Art History 2 Test 1--Baroque

Breakfast Scene from Marriage a la Mode, William Hogarth (1745)

1 of 6 that depicts married life in a wealthy upper class. First scene is called Marriage Contract that shows arranged marriage so the bride and groom don't love each other (did it for$). Breakfast scene shows after they have been married and they still couldn't care less about each other or what they are doing. Husband looks slumped as dog digs panties out of his pocket (infidelity) woman's legs are spread apart (unladylike for the time) house looks disheveled and servant is stressed about the unpaid bills. painting in background covered w/ curtain=nude female figure for only certain people to see and it right next to paintings of apostles. Rejection of moral life

Baroque

Art in 17th Century characterized by drama, emotion, theatricality, diagonals, asymmetrical, engagement of space --captures a split second moment --reaction against the order, harmony, and balance of Renaissance

The Calling of St. Matthew, Caravaggio (1597-1601), oil on canvas

Baroque, Italy. Another divine scene set in more common place (tavern). Matthew used to be a tax collector named Levi before he was converted. in the painting christ seeks him out by pointing his finger (resembles creation of Adam) and Matthew points to himself so he is identified. a beam of light follows Christ in and his only identifiable mark is a small halo and the finger pointing. light and dark farm what we should see. the light serves as an implied line following christ in from right. they have on clothes from 17th C. so it brings the divine into the real world. uses tenebrism.

Baldacchino in gilded Bronze, Gianlorenzo Bernini inside St. Peter's (1624-1633) 100ft high

Baroque, Italy. He created this before he did the exterior. This was commissioned by Pope Urban 8th. Typically baldacchino's are made from cloth but he made this one more permanent and grand/theatrical by doing it in bronze (architectural element). this marks the high altar and tomb of St. Peter so it is a visual connection for viewers. Fluting around columns like ancient greek, top four corners have angels standing guard. the sculptural bees represent Pope Urban 8th's family, also has garland motif--visual representation of success of Christianity

Judith Slaying Holofernes, Artemisia Gentileschi (1614-1620) oil on canvas 6'6" x 5'4"

Baroque, Italy. She is a female artist taught by her father who was influenced by Caravaggio. She was first woman to get into Florence Academy of Disegno. this shows Judith slaying the Assyrian general after she seduced him because he was going to destroy her town. the dark background highlights the foreground and the implied line from the diagonal of the women's arms lead down to the beheading and his eyes gaze out at the viewer drawing us into the scene. The lower horizon line also draws us in. uses tenebrism and natural/fuller bodies--captures split second in time.

Aerial view of St. Peter's, Vatican City, Rome, Italy. Piazza designed by Gianlorenzo Bernini (1656-67)

Baroque, Italy. Stands for a welcoming gesture and hug to all. Bernini created this to go in front of New St. Peter's and is two colonnades with four rows of huge tuscan columns in each that end with temple like greek fronts. also includes fountains and Egyptian obelisk

Facade of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane, Rome Italy by Francesco Borromini (1638-1641)

Baroque, Italy. This is a combination of architecture and sculpture. He uses curvilinear movements which make it looks flowing and like the building is pulsing. The building is a variation of centrally planned (equal cross) and an oval, which can be seen from interior looking at dome. it seems to float on light from hidden window in coffered ceiling. Baroque churches have a lot of ovals to eliminate sharp corners and make things low--spectacle

Conversion of St. Paul, Caravaggio (1601) oil on canvas 7'6" x 5'9"

Baroque, Italy. This is a religious subject taken out of divine context and made more naturalistic. This shows Paul (roman soldier) being converted to Christianity and proclaims christ as son of god. He falls off horse and has vision so he is laying on the ground hands outstretched and light falls on him. there is a low horizon line to put attention on the foreground so it seems like you could walk into the scene . use of tenebrism, foreshortening, and perspective to bring us in. Was designed for specific location

Ecstasy of St. Theresa, Marble, Gianlorenzzo Bernini, (1642-1652),Carnaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.

Baroque, Italy. This magnificent work captures the split second of time and motion of her ecstasy. The multimedia work was all done by Bernini and includes stucco sun beam rays that are under a window so it actually has light shining down. there are niches like balcony seats at theater that have carved members of the Carnaro family (this is burial area for cardinal Carnaro)--he manipulates the entire architectural setting. the central scene shows nun Theresa as she is being converted to christianity (she claimed to have visions/hear voices) and believed she had a burning pain where the angel had plunged arrow into her heart and she knew the love of god. it looks like she is in spiritual orgasm with mouth parted and eyes closed--she moaned. excess fabric flows around her and shows time/motion b/c she cannot hold pose forever

Loves of the Gods, Annibale Carracci, ceiling gallery of Palazzo Farnese, Rome. (1597-1601)

Baroque, Italy. done in buon fresco. Carracci's family created the Art Academy in Bolognese and he studied classical work there so his work resembles it, and his patrons preferred it. he uses classical looking bodies (bulky/muscular/idealized) like Michelangelo. This was commissioned to commemorate the wedding of the Cardinal's brother so it has notions of love from classical mythology. all of the scenes look framed but it is actually paint (quadro riportato) and there is the illusion of 3d frame (tromp l'oeil) on a barrel vaulted ceiling. very illusionary because there are also polychrome nude youths looking around and standing figures that look like marble but it is all done with paint (like Sistine Chapel ceiling). uses chiaroscuro and sense of illusion created depth w/ light and shadow

David, Gianlorenzo Bernini, marble, 5'7" (1623)

Baroque, Italy. this depiction of David is different than those of Michelangelo or Donatello from Renaissance because it captures split second in time and much more drama and emotion. The face is more emotional and he is in the exact instant of throwing the stone so he cannot hold this position for long. one foot is planted firmly on ground and other ankle lifting up for momentum. the twisting torso is so realistic. this takes more time to view because you need to walk all the way around. use of diagonal in the arm and body and asymmetrical. baroque breaks away from still/stoic of renaissance

Martyrdom of Saint Philip, Jose de Ribera (1639) oil on canvas

Baroque, Spain. He was influenced by Caravaggio--uses natural bodies and dramatic movement. during this time Spain is super Catholic and many artists commissioned to depict scenes of martyrdom so this shows Philip being strung up on cross by his hands (similar to Jesus). you feel like you could step into the scene. tenebrism is used and the bod is very highlighted. you can see his weight rests on his food so it is a split second captured. the body looks very natural (not idealized). there is also a bright background of blue sky which is different than Caravaggio.

Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), Diego Velazquez, oil on canvas, 10'5" x 9', Museo del Prado, Madrid (1656)

Baroque, Spain. The setting is his own studio in the royal residence. there is a self portrait in front of huge canvas he is getting ready to paint. in the background there is a mirror w/ reflection of King Philip IV and Queen (similar to Giovanni Arnolfini and Wife by Jan Van Eyck) and they seem to be like the audience everyone is looking out at so it is a way to bring us into the scene. in the foreground is the la infanta (princess) w/ her two maidservants and her favorite dwarfs and dog. it also shows woman in widows attire next to a man dressed in black. in the background doorway walking out is the house manager. this could be used to elevate his status by the red ark on chest and being in a painting w/ the King. this hung in the King's personal study. very detailed background and use of lighting

Surrender of Breda, Diego Velazquez, oil on canvas, 10'1"x 12' 1/2" (1634-1635)

Baroque, Spain. Velazquez was made court painter for Philip IV of Spain and curator of his art collection. he does royal portraits and history paintings. This is one of 10 paintings done to celebrate/commemorate the spanish military success over the dutch in 1625 (Dutch wanted out of Spanish control). This shows the Dutch surrendering at Breda with Spanish troops on the right who look way more organized and put together than the Dutch on left. middle shows mayor of Breda handing over key to city to the Spanish general but THIS NEVER HAPPENED IN REAL LIFE--just used as another way to show Spanish success.

Catholic Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's response to Protestant Reformation (led by John Calvin and Martin Luther), which is more of a reliance on oneself and God and less on people in the church. They became major art patrons because they used it to remind viewers of the power of the divine

Council of Trent (1545-63)

Catholic church decided to change some of their ways and decide to commission more artwork to decorate sacred spaces

1) lighthearted and frivolous subject matter 2) elements of escapist fantasy (reaction against formality of court life under Louis XIV) 3) occasional suggestion of erotic--sexually charged 4) pastel colors, curvilinear forms (opposed to darker baroque) --does not imitate natural/actual places but more from imagination. earthy upperclass commissioned art opposed to church/kings

Characteristics of Rococo

Coalbrookdale Bridge, Abraham Darby III and Thomas F. Pritchard

Darby's family owned a cast iron business and he wanted to use that product. this was the first use of iron for a bridge (innovation of materials). echoes grand arch of Roman aqueducts. exposed iron influential for future buildings

A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery, Joseph Wright of Derby (1763-65)

Derby was mostly agriculture but industry was creeping in and he saw it all happen. he studied in London but returned to Derby where he mostly paints for professionals (lawyers, mill owners, etc) who all shared interest in science, natural history, philosophy, etc. he joined the lunar society which was a group that reflected enlightenment interest in empirical knowledge. meetings would have shown experiments/equipment and he began to paint these. well known for candlelit paintings w/ light source that was sometimes seen and sometimes unseen. this shows lecture about solar system and crank would have made it really rotate. metal would be the path of planets around candle (sun) that casts shadows. created for friend from lunar society.

The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Night Watch), Rembrandt van Rijn (1642)

Dutch Baroque. Misnomer because not actually a night scene but the varnish he used darker over time. com missed by 16 patrons of civic guard to hang in Musketeer Hall banquet room (lavish) The two men in front center were given more prominence in painting because they paid more for it. Banning Cocq in front with red sash and light seems to shine more on him and his friend and the little girl in yellow who we don't know who she is (mascot?) it shows the men preparing for military parade so a lot of action and motion. refined light and shade until they blended (gradation) which is how humans actually perceive light and he used this to show mood

Self-Portait, Judith Leyster (1630)

Dutch Baroque. She studied under Frans Hals so is kind of similar. this shows her in front of easel in act of painting. on the canvas is a genre scene (her speciality) to showcase her skill. she looks out at us in self confidence with a smile. this could have been on display in her studio as a marketing tool. very detailed/precise but also spontaneous and shows her personality. her clothes show she is from a wealthy family

Woman Holding a Balance, Jan Vermeer (1664)

Dutch Baroque. Specialized in small interior genre scenes and did not produce a lot. women play a primary role. this shows woman at her house in front of table. she is probably of upper merchant class b/c lavish clothes and jewelry. light filters in from top left to illuminate scene and guides you to look at the perfectly balanced scale. last judgement scene on wall behind her which goes along with the scale she holds b/c christ weighs souls and she may be thinking about her own fate. it's a reminder of fate of immortal soul (vanitas) to remind us of frivolity/frailty of life. highly idealized depiction of Dutch social values

Distant View of Dordrecht with a Milkmaid and Four Cows and Other Figures (the Large Dort) Albert Cuyp (late 1640's)

Dutch Baroque. The Dutch had a great relationship with land and were proud of it. they had a reclamation project that had irrigation systems etc. many Dutch owned own land which was diff from other places and made them have more respect/ connection to it. he was a great landscape painter. it was not meant to look idealized and depicts a real place to showcase Dutch agricultures (windmill, cows, milk, etc.)

Christ With the Sick Around Him, Receiving the Children (Hundred Gilder Print), Rembrandt van Rijn (1649)--etching

Dutch Baroque. This comes from stories of Matthew and title refers to large price the print went for. christ is in center with halo kind of and light is super bright on the left so things are almost white. the people are in shadow on the right. presents both humanity and humility of Jesus. well dressed man cries b/c jesus said to give his possessions to poor. huge range of tones of light and dark (radiates from christ)

Allegory of the Art of Painting, Jan Vermeer (1670-75)

Dutch Baroque. This could be a self portrait of him with back turned to viewer. he paints a model holding trumpet and book and wearing laurel wreath in hair to remind us of Clio (muse of history). map on back wall is another reference to history and was common for people to have this in their homes. viewer is like an outsider to the scene that has pulled aside a curtain to look through. he used camera obscure for his work which is a light going through small hole and projecting image for him to trace. he wears historical clothes and light coming in alludes to light of inspiration

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, Rembrandt Van Rijn (1632) commissioned by surgeons guild

Dutch Baroque. he was known for dramatic use and manipulation of light. was a painter and printmaker raised Catholic and wealthy. this shows the public dissection of corpse done by Dr. Tulp who dissects and explains to his students about the muscles in arm. students are detailed and individualized (all have diff levels of engagement). body appears diagonal across painting b/c foreshortening used to push it back which makes scene seem more alive and active. everything is centered around the left of the painting.

Archers of Saint Hadrian, Frans Hals (1633) oil on canvas

Dutch Baroque. this depicts a civic militia thought to have fought against Spanish for Dutch liberation. they would meet on patron saints day in uniform for banquet and sometimes had portrait done. this shows men lined up in foreground, but they are not in an orderly or stoic way. they seem more casual in pose and informal. some look at viewer others don't. hals specialized in portraits but they were different than other baroque areas because they did not follow an order and were more lively/spontaneous and captured individual personalities

Vanitas Still Life, Pieter Claesz (1630's)

Dutch Baroque. this shows household objects strewn across table. shows beauty of objects but also references death. features momento moro (reminders of death). skull, timepiece, cracked walnut, class which all suggest passage of time/someone that isn't here anymore. self portrait in glass ball on left of table which immortalizes artist b/c shows reflection. reference to fleeting nature of life and how worldly possessions are not getting you into heaven.

Arrival of Marie d' Medici at Marseilles, Peter Paul Rubens (1622-1625)

Flemish Baroque. Married to King Henry IV and he has more than 20 paintings commissioned to memorialize her. this shows her stepping off boat from Italy and is greeted by man who is personification of France (cloak w/ fleur de lis) --man with wings is fame. sea creatures great her from below (naked)--"Rubenesque" is the term used to describe fleshy female form. historical allegorical paintings to hang at her new palace in Luxemburg. Commander of boat in black under the Medici coat of arms (only immobile person) rich colors (red, silver, gold, ivory) and twisting figures

Consequences of War, Peter Paul Rubens (1638-1639)--Commissioned by Duke of Tuscany

Flemish Baroque. Rubens was advocate for peace so this shows how he felt about 30 Year's War. Man in middle is Mars as he leaves Temple of Janis (if gates are open=war). Venus (his lover) tries to stop him but mars is dragged away by the Fury Alekto. Woman with broken lute at bottom refers to disarray. woman holding child refers to loss of childrearing during war. mars steps on book meaning halt of production of art and books. woman in black with clothes ripped is personification of Europe

Still Life with Flowers, Goblet, Dried Fruit, and Pretzels, Clara Peeters (1611) oil on panel

Flemish Baroque. Still life breakfast scenes were her specialty and were popular in Netherlands. this would have hung in kitchen and shows typical 17th C. meal. it showcases her skills because the petals look so soft and the goblet looks hard/metalic. there is no sense of background (dark) to make the fore group pop. she brings the viewer into the scene because the table edge is right at us and things hang over edge as if pushing out sat us

Elevation of the Cross (center panel of triptych) Peter Paul Rubens (1610-1611) oil on wood

Flemish Baroque. Wanted to connect themselves to Catholics and used images to teach. this was painted on site and hidden behind curtain so dramatic unveiling. shows christ on cross being hoisted up at diagonal. many many around him and all are classically rendered. scene is pushed into your face because it comes off the edge at bottom right. whole thing seems powerful, exhausting, emotional. bright highlights and shadows inspired by Caravaggio's tenebrism. left panel shows his followers and right shows roman soldiers bringing in another captive

Charles I Dismounted, Anthony Van Dyck (1635) oil on canvas

Flemish Baroque. he had been a student of Rubens and was court painter for King Charles I in London. this shows the River Thames and land in background to showcase all he owns and rules over. Charles is in center of scene looking out at us. he is up on a step so looking down on us also (supposedly short) he is relaxed but also shows power/authority/regal. he has one hand on hip, his leg propped, and other hand with cane. the scale is weird because he is bigger than the horse

French Royal Academy--Hierarchy of Genre= 1) History (religious, classical, myth, modern) 2)Portraits 3) Genre 4) Landscapes and still life --anything other than history was smaller in scale

Founded by French monarchy b/c they wanted to support art in France and gave them control over what was being produced. most other art academies ( modeled after Carracci family) did not have continuity of curriculum. You had to send application/piece of art then after admitted have to learn to draw from plaster casts of classical sculpture, then from live models (all male students and models ) even though it is Academy of Paint/Sculpture they did not teach this in class so they had to find teacher that would take them on in their workshop (atelier) -had board of directors who decided what would be shown at Salon (art show) that was very popular and had painting hung from floor to ceiling. major way for artists to get work

Aerial View of Versailles, France, Charles le Brun (1669)

French Baroque. Louis XIV wanted to turn hunting lodge into a palace. Le Brun was the architect/manager. he also created a satellite city attached to the palace where government officials, servants, etc lived so he could keep a close watch on them. It basically moved the capitol from Paris to Versaille. Tree lined streets radiate from palace like rays of the sun. defining statement of French Baroque style/Louis XIV's power. also had a park. everything converges on King's bedroom to reinforce power. palace is over 1/4 mi long. richly decorated by artisans and had hundreds of rooms.

Et in Arcadia Ego ("I too in Arcadia") Nicholas Poussin (1655)

French Baroque. he studied in rome and was influenced by Titian and Raphael so he liked balance and proportions (rationality and harmony). he wrote treatise on "Grand Manner" This shows figures around tombstone looking at inscription. Arcadia is a utopian place. one female figure in yellow and tombstone is symbol that even in Arcadia, which is a carefree place with time for music, writing, etc, there is death and that acceptance of death is natural b/c everyone in the image is calm. figures look like those of antiquity (classical) modeled after statues from Roman times

Hall of Mirrors, Versailles Palace (Galerie des glases) Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles le Brun (1680)

French Baroque. on second floor of palace overlooking the park. had gold and silver furniture encrusted w/ jewels. mirrors were opposite windows (17 arches w/ 21 mirrors) that allows light to play off everything and create illusion that width of room increased. Treaty of Versailles that ends WWI eventually signed here. mirrors were big part of Baroque interiors.

Landscape with Cattle and Peasants, Claude Lorrain (1629)

French Baroque. was not meant to teach a lesson or moral but just to show off the land. he was interested in light and studied it greatly. the figures are secondary to the landscape. he has a very ordered way with a clear fore, mid, and back ground like in the Renaissance. atm perspective used in background as well as linear. all of his works have kind of a border framing out the middle (can be trees, house/ship, etc) to make it kind of a circle and all has some kind of meandering path or water leading back into atm. soft landscape. always has a sky w/ radiating light either at dusk or dawn. very realistic lighting b/c he used tons of tiny value gradations--idealized natural landscape

Rococo (18th C.)

French Parisian Movement--social capitol of Europe. social and political shifts. this style emerges from the salons of French Aristocracy in Paris. Louis XIV dies which leads to shift in social life (moved from Versailles back to Paris) Louis XV is ruler but aristocracy are gaining more power and are art patrons. Hotels are fancy townhouses where salons are held--artists and intellectuals sat around and had light convos. they were run by femme savants (women who organized them) and were centers of social/political life. French aristocracy excessed privileges (exempted taxes etc) typically interior design and exteriors were more simple. softer/lighter syle

Pilgrimage to Cythera, Jean Antoine Watteau (1717)

Rococo 18th C. He is Flemish but he works inParis. this shows mythological island where Venus washed ashore after born from sea so it's connected to myth, love, and romance. Putti fly around. well dressed people walk from woods/ shell boat on left. pastel colors. fete galante painting which is a type of painting that means amorous festival and shows outdoor entertainment of French aristocracy. would walk through parks etc/ have picnics but dress in finest clothes and have elaborate means. he used this as his admission piece for the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture because he wanted his work to be seen at the Salon (capitol S) and the board created a whole new category for his work b/c it appealed to their lifestyle

The Swing, Jean Honore Fragonard (1766)

Rococo 18th C. He was a student of Boucher. Woman in the swing kicks off her shoe with no care in the world. her leg kicks up and man watching has implied line from his eyes looking up to her skirt and she does not care. Frivolous and worry free. sexual tension. magical setting with no entry/ exit (escapist) cherubic statues watch the scene. man in background pushing swing. curving forms and figures no straight lines) lush green park setting w/ glowing pastels and soft light which enhances sensuality

Salon de la Princess in Hotel de Soubise Paris, Germain Boffrand (1737-1740)

Rococo 18th C. very pretty/dainty. more curvilinear elements. wall curves into ceiling so no harsh lines (softer than perpendicular angles) foliage seems to grow/flow on wall. elegant. rich people sat around in luxury. salons were center of social life. intimate/centralized culture in private homes. irregular shapes/sculptures with shells. kind of feminine and interiors were lively works of art.

Flemish Baroque 17th C. (Flanders)

Southern Province of Netherlands--still under Spanish rule so they are Catholic and influenced by baroque art of the Catholic Empire

Dutch Baroque--Northern Netherlands 17th C.

They broke away from Spain 1648 and were protestant so they rejected religious art. successful in trade and were very prosperous so wealthy merchants became art patrons and they liked still lifes, genre scenes, and landscapes. artists began to create art in hope that it would sell and not just as a commission.

The Women Regents of the Old Men's Home at Haarlem, Frans Hals (1664)

This is another untraditional portrait but these women are more rigid but probably because of who they are. they wear their costumes (black robe w/ white shawl/hat) which makes the scene seem monochromatic .

Poussinesque vs. Rubenesque

Two competing doctrines divided the academy. some thought Nicolas Poussin and the "Grand Manner" (form) was most important element. vs. those that thought Ruben and color were most important so academy was divided bt/wn these. Watteau=Rubenesque. similar to debate bt/wn colore and disegno from Renaissance

William Hogarth

apprenticed w/ engraver so also worked w/ prints. he created satires about life in England and they sold well. he trained w/ portrait painter and got his own commissions from wealthy Londoners so he got to see life inside wealthily home. he hated it so he comes up w/ series painting to depict frivoloty/shallowness of the lifestyle and tells sort w/ moral message. so popular the paintings get turned into prints=$$ for him. happens around same time as Rococo but considers frivolity etc to be shallow. he would release images in stages so people had to buy next one to get full story and refused to break the series up to sell so had to buy all.

The Enlightenment "Age of Reason" 18th C.

began in France and england and spreads. challenges to aristocratic culture and is about innovation in science etc. leads to revolutions. criques/questions authority. culmination of humanist philosophy (human as organizing principal of world) stoicism--mind over body and rational mind can control emotion (comes from renaissance?) linear perspective comes from idea that man has ability to rationalize space. feudal system for social/economic life dissolves and rigid social hierarchies from Rococo are relaxed--steps away from spiritual/myth etc.

Industrial Revolution

began in england w/ invention of steam engine (1763-75). lots of new innovations. lead to idea that machines could replace humans. new consideration of materials

Thirty Year's War

conflict that begun between Catholics and Protestants but then turns into turf war between France and Spain--ended with Treaty of Westphalia (1648) that led to political reorganization of boundaries and granted religious freedom

Jean Jacques Rousseau

corruption of humanity is the consequence of progress and scientific innovation (complete opposite of Locke). he thought the best life was that of peasants b/c they were uncorrupted which is one reason for turn away from Rococo style to a more "natural" life opposed to artificiality

John Locke

dealt with empiricism which says humans arrive at knowledge through observation and experience w/ physical world and that we have natural right to life, liberty and freedom and that the government exists to protect this and we have natural right to revolt if they don't. believed humans were born good (not cursed by original sin)

Isaac Newton

exposes rationality in physical/tangible data that has nothing to do w/ religion or myth. discouraged anything not based on physical world/proof

Saying Grace, Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, France (1740)

movement away from frivolous/artificial (anti Rococo)--Resseau influenced b/c peasant like family depicted=not corrupt. shows mother and two girls about to eat. she instructs them on how to pray. simple room and clothes of peasant class. peasants are superior b/c no $$ etc. he typically painted quiet scenes of domestic life to praise goodness of ordinary people. the hushed lighting/mellow colors look natural/humble for the setting. darker background. kind of sentimental

French Baroque 17th C.

not as much $ as the Dutch but also very powerful so art flourished. Louis XIV was autonomous ruler b/c he claimed Divine Right to Rule (power was given to him by God) so he as not challenged. was called "le roi soleil" (The Sun King) b/c everything revolved around him. he used art/images to promote himself and he and advisors controlled the curriculum of the French Academy of Art so he standardized french taste (classical) which links him/art to greatness of the past. had portrait of himself over the throne so when he was gone people had to bow to it instead. Founded Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture (1648)

Voltaire

opponent of monarchy and opposed to church and any governing body (hated it). he thought knowledge and rational thought was only way to save society. he did not believe all were created equal. he unintentionally paved way for revolutions even though he would not approve

Paul Revere, John Singleton Copley (1768-70) American

shows honesty and plainness. shows Paul Revere as a silver smith before he is well known from American Revolution. setting is plain and light is revealing. he looks straight at viewer and his reelection is in polished wood surface of the table.

tenebrism

using light and dark to create shading and kind of a dismal mood--darkest areas are impenetrable--more dramatic use of chiaroscuro to convey drama

Denis Diderot

wanted to make info/knowledge accessible to the masses=encyclopedia (one edition that had 35 volumes in it published 1751)--democratization of knowledge. influx of knowledge directly correlated w/ start of revolutions

Emmanuel Kant

wrote essay about what enlightenment is and said it was humankind's release from immaturity (inability to use one's own understanding w/out assistance from others) so basically it said to think for oneself is to be enlightened.