherweight. - Natural charcoal creates soft, scattered line that smudges easily & can be erased with a few sticks of a cloth. - For denser, more durable, or more detailed work, sticks of compressed charcoal are available, as are charcoal pencils made along the same lines as graphite pencils. - A dry drawing medium made from charred (woods) twigs, usually vine or willow. - A stick of black carbon material used for drawing. - A block of dense material used to support work being soldered, also helps maintain heat while soldering. - A(n) _______ drawing must be sprayed with a solution of thinned varnish to keep particles of the medium affixed to the surface. - Burnt wood; hard (thinner line) & soft (bold line) types. - A black substance made by burning wood slowly in an oven with little air. 2 (also ˌcharcoal ˈgrey) a very dark grey colour.

Gauffrage

(Intaglio Printing Process). - The 20th-century American abstract artist Josef Albers created Solo V, an inkless intaglio technique known as ____. - Inkless intaglio, printing process inplies the use of ink to produce an image.

Tusche

(Lithography & Silk Screening Process) - In lithography, a waxy liquid used to draw or paint images on a lithographic stone or plate. - Greasy pen used in Lithography. ink sticks to grease. - Artists started a lithograph with these. Comes in solid or liquid form and may be brushed on like ink or applied with a pen. - Greasy pen used in Lithography. ink sticks to grease. - A black liquid used in lithography for drawing and painting and in etching and the silk-screen process as a resist. - Used in silk screen printing to make a washout. - , A greasy material (comprised of wax, tallow, soap, shellac, and lampblack) used for drawing on a lithography stone.

Material of Brush / Type

(PEN & INK) - Radiograph Pen: A more recently type os ink pen, a metal tipped instrument that channels a reservoir of ink into a fine, even, unvarying line. - Compared with the line traced by a reed or quill pen, a line drawn with a radiograph can seem mechanical & impersonal. - Radiograph pen was invented as a tool for a technical drawing, such as the drawing illustrate architectural systems in Ch. 13 of this book (282-301 pg.) - Before the advent f the computer, architects often used the radiograph to draw precise images of building they were planning.

Graphite (Dry Material)

(Pencil) + (Graphite / Clay - Hardness) + (gray scale) - A soft, crystalline form of carbon first discovered in the 16th century, graphite is a naturally occurring drawing medium. - Pure, solid graphite need only be mined, then shaped into a convenient form. - Dragged acros an abrasive surface, it leaves a trail of dark gray particles that have a slight sheen. - Graphite was adopted as a drawing medium soon after its discovery. - But pure, solid graphite is rare & precious (there is only one known deposit). - More commonly, Graphite must be extracted from various ores & purified, resulting in a powder. - Toward the end of the 18th century, a technique was discovered for binding powdered graphite with fine clay to make a cylindrical drawing stick. - Encased in woof, it became the most common drawing medium tool called a PENCIL. - Varying the percentage of clay in the graphite compound allows manufactures to produce pencils that range from very hard (lots of clay) to very soft (minimal amounts of clay). - The softer the pencil, the darker & richer the line it produces. - The harder the pencil, the more pale & silvery the line. - Graphite Pencil: Made from carbon mixed with clay. Produces tight, thin lines - Pencil (graphite)- soft (dark) to hard (light) and high-quality colored pencils in a wide range of colors. - Graphite / Pencil; Metal Point; Crayon, Pastel, Chalk

Mezzotint

(Printmaking) - A printmaking process, the first tonal method to be used, achieves tonality by roughening the plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tooth with small teeth called a "rocker," in printing, the tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean.

Aquatint

(Printmaking) - An "Intaglio" printmaking method in which areas of tone are created by dusting resin particles on a plate & then allowing acid to bite around the particles. Also, a "print" made by this method.

Etching

(Printmaking) - An intaglio printmaking method in which the design is bitten into the printing plate with acid. Also, the resultant print. To create an etching, a metal plate is covered with an acid-resistant ground. The design is drawn with a sharp, pen-like tool that scratches the ground to reveal the metal beneath. The plate is then submerged in acid, which bites into the exposed metal, the longer the plate remains in contact with the acid, the deeper the bite, and the darker the line it will print.

Drypoint

(Printmaking) - An intaglio printmaking technique in which the design is scratched directly into a metal plate with a sharp, pointed, tool that is held like a pen. - An intaglio printmaking technique similar to engraving in which the design is scratched directly into a metal plate with a sharp, pointed tool that is held like a pen. As it cuts through the metal, the tool raises a rough edge called a burr, which, if left in place, produces a soft, velvety line when printed.

Planographic

(Printmaking) - Printmaking technique in which the image areas are level with the surface of the printing plate. - Techniques including lithography, monotyping, and digital techniques where the matrix retains it original surface, but is specially prepared and/or inked to allow for the transfer of the image. - Ink is transferred from a flat surface. Lithography is an example. (Printing process is flat).

Metal Point (Dry Media)

(gray scale) - Few artists use it now due to it not being very forgiving on mistakes or indecision. - Once put down, the lines cannot easily be changed or erased. - Can use any soft metal then the wire would be put into wooden scribes- Creates drawings with pure, precise lines made by a thin wire (usually silver) held in a holder. - Ancestor to the pencil; thin metal wire mounted in a holder (much like mechanical pencil); most common is the silverpoint; surface must be prepared w/ coating of poster paint or Chinese white. - The drawing surface must be prepared by covering it with a "ground", a preliminary coating of paint. - Traditional metal point ground recipe: A mixture of bone ash, glue, & white pigment in water. - As the point of the wire is drawn across the dried ground, it leaves behind a thin trail of mental particles that soon tarnish to a pale gray. - Metal point drawings are characterized by a fine, delicate line of uniform width. - A drawing technique, especially silverpoint, in which a stylus with a point of gold, silver, or some other metal was applied to a sheet of paper treated with a mixture of powdered bones and gumwater.

Michaelangelo

- (1475-1564) - An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. - Accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect. painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in rome. This revealed an ideal type of body with perfect porportions. Also sculpted Moses in a very realistic way thanks to his study of human anatomy

Italy: Caravaggio

- (1571-1610) An Italian baroque painter was renowned for his dramatic use of light and dark and his technique influenced many artists who followed. His work is also notable for it's provocative degree of naturalism. His work is so important that art works using extremes of dark and light is often termed "caravaggesque." His work is also notable for its provocative degree of naturalism. For example, He portrayed the Virgin Mary and the apostles not as notable figures in classic garb but as simple, poor folks in threadbare garments - (1571-1610) Leading Baroque painter in Rome +propensity for violence, brushes with the law +religious themes intended to appeal to the ordinary observer (innovative approach) +depicted homoerotic nature +sharp uses of tenebrism. - 16-17th c. Italian artist whose paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on the Baroque school of painting. - Famous Paintings: "Famous works The Fortune Teller, The Cardsharps, Supper at Emmaus, The Taking of Christ, Martyrdom of Saint Matthew and Calling of Saint Matthew, "

Flanders: Peter Paul Rubens

- (1577-1640) - Is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings. ( Famously Known For: ) - This artist depicted a salamander beside the decapitated head of Medusa in one painting. His self-portraits include one in which he is holding hands with his first wife in a honeysuckle bower, and another in which he is dancing with his second wife at their wedding. Men on horses attack the titular creature while a dog grapples with a crocodile in one of his paintings. This artist of The (*) Garden of Love included a huge mass of people on the left and figures struggling with a horse on the right in another work. This artist of Hippopotamus Hunt and Rape of the Sabine Women showed the title figure being born and disembarking a ship at Marseille with her husband Henry IV in two paintings of his cycle depicting Marie de' Medici. For 10 points, name this Flemish Baroque painter known for his voluptuous nudes.

Holland: Vermeer

- (1632-1675) - Dutch painter, son of a silk worker. Neither baroque nor classical; his paintings showed ordinary lives; made interesting with use of light. Painted Officer with a Laughing Girl. - A Dutch painter who specialized in exquisite domestic interior scenes of middle class life. Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial genre painter in his lifetime

Paint: Pigment

- (Oil, Encaustic, Vehicle/Binder) - A colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color, they do not dissolve. - They remain suspended in the medium and when applied to a surface, the pigments remain on top of that surface. - Determine paint quality and are finely ground particles which, when dispersed in liquid to make paint, provide hiding, sheen, color and the brightness. - Finely ground powder of pure color.

Raphael

- 1483-1520 - Florence and Rome: Well known for his Modonnas or Humanized portraits of Mary and the baby Jesus. His works showed his interest in the classical period - Short but productive life. Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for painting Madonnas, humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus. Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace - espec. The School of Athens & The Triumph of Religion - reflect artist's strong interest in classical antiquity and Christian religion.

Protestant Reformation

- 1500's: Transition in Christian faith in Europe, dividing church into Catholic, saved by faith and good works, and Protestism ppl saved by faith, key people were Martin Luther and John Calvin, led some ppl to want to go to new world. - , 16th century attempts to reform the Catholic Church; Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism have continued on to today as expressions of Christian piety separate from Catholicism

Martin Luther

- 16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith

Aquatint

- A method of etching that imitates the broad washes of a water color. - This technique is so called because its finished prints often resemble watercolors or wash drawings. It is a favorite method of printmakers to achieve a wide range of tonal values. The technique consists of exposing the plate to acid through a layer (or sometimes succesive layers) of resin or sugar. The acid bites the plate only in the spaces between the resin particles, achieving a finely and evenly pitted surface that yields broad areas of tone when the grains are washed off and the plate is inked and printed. A great many tones can be achieved on a single plate by exposing different areas to different acid concentrations or different exposure times. Aquatint techniques are generally used in combination with etching or engraving to achieve linear definition. Aquatint was little favored by etchers until Francisco Goya used it to such great effect in his celebrated edition of 80 etchings entitled "Los Caprichos." After Goya the technique was used extensively by Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro.

Wood Engraving

- A method of relief printing in wood. In comparison to woodcut, a wood engraving is made with denser wood, cutting into the end of the grain rather than the side. The density of the wood demands the use of engraving tools rather than craving tools.

Grisaille

- A painting executed entirely in gray-scale values, often as a foundation for colored glazes. -The Greyscale technique was used for two different Johns and Cain and Abel in the Ghent Altarpiece., - A monochromatic painting done in neutral grays to simulate sculpture. - , A term for painting executed entirely in monochrome or near-monochrome, usually in shades of grey. It is particularly used in large decorative schemes in imitation of sculpture.

Burin

- A pointed tool used for engraving or incising. - Tool used for making holes in skins. - Metal instrument with a sharp point used to incise designs on pottery or metal plates. - A steel tool used for carving or engraving. - A metal instrument used in engraving to cut lines into the metal plate. THe sharp end is trimmed to give a diamond-shaped cutting point, while the other end is finished with a wooden handle that fits into the engraver's palm. - V-shaped chisel used to scratch a line in a metal plate in an intaglio print. - A steel tool; to develop dramatic contrasts of rich darks and theatrical lights.

Rococo: Decorative

- A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids. - EXCESSIVELY ORNATE; HIGHLY DECORATED; STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EUROPE. - Period following the baroque and preceding the neoclassic. It includes a wealth of decorative detail suggestive of grace, intimacy, and playfulness. It was regarded as decadent in England. -1730's Art that originated in France in the 1720's, then spread across Europe where there was a fascination with French art and culture. Grace and gentile action, rejected strict geometrical patterns, fondness for curves. - A feminizing of the Baroque, it's not as strong or masculine.

Original Print - "Art Print"

- A print done by an artist or under his or her direct supervision. NOT a reproduction. - Artist is directly involved with creating an original print, usually relatively small editions and signed in pencil by the artist. - Created by the artist himself or under the artist's supervision as compared to commercial reproduction. Value can sometimes be based on the number within the edition. - Term used to describe a printed image that has been created directly by an artist on woodblocks, intaglio plates or lithographic stones. This makes it distinct from the print created by someone other than the artist, usually a professional printmaker, who copies the artist's original design.

Monotype

- A printmaking process involving drawing or painting directly on a plate, resulting in only one impression of an image. - Monotype is a one-off technique in which a flat surface on copper, zinc or glass is painted with oil colors or ink and then passed through the etching press. The process permits only one copy; thus "monotype." Modern monotypes take advantage of a wide variety of materials including perspex, cardboard, etc., with artists creating veritable collages on the surface, then printing them for surprising results

Woodcut

- A relief printmaking method in which a block of wood is carved so as to leave the image areas raised from the background. - Design is drawn on a wooden block and the part of the block not to be printed is cut away with wood-carvers' tools such as knives. - Grain of wood dictates which direction hatching lines are cut out. - Late Medieval technique popular in 15th century Germany to print book illustrations. - Oldest form of printmaking. - , A wooden block on the surface of which those parts not intended to print are cut away to a slight depth, leaving the design raised; also, the printed impression made with such a block.

Cross Hatching

- A shading technique in which density and overlapping of crossing lines is used to create a range of value. - , a drawing technique in which a series of lines are crossed over each other to suggest form and volume. - , one set of hatches is crossed at an angle by a second set of hatches and sometimes even a third.

Squeegee

- A tool containing one or more rubber blades that is used to remove excess water from photographic film and prints. - Screen print-makers scrape this tool over a stencil, inking exposed fabric. - Tool used to pull the underglazes through the silk screen

Woodengraving

- A version of woodcut developed in the 18th century. A very hard wood is used and is always cut across the grain. The tool used is a version of the burin or graver, the handle of which is held again the palm and pushed before the hand, making a clean incision into the wood. They are printed in relief in the same way as woodcuts. It produced much more detailed work than the woodcutter.

Encaustic

- An Intaglio printmaking in which the binder is wax, which is heated to render the paints fluid. - A method of painting, which uses pigments melted with wax and fixed or fused to the painting surface with heat. - , A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot. Sixth- and seventh- century Byzantine artists used this to create panel paintings. Interestingly, Jasper Johns used it in his famous painting entitiled Flag.

Mixed Media: Combine Paintings

- Artworks that combined ordinary objects and collage materials with abstract expressionist brushwork; collapse between painting and sculpture. - Used by Rauschenberg- mixed media pieces that include non-connected things. - , In his work called Monogram, Robert Rauschenberg put everyday objects together with collage and Expressionist paintings to form what is called______________. - , The name American artist Robert Rauschenberg gave to his assemblages of painted passages and sculptural elements. - , An artwork that incorporates various objects into a painted canvas surface, creating a sort of hybrid between painting and sculpture.

Rococo: Fragonard

- Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) is famous for his painting entitled "Swing," which was commissioned by Baron de Saint-Julien. In the painting, the baron is the man looking up his mistress's skirt: the woman on the swing. This painting is typical of the Rococo period because of its frilly and delicate patterns. The painting also contains a strong emphasis in erotic themes due to the use in phallic symbolism of the hat and the statues.

Fluid Media

- Liquid based: pen and ink, pen and wash, brush and ink, brush and wash. - Media is constantly changing or a fluid state. Any popular item prodiced for mass media has the potential of being transformed very quickly into a number of user-generated info. - Digital media challenges the fact that media content is unchangeable.

Pen & Ink (Liquid Media)

- Drawing inks generally consist of ultra fine particles of pigment suspended in water. - A binder such as gum arabic is added to hold the particles in suspensions & help them adhere to the drawing surface. - Inks today are available in a wide range of colors - historically, however, black & brown inks have predominated, manufactured from a great variety of ingenious recipes since at least the 4th century B.C.E. - There are endless ways to get ink onto paper. - Ways to get ink onto paper: 1.) You could soak a bit of sponge with it & swipe a drawing onto the page. 2.) You could use fingertips or a twig. 3.) If you want a controlled, sustained, flexible line, you'll reach for a brush or a pen. - (^) Traditional artist's pens are made to be dipped in ink, then set to paper. - (^) Depending on the qualities of the nib- the art of a pen that conveys ink to the drawing surface- the line a pen makes may be thick or thin, even, in width or variable, stubby, & coarse or smooth & flowing. - TODAY, MOST PEN NIBS ARE MADE OF METAL. - Before then, artist generally used either "REED PENS" - Pens cut from the hollow shafts of the wing feathers or large birds. - Both "REED" & "QUILL PENS" respond sensitively to shifts in pressure, lending themselves naturally to the sort of varied, gestural lines....

Types of Painting

- Fresco - Encaustic - Wax vehicle - Tempera - Gesso

Oil Paint

- Glaze: thin veils of translucent color applied over a layer of opaque paint. - Scrumble - Slow drying paint made when pigments are mixed with oil, linseed oil being the most traditional. The oil dries with a hard film, and the brightness of the colors is protected. Oil paints are usually opaque and traditionally used on canvas. They can have a matter, semi-gloss, or glossy finish. - Made by blending powdered pigments with oil, usually linseed and sometimes turpentine. Most often applied to wood or canvas. - Paint pigments mixed in a viscous, slow-drying oil medium which dries by oxidation and blends easily. It can be used as a glaze or a heavy impasto.

Dry Media Materials (6):

- Graphite - Metal Point (ground) - Charcoal - Crayon (conte crayon) - Pastel - Chalk

Masking

- Hiding part of a layer so that you can manipulate only the visible parts of the layer

Matrix / Plate

- In printmaking, a surface (such as a block of wood) on which a design is prepared before being transferred through pressure to a receiving surface (such as a sheet of paper). - A Smart Art graphic typs that shows relationships of parts to a whole. - (n.) a mold; the surrounding situation or environment.

Lithography

- In this process, a waxy pencil or crayon delineates an image on a matrix made of stone, zinc, or aluminum; the print-maker applies water then ink to the plate; only the wax lines become inked; finally, a press applies the ink to the paper; much less difficult compared to engraving or wood cut., - A method of printing pictures that uses flat metal or stone surfaces, parts of which are covered with ink. - Planographic printing process in which printing areas attract ink and non-image areas repel ink. Text books, magazines, business forms, checks, etc. are often printed with litho.

Gouache

- Is a water color with inert white pigment added. Inert pigment is pigment that becomes colorless or virtually colorless in paint. - In gouache, it serves to make colors opaque, which means that when used at full strength, they can completely hide any ground or other color they are painted over. - Like watercolor, gouache can be applied in a translucent wash, although that is not its primary use. - It dies quickly & uniformly & especially well suited to large areas or flate, saturated color.

Rabbit Skin Glue

- Is the traditional size for fabric support on panels. It seals porous fabric and isolates it from ground or oil paints. - A sizing that also acts as an adhesive. It is essentially refined rabbit collagen, and was originally used as an ingredient in traditional gesso. - Skin of a rabbit is crystallized then heated to become a gelatin; used as a primer for tempera.

Paint: Binder

- Provides the support medium for the pigments and additives, & holds pigment in place. - Determine the protective quality and durability of the coating. ex. acrylics, alkyds, epoxies, urethanes

Pens

- Reed - Quills - Metal Nibs - Ball Point

Water / Watercolor / Gouache / Ink Sticks Etc.

- Many cultures have developed paints that are similar to water colors & Gouache. - Traditional Chinese artists for example, paint with black ink made by mixing oil soot with animal glue. - The resulting doughy paste is kneaded, then pressed into a mold & allowed to harden into a slender block known as "INK STICK". - A painter (or a scribe, since the same ink is used for writing) prepares session's supply of ink by grinding the stick with water on ink stone- a fine-grained stone shaped to offer a smooth grinding surface & a well for water. - Traditional colors are made in the same way, with powdered pigments ground in water & bound with animal glue. - Some pigments yield transparent tones that resemble watercolor; others produce opaque colors that more closely resemble Gouache. - The earliest known ink sticks date from the periods in Chinese history known as the "Warring States". - INK STICKS are still manufactured today, making hem perhaps the oldest painting medium in continuous use. - Traditional artist in India & the Islamic world also use ink & colors. - INK is made with soot & animal glue, as in China. - Paints are made by grinding pigments in water with a binder of animal glue or gum arabic.

Mosaic

- Miniature Mosaics: Precious stone, metals, and ivory. - The technique of creating a design or image by arranging bits of colored ceramic, stone, glass, or other suitable materials & fixing them into a bed of cement or plaster. - A decoration using pieces of stone, marble or colored glass, called tesserae, that are cemented to a wall or a floor. - (n): a surface decoration made by inlaying small pieces of variously colored material to form pictures or patterns; also : the process of making it. - 4,000 year history; terracotta cones pushed point-first into background; precise geometric patterns of animals and people; 200 BC ("tesserae"-manifactured process) used to give extra detail and range of color to work; most were of greek artists.

Oil

- Oil paints consist of pigment compounded with oil, usually linseed oil. - The oil acts as a binder, creating as it dries as transparent film in which the pigment is suspended.

Registration Pins

- Part of the camera movement

Offset Lithography

- Photolithography - A technology that enabled books to be printed from photographic plates rather than metal casts, reducing the cost of color and illustrations and eventually permitting computers to perform typesetting. - Oil and water do not mix, a litho printing plate has non-image areas which absorb water, during printing the plate is kept wet to that the ink, which inherently greasy, is rejected by the wet areas. - 1900s allowed publishers to print books from photographic plates rather than from metal casts- cut costs and save time.

Polymer Vehicle

- Pigment dispersed in polymer-based synthetic resin emulsion that dries to a tough, nontoxic, flexible film.

Spray Paint

- Pigment; vehicle-oil based (petroleum or oil base); medium-lacquer thinner/airpressure

Printmaking

- Process in which an artist repeatedly transfers an original image from one prepared surface to another. - Including: Etching, screen printing, lithography, and woodcut. - A variety of techniques developed to create multiple copies of a single image. - The transferring of an inked image from one surface (from the plate or block) to another (usually paper). - Lithography, Serigraphy, Monotype.

Linocut

- Relief printmaking technique in which a block of linoleum is carved so as to leave image areas raised above the surface of the block; in function. Also the resultant print. - In a modern development on a very old printmaking process, in which process do raised areas carry the ink and print the image from a material commonly used to cover kitchen floors?

Palladio

- Renaissance Architect; made the Villa Rotunda

Rocker/Hatcher

- Rocker: sharp, curved tool used in mezzotint printmaking process -

Burnishing

- Rubbing the back of printing paper on an inked block or plate to produce a print. - The ancient rubbing process of burnishing polishes the outside skin of the clay pot while greatly reducing its porosity. - A last step in the casting process is __. - Rubbing a leather-hard pot before firing in order to create a shiny or waterproof surface.

Screen Printing

- Serigraphy - Silkscreen - Ink is forced through stenciled silk with a squeegee in this printmaking process.

Gilding

- The application of paper-thin gold leaf or gold pigment to an object made from another medium (for example, a sculpture or a painting). Usually used as a decorative finishing detail.

Gilding

- The application of paper-thin gold leaf or gold pigment to an object made from another medium (for example, a sculpture or a painting). Usually used as a decorative finishing detail. - Fifteenth-century artist Gentile da Fabriano applied thinly hammered sheets of gold to his Adoration of the Magi tempera panel using a technique known as ____. - Achieved by printing an adhesive to the areas where to apply a metal dust.

Print Numbering

- The number in the corner of a print to tell what number out of an edition it is

India Ink: Carbon Black

- The oldest known type of ink is India or China ink, made from a solution of "CARBON BLACK" 1. A black pigment made of lampblack and glue or size and shaped into cakes or sticks. 2. an ink made from this pigment. - The ink used as the negative stain in a Capsule Staining Procedure. You place a drop of this on one end of a clean slide, then the organism on the drop. Then, smear the slide across (Like preparing a blood smear). - Stains for Cryptococcus neoformans. This stains the BACKGROUND and the organism does not take up stain. - Artist in the 19th and 20th centuries prefer to draw with this, originally made form lampblack in China. - An insoluble dye (a colloidal suspension of carbon particles) which does not penetrate the cell surface. - Common inks used for tattooing, the carbon black are without shape or "amorphous" and the size is .03 microns. (This means it is from 10-20 times smaller in size than Iron Oxide Pigment particle). There is some belief that the ultra-small size is the reason behind migration or fanning (color bleeding into the surrounding tissue). Thermal and furnace are the Carbon Blacks used most in PC.

Edition

- This number, called an Edition, is also written by the artist on each approved impression, along with the number of the impression within that edition. Example: a print number 10/100 is the tenth impression of limited edition of 100. - Once entire edition has been printed, approved, signed, and numbered, the printing surface is canceled (by scratching cross marks on it) or destroyed so that no further prints can be made from it.

Tempera

- Vehicle / Water - Medium / Egg Yoke - Tempera shares qualities with both water color & oil paint. - Like watercolor, tempera is an aqueous medium. - Like oil paint, it dries to a tough, insoluble film. - Yet whereas oil paint tends to yellow & darken with age, tempera colors retain their brilliance & clarity for centuries. - Technically, tempera is paint in which the vehicle is an emulsion, which is a stable mixture of an aqueous liquid with an oil, fat, wax, or resin. - Vehicles to make Tempera: Derivative of milk called casein, Naturally occurring Emulsion- Egg Yolk (most famous vehicle). - Tempera dies very quickly, & so colors can not be blended easily once they are set down. - Although tempera can be diluted with water & applied in a broad wash, painters who use it most commonly build up forms gradually with fine hatching & cross-hatching strokes, much like drawing. - Traditionally, Tempera was used on a wood panel support prepared with a ground of "Gesso", a mixture of white pigment & glue that sealed the wood & could be sanded & rubbed to a smooth, ivory like finish.

Pen & Ink : Wash

- Wash: Ink diluted with water & applied with a brush, to give greater solidity to the cottage & to soften the shadows beneath the tress. <- (Ink, colored pencil , and cut paper Example By Artist: Julie Mehretu - Title: "Untitled" - (^) (Example) : Before beginning his drawing, he prepared the paper by applying an allover wash of pale brown. By tinting the paper, rembrandt lowered the contrast between the dark ink & the ground, creating a more atmospheric, harmonious, and unified image.

Mezzotint

- be used, achieves tonality by roughening the plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tooth with small teeth called a "rocker," in printing, the tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face of the plate is wiped clean. - an intaglio printmaking process based on roughening the entire printing plate to accept ink; the artist smoothes non-image areas

Painting

Application of pigment to a surface. - Paint is made of "PIGMENT", powdered color, compounded with a "MEDIUM" or "VEHICLE", a liquid that holds the particles of pigment together without dissolving them. - The VEHICLE generally acts as or includes a "BINDER", and ingredient that ensures that the paint, even when diluted & spread thinly, will adhere to the surface. - Without a BINDER; PIGMENTS would silly powder off as the paint dried. - Artist's paints are generally made to paste like consistency & need to be diluted to be brushed freely. - Aqueous Media can be diluted with water. - Watercolors are an example of an aqueous medium. - Non-aqueous media require some other diluted. - Oil paints are an example of a non-aqueous medium; these can be diluted with turpentine or mineral spirits, - Paints are applied to a "SUPPORT", which is the canvas, paper, wood panel, wall, or other surface on which the artist works. - The "SUPPORT" may be prepared to receive paint with a "GROUND" or "PRIMER", a preliminary coating. - Some pigments & binders have been known since ancient times. Others have been developed only recently. - Two techniques perfected in the ancient worlds that are still in use today are "fresco" & "Encaustic".