Art History Ch. 7, 8, 9

The Crusades

"Holy War" Fighting between Christians/Muslims over control of the Holy Land and subsequent trade routes.

bay

A subdivision of the interior space of a building. In Romanesque and Gothic churches, the transverse arches and piers of the arcade divide the building into bays.

Holy Roman Empire

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy

cloisonné

An enameling technique in which thin wire partitions-cloisons-are filled with enamel. It is an art form practiced in ancient Byzantium

quatrefoil

An ornamental design of four lobes or leaves as used in architectural tracery, resembling a flower or four-leaf clover.

Catacomb

An underground cemetery. one consisting of tunnels and rooms with recesses dug out for coffins and tombs.

Codex

manuscript books, major artforms were the decorations of these, made from vellum or parchment, hides cut into sheets and soaked in lime, then dried

The term spolia refers to

material reused from earlier buildings.

trompe-l'oeil

meaning "trick of the eye" in French, it is a work of art designed to deceive a viewer into believing that the work of art is reality, an actual three-dimensional object or scene in space.

Icons

images that act as reminders to the faithful, not intended to be the sacred person themselves, heated debate emerged, led to the ICONOCLASM, Early Byzantine art was largely destroyed as a result

Ottonian Art

influenced by Roman and Early Christian past, large stone churches epitomize existing Ottonian architecture, bronze doors, interior arches do not line up one atop the other, flat and unadorned walls, very little interruption in blank space

Colophon

inscription at the end of a manuscript containing relevant information on its publication

Viking Art

inspired by animals and spirals in interlacing patterns, characterized as applied art, engraved on incised onto functional objects

Islamic Art

intellectual, refined, decorative, contains now strong emotion, harmony, avoids religious imagery, much animal imagery, mosques have great variety

Anthemius and Isidorus

invented the pendentive

minbar

is a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer) stands to deliver sermons

decorated initial / inhabited initial

is an enlarged letter at the beginning of a paragraph or other section of text, which contains a picture

crossing

is the junction of the four arms of a cruciform (cross-shaped) church

Manuscripts

jewel-like treatment, fine eye for detail, great precision, employ the use of gold, seen in icons and mosaics, status symbol, true temples of learning

Charlemagne

king of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning

interlace

lacing together; intermixed

Gero Crucifix

large monumental sculpture, life-size wooden work, emotional suffering, rounded forms, Jesus Christ handing from cross for first time, commissioned by Gero, COLOGNE CATHEDRAL, GERMANY

scriptorium

large room in a monastery dedicated to the copying and maintaining of texts

Patronage

mostly be the rulers and the social elite, also produced textiles, metalwork, and ceramics

Byzantine Painting

mostly centered around the icon, devotional image, PORTABLE, wooden foundation with paint over it, cloth used as base, varnish then added to make it shine, placed in precessions, combination of Greece and Rome, more formal medieval style, trained in one tradition, single artist, painterly brush strokes, unusual angles to represent figures, frontal, symmetry, weightless bodies, emphasized, perspective is unimportant, avoids nudity, jewel-like manuscripts, MOSAICS, standard facial types, no attempt at individualism, long thin noses, short closed mouths, little man Christ child

Carolingian Art

named for CHARLEMAGNE, first revival of classical art, characterized by elaborate westworks, accompanied by monastic buildings, influenced by Byzantine, manuscript painting and drawing, not too much painting

Islamic Carpet

particularly treasured, centrally organized carpet design, prayer rugs, bearing the mihrab motif, placed on mosque floors

To support their domes, Byzantine builders preferred

pendentives.

Byzantine Sculpture

small, ivory or precious metals, unparalleled and richness, deep undercutting of figures

Sant'Apollinare

stark unadorned brickwork on outside, interior decorations symbolize soul, first bishop of RAVENNA, twelve sheep represent apostles, Moses and Elijah, hand of God

transept

the crossing arm that bisects the nave and the apse and gives the characteristic cruciform shape to the floor plan.

minaret

the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

arcuated

the use of arches or a series of arches in a building

qibla wall

the wall of a mosque that faces Mecca; the wall Muslims face when praying

Lorsch Gatehouse

three arched openings are divided by engaged columns, Arch of Constantine, fluted pilasters, Carolingian patterning motifs, chapel on upper story, originally reception room, building stood in an atrium

According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon built the First Temple in Jerusalem

to house the Ark of the Covenant.

classicizing

to refer to the forms and ideals of the Classical world, principally Greece and Rome

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

feudalism

A structure for social hierarchy that included Kings and Vassals and so on

Late Byzantine

1204-1453

Horror Vacui

"fear of empty spaces", type of artwork in which the entire surface is filled with objects, people, designs, and ornaments

mihrab

(Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca

Court of the Lions

1354-1391 palace in SPAIN, light airy interiors, 16 windows at top, abstract patterns, abstraction of forms, 5000 muqarnas, sophisticated interior

portal

A door, gate, or entrance, especially one of imposing appearance, as to a palace.

Muslim

A follower of Islam, means "one who has submitted"

flying buttress

A free-standing support attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the support attached to the outer wall of the aisle. Necessary for Gothic Cathedrals.

orchestra

1. In an ancient Greek theater, the round space in front of the stage and below the tiers of seats, reserved for the chorus 2. in a Roman theater, a similar space reserved for important guests

rostrum

1. a beaklike projection from the prow of an ancient warship used for ramming the enemy 2. in the Roman forum, the raised platform decorated with the beaks of captured ships from which speeches were delivered. 3. a platform, stage, or the like used for public speaking

module

1. a segment of a pattern 2. a basic unit, such as the measure of an architectural member. Multiples of the basic unit are used to determine proportionate construction of other parts of a building

coffers

1. a small chest or casket 2. a recessed, geometrically shaped panel in a ceiling. a ceiling decorated with these panels is said to be coffered

basilica

1. in ancient Roman architecture, a large, oblong building used as a public meeting place and hall of justice. it generally includes a nave, side aisles, and one or more apses 2. In Christian architecture, a longitudinal church derived from the Roman basilica and having a nave, an apse, two or four side aisles or side chapels, and sometimes a narthex 3. any one of the seven original churches of Rome or other churches accorded the same religious privileges

Romanesque Art

1000-1140 AD

Ottonian Art

10th-11th centuries, Germany

Gothic Art (Early, Transitional, High)

1140-1250 AD

Early Christian Art

313-476 AD

Early Byzantine Art

330-843 AD

Early Byzantine

500-726

Islamic

650 - Present

Early Medieval Art (Insular Tradition)

680-800 AD

Islamic Art (Dome of the Rock)

691

Hiberno-Saxon Art

6th-8th centuries, British Isles

Anglo Saxon Art

700 AD

Iconoclasm

726-843

Frieze from Mshatta

740-750, Jordan, richly carved stone, triangle pattern, rosettes, vegetal design, intricate scrolls, birds, vine, and animals, walls 16.5 feet tall

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe.

Early Medieval Art (Carolingian Empire)

800-900 AD

Middle/High Byzantine

843-1204

Middle & late Byzantine Art

843-1453 AD

Islamic Art (Great mosque at Tunisia)

850

Viking Art

8th - 11th centuries, Scandinavia

Carolingian Art

8th-11th centuries, France Germany

Early Medieval Art (Ottonian Empire)

900-1000 AD

Harbaville Triptych

950, ivory, individualized heads, frontality broken up by slight turns of body, crisp lines, hieratic composition, angels appear, jewel-like delicacy, etc.

Syncretism

A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith.

codex

A book, or a group of manuscript pages (folios), held together by stitching

reliquary

A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)

pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

ambulatory

A passageway around the apse or altar of a church.

compound pier

A pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture.

Constantinople

A place previously known as Byzantium which became the capitol of the Roman Empire or "new Rome"

apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church

arcade

A series of arches supported by columns, piers, or pillars, either freestanding or attached to a wall to form a gallery.

caliph

A title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam.

rib vault

A vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them.

Palatine Chapel

AACHEN, GERMANY, 792-805, centrally-planned chapel built for Charlemagne, resemblance to San Vitale, dome composed of spherical triangles, throne is in gallery, largest arches are on second floor, CAROLINGIAN

Hagia Sophia

ANTHEMIUS AND ISIDORUS, combination of centrally planned and axially planned church, exterior is plane, altar at end of nave, emphasis placed on area covered by dome, cornice unifies space, arcade is decorated, large fields for mosaic decoration, MINARETS added later, walls were whitewashed, patrons were JUSTINIAN and THEODORA, 532-537

Abbot Suger

Abbot of Saint-Denis. Set the stage for the heavy decoration of costly stained-glass windows and sculptures in the cathedrals of the Gothic age. Mark the beginning of Gothic architecture.

horseshoe arch

An arch of more than a half circle which is typical in Islamic architecture

Muhammad

Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c.610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Koran, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam

Saint Matthew

BOOK OF LINDISFARNE, tempera, seat on bench, reading the Bible, impsiration from God, angel above him, flattened, LINEAR elements, HIBERNO-SAXON

Patronage

CHURCH and STATE, many works of art were commissioned by church, buildings were crowded with religious works, strong court developed around the royal household, individual artists worked with piety, rarely signed their names

Aachen

Capital of Charlemagne's empire, c. 800; a city in present-day Germany

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Staffordshire Hoard

Discovered in England in 2009; between 1500-2000 pieces of Anglo Saxon warfare gold; almost certainly stripped off the dead or taken as war booty

arabesque

Complex designs typical of Islamic art, combining intertwining plants and geometric patterns

Age of Cathedrals

During the Gothic Period when many cathedrals were built to replace earlier churches destroyed in fires.

central plan

Eastern Orthodox churches, particularly large ones, combine a centrally planned, domed eastern end with an aisled nave at the west

Byzantine Shortcut

FLAT FRONTAL FLOATING GOLD

Otto the great

First king crowned as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

William the Conqueror

French nobleman who won control of England at the Battle of Hastings; introduced feudalism to England

annular

From the Latin word "ring". signifies a ring-shaped form, especially an annular barrel vault

gold leaf

Gold beaten into tissue-paper-thin sheets that then can be applied to surfaces.

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.

basilica

In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other.

triforium

In a Gothic cathedral, the blind arcade gallery below the clerestory; occasionally, the arcades are filled with stained glass

jambs

In architecture, the side posts of a doorway.

trumeau

In church architecture, the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway.

carpet page

In early medieval manuscripts, a decorative page resembling a textile.

Qur'an

Islam's primary sacred text, regarded by Muslims as the direct words of Allah, revealed to Muhammad through the archangel Gabriel

Saint Michael the Archangel

Ivory, Sixth Century, one leaf of an ivory dipytch, classical drapery, facial type, detailed classicaly architecture, imperial imagery, Saint Michael hovers over arch, spatial ambiguity

spolia

Latin for "hide stripped from an animal". Term used for (1) spoils of war and (2) fragments of architecture or sculpture reused in a secondary context

domus

Latin word for "house". a detached, one-family Roman house with rooms frequently grouped around two open courts. the first court, called the atrium, was used for entertaining and conducting business. the second court, usually with a garden and surrounded by a peristyle or colonnade, was for the private use of the family

insula or insulae

Latin word for "island" 1. an ancient Roman city block 2. a Roman "apartment house": a concrete and brick building or chain of buildings around a central court, up to five stories high. the ground floor had shops and above were living quarters

nave

Main part of a Christian church, extending from the entrance (the narthex) to the transept or chancel (area around the altar).

Islam Background

Muhammad spread powerful religious message in the seventh century, spread throughout the world, expanded under Abbasid Caliphate, Mongol sack of Baghdad led to splitting into East and West, Sunni and Shiite sects

Saint Michael's

OTTONIAN, Hildesheim, Germany 1001-1033, church has two transepts, each with two crossing towers, lateral entrances act as narthexes and lobbies, support of nave arcade alternates pair of columns and square piers, windows do not line up with arches below

Calligraphy

based upon the Arabic script, beautiful writing, HIGHEST ART FORM, transmitted texts from God to Muhammad

Great Mosque Cordoba

SPAIN, double-arched columns, brilliantly articulated in alternating bands of color, light and airy interior, horseshoe-shaped arches, hypostyle mosque, no central focus, vaulting replaced original wooden ceiling, complex dome with squinches, columns are spolia, 8th-10th Centuries

pinnacles

Sharply pointed ornaments capping piers of flying buttresses, turents, or tower corners.

bar tracery

Stained glass supportive technique, in which thin stone strips separate pieces of glass to provide extra support.

buttress

Support or encourage (v); a support or prop, esp. projecting from and supporting the wall of a building (n)

transverse arch

Supporting arch which runs across the vault from side to side, dividing the bays. it usually projects down from the surface of the vault.

choir

The area of the church between a transept and main apse. it is the area where the service is sung and clergy may stand, and the main or high altar is located.

four evangelists

The authors of the gospels;Matthew, Mark, Luke, John

Annunciation.

The episode from the life of Jesus in which the archangel Gabriel informs the Virgin Mary that God has chosen her to bear his Son is known as the

westwork

The facade and towers at the western end of a medieval church

The Night of Destiny

The night when the prophet Muhammad became Muhammad and started the Islamic religion

clerestory

The topmost zone of a wall with windows in a basilica extending above the aisle roofs. Provides direct light into the central interior space (the nave).

groin vault

Two barrel-vaulted spaces that intersect each other at the same level. Both the weight and outward thrust of the groin vault are concentrated on the four piers, so only the piers require buttressing.

Royal Portal

West facade (entrance), tripart (3 part entrance way), Jam sculptures on either sides of doorways, christ and four evangelists in the middle. Virgin on right. High relief, realistic sculpture

cross plan

Western influenced cruciform site. Plain building plan that mimics from Christ's crucifixion

cubicula

a bedroom in a Roman house. a cubiculum usually opened onto the atrium. most were small; some contained wall-paintings

composite capital

a capital that combines the volutes of an ionic capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian capital. Roman architects developed the style as a substitute for the Ionic style, for use on secular buildings

Mihrab

a central niche in a mosque, indicates the direction to Mecca

martyria

a church, chapel, or shrine built over the grave of a Christian martyr or at the site of an important miracle

rose window

a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals

The Iconocast Controversy

a dispute over the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire

grotesque

a figure so distorted or strange as to appear bizarre or comical, on top of a Gothic cathedral of other like buildings

Dome of the Rock

domed wooden octagon, influenced by Santa Costanza, columns from Roman monuments, sacred rock where Adam was buried, Abraham nearly sacrificed Isaac, Muhammad ascended, etc.

illuminated manuscripts

a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals

Codex

a manuscript book

Animal Form

a medieval art form in which animals are depicted in a stylized and complicated pattern

Westwork

a monumental entrance to a Carolingian Church that has two towers flanking a lower central entrance

icon

a panel depicting a sacred image

gargoyle

a rain spout in shape of grotesque figure

Tessellation

a repeating pattern of plane figures that completely cover a plane with no gaps or overlaps

clerestory

a row of windows in the upper part of a wall that rises above an adjoining roof. its purpose is to provide direct lighting, as in a basilica or church

Iconostasis

a screen decorated with icons

apse

a semicircular or polygonal niche terminating one or both ends of the nave in a Roman basilica. in a Christian church, it is usually placed at the east end of the nave beyond the transept or choir. it is also sometimes used a the end of transept arms.

impluvium

a shallow pool in a Roman house, for collecting rain water. the impluvium was usually in the atrium, and stood beneath a large opening in the roof, known as a compluvium

tesserae

a small piece of colored stone, marble, glass, or gold-backed glass used in a mosaic.

belvedere

a structure made for the purpose of viewing the surroundings, either above the roof of a building or free-standing in a garden or other natural setting

encaustic

a technique of painting with pigments dissolved in hot wax

still life

a term used to describe paintings (and sometimes sculpture) that depict familiar objects such as household items and food

liminal space

a transitional area, such as a doorway or archway. In Roman architecture, liminal spaces were often decorated with apotropaic devices

Pendentive

a triangle-shaped piece of masonry with the dome resting on one long side, other two sides channeled the weight down to a pier below

dome

a true dome is a vaulted roof of circular, polygonal, or elliptical plan, formed with hemispherical or ovoidal curvature. may be supported by a circular wall or drum and by pendentives or related constructions. Domical coverings of many other sorts have been devised.

barrel vault

a vault formed by a continuous semicircular arch so that it is shaped like a half-cylinder

parchment/ vellum

a writing surface made from treated skin of animals

A place of worship within a monastery or convent is known as a/an

abbey church.

Medieval Art Background

almost everything that was known was old, breakthroughs had not come since the Romans, mass migrations killed off much, Vikings conquered, Europe reached a stability under Charlemagne,

trefoil

an architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle

tuscan style

an architectural style typical of ancient Italy. the style is similar to the Doric style, but the column shafts have bases

Muqarnas

an elaborate orchestration of suspended facets

Mihrab

an empty niche, directs the worshipper's attention

In a Christian church the altar is placed in the transept.

apse.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common that they

are "religions of the book."

Artistic Life

artists did not have freshness or new creations, mostly copied works of ancient literature, did not record literature or folk tales

Mecca

birthplace of Muhammad, city all Muslims turn to in prayer

Paris Psalter

book of Psalms, figures and landscape based on classical models, brilliant and balanced color, dynamic contrast between muscular bodies and stiff drapery, David playing harp, personification of Echo, muscular, classically inspired, arcs and curves dominate composition, Jewel-like border

Vellum

calf hide

Muezzins

call people to prayer

Byzantine History

called themselves Romans, born from a split in the Roman world, eastern half of the Roman empire flourished under Constantine at Constantinople, spoke GREEK, promoted orthodox Christianity, trading center of the world, orthodox faith spread with art, icon production began, was wiped out during Iconoclasm, repealed and led to flourishing of the late byzantine and middle/high

Squinch

can take a number of shapes and forms, does the same thing as a pendentive, transitions the weight of a dome onto a flat rather than rounded wall

historiated capital

capital which is decorated with figures of animals, birds, or humans, used either alone or combined with foliage. The figures need not have any meaning, although they may be symbolic or part of a narrative sequence. Historiated capitals were most commonly used in the Romanesque from the late eleventh to mid-twelfth centuries.

Justinian and Attendants

clergy to the left, military to his right, dressed in royal purple, symmetry, frontal, holds bowl for eucharist, slight impression of forward, no volume, seem to float and overlap, little background, Maximianus identified, Halo suggests saintliness, 547

Saxon Art

cloisonne with horror vacui designs, animal style, hoard of gold found and forced to reconsider

Purple

color reserved for Byzantine royalty, can be seen in mosaics of Justinian, purple is used on the garments

Saint Basil's Cathedral

commissioned by Ivan the Terrible, tall slender pyramid-like central tower crowned by small onion-shaped dome, central spire, low flat rounded arches, 1555-1561

atmospheric perspective

creates the illusion of depth by reducing the local color and clarity of objects in the distance, to imply a layer of atmosphere between the viewer and the horizon

Persian Manuscripts

descends from rich and diverse heritage, illustrated manuscripts from Islamic world, give visual image to a literary plot, some were done under the school of Chinese Painting, further influenced Indian art later, admired intricate details and geometric patterns with colors, point of views shift again and again

Qiblah

direction, had to be pointed to Mecca

San Vitale

eight-sided church, plane exterior added later, large windows for illuminating interior designs, thin columns, open arched spaces, 526-547

Monastery Churches

exterior shows decorative placement of stonework and soft interplay, large windows are punctuated by small holes, interior wall areas dissolve into delicate arches, small dome with windows at drum, church has a light interior filled with mosaics and fresco

Sinan, Mosque of Selim II

extremely thin minarets, abundant window space, inspired by Hagia Sophia, but centrally planned, octagonal interior, open airy contrasts, part of a complex including hospital, school, library, etc.

Saint Mark's Cathedral

five domes placed in a cross pattern, windows at base of dome, figures are weightless in a field of gold mosaics, prominent iconostasis, compartmentalized space of Middle Byzantine, church contains relics of Saint Mark, 1063

Animal Head Post

from Oseberg Ship Burial, 834, snarling mouth, wide open eyes, interlace on head, nostrils flaring, VIKING

veristic

from the Latin verus, meaning "true". describes a hyperrealistic style of portraiture that emphasizes individual charateristics

Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler

holds an orb, importance of the symbol of the world, influenced by Marcus Aurelius statue, rider much larger than horse, little attention to movement of hose, 9th Century

Byzantine Architecture

not known for its size, plain exteriors made of brick and concrete, provocative colors of brick, stone, and marble, small domes, interiors marked with colored marbles, mosaics, frescoes, domes are low, small floor space, vertical emphasis, interior arches

The term "Byzantine" broadly refers to the art and architecture

of Constantinople and its surrounding regions

Sutton Hoo

of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance.

Kufic

one of the scripts for calligraphy, highly distinguished, reserved for official texts, traditional text for the Koran, highly evolved into new ornamental way

Cloister

open-air courtyard for monks and nuns to live

The campaign of iconoclasm that was started in 726

ordered the destruction of devotional images.

Jali

ornamental stone screens

Arabesque

ornate design featuring intertwined curves; a ballet position in which one leg is extended in back while the other supports the weight of the body

Chi-Rho-Iota

page from the BOOK OF KELLS, lavish decoration, interlacing, heads and figures appear in patterning, initials are dominant motifs, HIBERNO-SAXON

St. Gall

plan of an ideal self-sufficient monastic community of 3000 people, church in the center, cloistered monks, workshops, houses, daily activities, CAROLINGIAN

aniconism

practice or belief in avoiding or shunning the graphic representation of divine beings or religious figures; no images of human figures, very often found in Islamic art

Monasteries

principal centers of learning, artists who could read and write honored the creation of manuscripts

Hiberno-Saxon Art

refers to the art of the British Isles, Ireland, ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS, relies on interlace patterns, borders of stylized combat patterns, exceptional handling of color and form

Old Testament Trinity

repeating forms from older art, heads are nearly identical, poses are mirror images, luminous colors, deep harmony, colors, spaceless background

Utrecht Psalter

richly illustrated ink drawings of psalms of the Bible, monochrome, legible script, visual richness of imagery, style characterized by agitated gestures

Pantocrator

ruler of the world

Sutton Hoo Purse Cover

scene of a ship burial, backing of ivory or bone, bag of leather, animal style, heraldic composition, interlacing, legs and arms intertwined, cloisonne, SAXON

Pantocrator

sees and understands all as he looks down, stern, severe, awesome, menacing, forked beard above chin, monument set on a sea of gold, Bible in wright hand, DAPHNI and SICILY, Eleventh Century

Parchment

sheep or goat hide

Theodora and Attendants

slight displacement of absolute symmetry, richly robed empress, stands in architectural framework, holding chalice, flattened and weightless figures, three Magi, SAN VITALE

Minarets

tall towers in the corner of temples, everywhere, tall shafts with internal stair cases

lancets

tall, narrow windows ending in pointed arches

oculus

the Latin word for "eye". (1) a circular opening at the top of a dome used to admit light. (2) a round window

rotuli

the Latin word for scroll, a rolled written text

Rayonnant Style/ Court Style

the Radiant style, originating during the reign of Louis the Fourteenth in France, sometimes referred to as the Court style or "the style of the French." refers to the patterning of the windows which allowed for such radiant lighting.

syncretism

the act of bringing together disparate customs or beliefs. historians usually describe Roman culture as syncretistic, because Romans embraced many of the practices of those they conquered.

The Battle of Hastings

the battle that took place in 1066, in which William the Conqueror and Harold Godwinson fought for control of Normandy?

Byzantium

the civilization that developed from the eastern Roman Empire following the death of the emperor Justinian (C.E. 565) until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

chi rho

the first two Greek letters for Christ. the symbol Constantine sees in the sky which makes him believe the Christian God brought him victory even with a smaller army

dado

the lower part of an interior wall. in a Roman house, the dado was often decorated with painting imitating costly marbles

The central-plan church of Santa Costanza was originally built as

the mausoleum of Constantina, daughter of Constantine.

aisles

the passageway or corridor of a church that runs parallel to the length of the building. it often flanks the nave of the church but is sometimes set off from it by rows of piers or columns

iconoclasm

the rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts.

barrel vault

the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape

Bishop Bernward Doors

two 15-feet-tall doors, imperial overtones, Fall and Redemption of Man, rectangular panels with few figures, bare landscapes, bony figures, emphasis on limbs

Medina

where Muhammad was first accepted as the Prophet

monasteries

where do Christian men, Monks, gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God, women were Nuns lived in Convents. Monks were very educated and opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books. Also created illuminated manuscripts-elaborate writing.

The mosaic floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue contains

winged personifications of the seasons.

Scriptoria

writing places where monks or nuns could decorate the manuscripts