ART HISTORY EXAM 2

Greek architecture and architectural sculpture on the acropolis

- the acropolis building campaign as suggested by Pericles acted as a public works project to keep discharged soldiers busy and celebrate the victory over the Persians -the buildings on the acropolis were paid for from the Treasury of the Delian League, which was held in "safe keeping" by Athens -the acropolis had long been a sacred place for the Athenians. it was the location where Athena and Poseidon held a contest for who would be the patron god of the city of Athens

Discuss entasis. Why was it done? What might have inspired its use?

-the convex tapering of the shaft of a column -most evident in columns but present in every architectural aspect of the temple -no straight lines- all curved -may have helped with earthquakes or give image more elasticity/vitality but we don't know the exact reason it was done

How does each Vaphio Cup depict the capture of bulls differently?

-they show 2 ways of capturing wild bulls, both relatively naturalistic renderings: 1. violent and active with lots of diagonals, sense of speed and confusion 2. peaceful by attracting with a cow then tying legs, slow-moving, most characteristic aspect on people but very naturalistic bulls

why did black figure ware artisans incise their designs?

-to make them more complex, detailed, beautiful, show off skills, add personal touches

lost wax casting method

- Lost wax casting is for many the process of choice because it is extremely accurate in replicating detail and because of the durability of the objects it creates. However, the process is very arduous and time-consuming. steps: a mold is made from the model, and the inside of this negative mold is brushed with melted wax to the desired thickness of the final bronze. After removal of the mold, the resultant wax shell is filled with a heat-resistant mixture. Wax tubes, which provide ducts for pouring bronze during casting and vents for the noxious gases produced in the process, are fitted to the outside of the wax shell, which may be modeled or adjusted by the artist. Metal pins are hammered through the shell into the core to secure it. Next, the prepared wax shell is completely covered in layers of heat-resistant plaster, and the whole is inverted and placed in an oven. During heating, the plaster dries and the wax runs out through the ducts created by the wax tubes. The plaster mold is then packed in sand, and molten bronze is poured through the ducts, filling the space left by the wax. When cool, the outer plaster and core are removed, and the bronze may receive finishing touches.

Explain the iconography of Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice. Describe the composition and explain how it adds to the intensity of the scene.

-Achilles= great hero, Ajax also a hero, playing dice before a battle- Achilles wins, supposed to be good luck for battle but Achilles dies in battle, Ajax then commits suicide (knowing the story and what's about to happen adds intensity/gravity to the image) -unnaturalistic features: large eyes facing forward, dainty extremities -naturalistic: body positioning in real movement, sense of muscularity in arms -beautifully incised hair, beard, clothes -vase was an amphora vessel where wine was diluted with water- a table object meant to amaze guest for the upper class, very prized

What two architectural orders are combined on the Parthenon? Which parts are used from which order?

-Doric temple with Ionic parts (mixed order because of 2 main functions- statue and treasury) -Doric: Doric style columns with entasis/curvature everywhere -Ionic: frieze that goes all the way around like that of an Ionic temple -more columns than typical, 2 entrances (1 traditional front, 1 in back where treasury and statue were)

Why was Polyklitos' Canon of Proportions so important? Discuss how it worked, basically. How did this reflect the Greek notion that there was an ideal? How is it illustrated in the Doryphoros?

-Doryphoros= "spear-bearer", an athlete, originally bronze, very famous with many copies -idealized youth carrying spear who pauses for an instant as walking forward, shown in contrapposto (head, shoulders, hips all shift as he steps), slightly thicker ideal, muscular, square jaw, high cheekbones, straight nose -Polyklitos wrote guide of how to sculpt- does not survive but has been quoted many times -idea that perfection is created by exact measurements and proportions -each body part is a particular size in relation to other body parts (ex. tip of pinkie-size of pinkie-size of hand-size of arm-etc. or body as 7 head lengths)

What is the proportional relationship of a human being to a Greek temple? Compare this proportional relationship to that of an Egyptian pyramid.

-Egyptian pyramids and ziggurats completely dwarfed any human viewers (this was intentional to make the human feel insignificant to the gods) -Greek temples did not dwarf humans because human beings are the center of greek culture. They are less important than the gods but still very significant

What country's funeral rituals were thought to influence Mycenaean funerary masks?

-Egyptian, because of the gold and the usage -the "Golden Age of Greece" used lots of gold imported from Egypt

How was the Mask of Agamemnon made?

-by shaping a sheet of pure gold in using 2 techniques: -repoussé: hammering sheet metal from the back, pushing it out into relief -chasing: metal tools push in from the front to add detail, design

What were the effects on Greek art from the trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia?

-Greece aspires to be a great civilization like those -influence of animals and mixed figures -human sculpture in the beginning

How is the Classical style exemplified by the Grave Stele of Hegeso? How was its ideals reflected in its iconography?

-Hegeso is seated, in hieratic scale -rare to have female nude figures- that would be shameful -idealized, youthful, figure exists separately from drapery -very calm and peaceful, taking jewelry out of a box held by her maid -Greek ideal of calm rationality in fluid, calm, balanced composition -she's not a hero or a god -relief sculpture, subtly and beautifully carved, once painted -details (toes, etc.) make it come to life

How does the Nike of Samothrace interact with the space around her?

-Her legs are in motion and her torso shifts -she is full of movement, action, urgency, and speed -open composition with wings back, one leg forward -constantly moving within space, you have to walk around to see the entire sculpture

What architectural order is the Erecthion? What are some of the visual characteristics of this order?

-Ionic order -columns, volute scrolls, base, solid frieze, architrave divided into three sections -egg and dart pattern and palmettes: two motifs that appear as detail/decoration on ionic order -fluting curves at the top and bottom are more delicate -underside of roof subdivided into squares with smaller squares inside: Coffers -coffers help reduce weight of stone roof, visually decorative motif that reappears in many architectural styles -lots of ornate decoration around the door

What innovations did Lysippos create in Greek figure sculpture?

-Lysippos depicted an idealized athlete who was in the middle of movement -placed an emphasis on the skin, not the musculature -sculpted a smaller head than should be in proportion to body -Apoxyomenos is scraping the oil/dirt off his nude body, not in athletic movement or preparation, not in a glorious stance -positioned off to the side, not completely balanced -reflects the new control of Athens by the Spartans, people aren't as happy as they once were

What is the difference between Classical and 4th century sculpture? Consider proportion, stance, and subject matter.

-Peloponesian war was the beginning of the end, Athens defeated, no more democracy, severe idealism (striving for mind/body perfection) is lost, high ideals were made a mockery of, social and political unrest -development of cynicism and skepticism instead of perfections -changes in art show new model of human beings- now shown as formed by time and space not perfect unchanging ideals -interest in the changeable not the eternal -more emphasis on the smooth skin, less muscularity, carved less deeply in 4th century -didn't bother to finish the back if they knew it wouldn't be seen unlike classical where backs of even pedimental sculpture were finished

Severe and Classical Sculptural Style

-a standard is developed for scale and proportion of the ideal human body -facial emotions are subdued, emotions are communicated through bodily motion and drapery

What is the iconography of the pediment from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia? How does this relate to the Greek view of the human being versus the animal? How is it Severe in style?

-apollo is in the center, with an open composition, emotionless face, idealized, along a plane -other figures fall down, lay down, fit naturally in triangular pediment -tells story of lapiths (people) and centaurs (half human, half horse animal/human mixtures) -lapiths invited centaurs to a wedding, centaurs got too drunk, were all over women, ends in fight between lapiths and centaurs- humans win -centaurs shown beastly, fighting dirty, attacking women, not idealized, emotion-filled faces, mouths open -woman fighting against centaur for her life but is still idealized, in control of her emotions, not shown on her face

How was a human figure rendered during the geometric period?

-arms raised in a gesture of despair -in most characteristic aspect -triangle torso, stick arms, rounded hips and legs -no overlap, each figure separated from neighbors

What is the figure doing on the back of the Mirror? What does this reveal about Etruscan beliefs? How is it Etruscan in style?

-back of polished metal ex. bronze, 6in diameter -greek elements: drapery, idealized muscular body, broader figure, active, very well drawn in that you can tell the figure is leaning on the rock, distribution of weight can be clearly seen, complex pose, closer to hellenistic period -winged figure comes from Homer's Iliad- a seer (someone who tells the future) holding a sheep liver -Etruscans were very into future telling by sheep liver shape, flocks of birds, etc -Greek figure in Greek style with Etruscan culture content in the image -seeing yourself in the mirror makes you question what is going to happen to you next

Mycenean Civilization

-based on monumentality, to impress people -elites had monumental tombs (tholos tombs) -"bronze age culture"-cycladic, minoan, and mycenean -trade with Egypt and influence through Mycenaean mercenaries in Egypt brings artistic ideas from the Near East to the Greek mainland -warlike society -acrchitecture included defense walls and royal tombs built on a massive scale -advanced metalwork evidenced by surviving funerary items -after its fall, a period of 300 years of dire poverty (the Dark Ages) follow on mainland Greece, but some religious and architectural ideas survive and resurface on the mainland

Why are the Tholos tombs ("Treasury of Atreus") considered significant in the history of architecture?

-built around 1400 BCE, it is the largest interior covered space built without supports until the Roman Empire (1500 BCE) -corbel dome of dressed stones is 40ft high, 40 ft wide (a huge engineering project and architectural feat) -constructed underground, built in a beehive shape

How does the plan of the Erecthion differ from a traditional Greek temple plan? What explains its unusual layout?

-built on different levels, an irregular plan because it was built to cover two sacred spots -shrines commemorated a contest between Athena and Poseidon where both gave a gift because they wanted to be the god of Athens (Poseidon arranged saltwater spring, Athena gave olive tree & won) -also covered the area where the king who judged the contest was buried -there is still a porch, obvious entrance, and extra porches and entrances that mark sacred spots

What visual clues are there to indicate that the caryatids from the Porch of the Maidens from the Erectheion are physically relaxed? Why was this important?

-caryatid: human female figure as columns -atlantid: male figure acts as column (much more rare) -figures done in classical style -perfectly proportioned, move with ease, contrapposto position -relaxed even though they are holding tons of weight on their heads -wet drapery: looks like its sticking to her knee, breasts, allows you to see the outline of her body through the drapery unlike the heavy drapery -elaborate hairstyle, capital made of egg and dart

Geometric and Orientalizing Periods, Greece

-civilization revives after a two century period of great poverty (The Dark Ages) -900-700 BCE -Greek civilization develops a humanistic point of view -ceramic art developed to a high level of quality -beginning of focus on human being as the predominant subject matter of Greek art -trade with Egypt and Mesopotamian cultures profoundly influences Greek art of the Orientalizing Period -no centralized royal government, but unique city-states unified by culture and language instead

What are the main differences stylistically between Severe and Classical sculpture?

-classical figures slightly more heavily set, not as slender as severe figures -not shown in a single parallel plane -introduction of Polykleitos' canon of proportions

What are some differences between the Doric and Ionic orders?

-doric friezes are divided into triglyphs and metopes -ionic architraves are subdivided into 3 sections -doric columns have a cushion capital, ionic columns have volute scroll capitals -ionic capitals have bases, doric columns do not -doric: more muscular, large scale -ionic: more decorated, more details

Explain the architectural "refinements" used on the Parthenon. What visual effect do they have?

-entasis all the way through: nota a single straight line on the whole building -parts integrate fully with one another so spaces do not seem to be separate -architecture and sculpture intertwined -8 column arrangement -encircling columns: approachable from all sides -shallow porches made interior well lit -appears less massive than Temple of Hera II despite great size because of adjustment of proportions since Archaic period- columns more slender, entasis less pronounced, capitals less flaring (practical necessity)

Etruscan Civilization

-etruscan people probably migrated to Italy from Lydia, and the Etruscan language did not belong to the Indo-European family of languages -indigenous Etruscan culture was heavily influenced by Greek and Near Eastern cultures -Etruscan culture and religion focused not only on logic (as the Greeks did), but on the chance and divination -burial rites in Etruscan culture included both cremation and inhumation. in both cases special art work was created to contain the remains, revealing a strong belief in the afterlife -located in western central Italy -city-state alliance system -abundant land with lots of natural resources

How were the tombs at Cerveteri used? What kind of decoration appears on the walls of these tombs?

-family mausoleums and a way to design their own afterlife with images of tools or dancing, etc.

Explain how the figure of the Old Woman is more realistic than idealistic. What do you think caused this change in the Greek ideal of what humanity is or should be?

-first depiction of an old woman- an element of the human condition not perfection -dress tattered, falling off, she is bent over, has an aged face -open composition, wet drapery -don't know how this image was meant to be received- pathos? comical? -no longer depicting the ideal- this is realistic, real people, and their real actions

4th century greek sculpture

-first monumental sculpture of the nude female in Greek art occurs in the 4th century -the introduction of a wider variety of subject matter, including common people and differing emotions -Peloponesian war began, in particular Sparta vs. Athens (Athens will lose), sparked by the Delian League controversy

How does the Human-headed Cinerary Urn reflect a concern for the afterlife? For individuality?

-focused on ideas of the afterlife--> most of dead were cremated and placed in cinerary urns -some urns begin to look like people, have head, earrings, holes in head for beard to help identify deceased and remember them -indicates a belief and distinction between the human body and spirit -face is stylized not individualized -gold earrings were probably a marker of status

How did the depiction of women change in the 4th century?

-for the first time, women were portrayed nude, which had earlier been seen as a a sign of vulnerability and weakness, shamefulness and impurity

Explain the iconography of the Dancing Revelers. How does the painter take the vessel shape into account?

-freer flow of figures, casual poses, in motion, drapery moves with them -use of diagonals, figures form to shape of vessel

How was bronze used to create lifelike color on the Zeus or Poseidon?

-gives the figure a natural tan look -bronze has good tensile strength (won't break or crack as easily as marble, easier to create more details like eyelashes) -cast using lost-wax casting method: wax mold is made, bronze is poured over model to create a hollow sculpture identical to the wax model

Hellenistic Greece

-greater emphasis on emotion and drama in hellenistic sculpture contrasts with classical period greece -greek city states become part of the hellenistic empire under Phillip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great -Alexander the Great conquered Greece+ by 25, died at 32, tutored by Aristotle, admired Athenian greek sculpture (caused spread to other areas)

Archaic Greek Sculpture

-greek sculptors focused on the human form as a major iconographic feature -archaic period in Greece is a period where artists learned by keen observation to the world around them, depictions of human figure come from looking at real bodies and how they move in space -art is based on motion rather than stasis, art has notion of progress, change oriented vs. eternal qualities of Egyptian art -nude body of male is seen as noble and beautiful, human body becomes standard for scale and proportion -gods are conceived as human in form and personality

vase painting of the archaic and classical periods

-greek vase painting depicted both scenes of everyday life and myths of the gods and goddesses -the curiosity and keen observation seen in the development of Archaic and Classical sculpture is also seen in vase painting of the same period

Archaic Greek Architecture

-greeks developed canon of architecture where basic proportions and details are set -greek temple architecture is characterized by a design that is very simple, direct, sturdy, and rational -in a greek temple, the whole design matters-every part is proportioned so that none draws more attention than another -clearly defined supporting and supported elements -built with marble and no binding elements (such as cement) were used

What visual clues indicate that the Fallen Warrior is dying?

-his positioning shows the idea of pathos- you feel sorry for this dying heroic figure -hand goes limp, figure about to collapse -archaic smile seems out of place since he's dying but clues come from other features -positioning shows potential for movement- you can see how he's about to collapse

What was the function of Geometric Period dipylon vases? How did the function affect the iconography? size? style?

-huge vase, ~6ft tall -used as burial markers, had holes in the bottom for libations to be poured into the vase and then seep into the tomb below -impressive technique and precision: potted on a wheel and painted with slip

iconography and style of nike from the temple at athena nike?

-in action, adjusting her sandal, a mundane action -late classical temple: movement towards trivial action, still perfection, still gorgeously carved but just a little awks positioning -classical period was all about perfection in behavior and action

why is it easier to be more detailed in red figure ware than black figure ware?

-in terms of precision: painting in details is easier than etching them in

Describe the Etruscan burial practices and the materials used.

-inhumation: burial of the whole body rather than cremation, may be associated with class, created whole cemeteries (necropolis) -tumulus: tombs built with rounded mounds on top, built of tufa -tufa: volcanic rock, strong but lightweight (lots of air bubbles) -tumuli are meant to be entered, resemble houses, people probably came to pay respects -many were family mausoleums

What different impressions do the Doric and Ionic orders make on the viewer?

-ionic has more ornate base, perhaps designed to protect bottom from rain -shaft is more slender, less tapered, capital has double scroll -sharp angle where flutes met instead of flatter as on Doric columns -doric appears larger, more "muscular" -ionic looks like formalized palm tree, shares characteristics with Egyptian predecessors -frieze on ionic is not broken up visually, but continuous

In what architectural order is the Temple of Athena Nike built? How can you tell? What is a blind porch and why was it used on this temple?

-ionic order: volute scroll, base of columns, continuous frieze, subdivided architrave -doesn't have columns all the way around the building -nike="victory", built to commemorate a specific site -blind porch on the back for symmetry, no entrance -very elegant but much smaller than other classical temples

Why was the Parthenon the most important building on the Acropolis? What cult statue did it originally hold?

-it is dedicated to the goddess Athena, city- god of Athens -built to house the special sculpture Athena Parthenos (a large scale statue built from gold and ivory) -also housed the money from the Delian League

Iconography, style, and background for Hermes with the Infant Dionysos?

-might be roman copy because of the support -Hermes: god of commerce, trade, messenger of gods -teasing the baby by holding grapes out (Dionysos= god of wine) -shown in very unstable positions--> going to change soon -proportions have changed: still ideal but torso is too long, head is too small -deliberate step away from control, grace at the expense of strength -more emphasis on the smooth skin, less muscularity, carved less deeply -almost in soft focus, dreamy look on face -didn't bother to finish the back-knew it wouldn't be seen

what were the red figure ware innovations in the depiction of the figures?

-more complex poses, sometimes overlapping -techniques such as foreshortening to denote the existence of objects in different planes of space (foreshortening- the use of perspective to represent an apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an an angle perpendicular to the plane of sight)

significance of the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon?

-moved in the 19th century to Berlin, reconstructed -large scale place for altar -lots of steps, obvious front entrance -very important site, people brought votive objects, known as healing shrine -ionic order w/ columns and coffers

How does the Diskobolos reflect the Severe style?

-original was cast in bronze and is now gone, but many copies were made by the Romans (addition of the tree trunk denotes Roman copy, supports marble statue) -depicts an athlete who was treated god-like, athletes competed nude (veneration of athletes who perfected bodies and their skills in Greek culture) -human body in the middle of action (at the one moment of stillness within action, where thought is engaged) -open composition, energetic action, along a frontal plane (almost as if between two panels of glass) -no emotion on face (intellect separates ideal man from animals, man is not overtaken by emotions like animals; he's in control) -physical ideal, young, muscular

What was the aesthetic outcome and function of the decoration of the entrance to the "Treasury of Atreus"?

-overall: elaborate decoration and scale -assumed to be a tomb of forgotten royal family -120ft long, 20ft wide ceremonial passageway leads up to tomb -large doorway 34ft high -dressed stones line passageway, surround doorway -doorway once had carvings above, columns beside, gable (triangle over door) -facade once decorated, would've been much more impressive

Explain the changes that occurred in Greek pottery in the Orientalizing Period. Include style, technique, composition, and iconography in your discussion.

-painting and pottery were more sloppy in terms of technique than the geometric period -figural scenes take up much of the vessel instead of geometric designs -figures more individualized, interrupt each others' space, large eyes, more action, figures more rounded -frontal heads, slight sense of movement -depict more than just funerary scenes: ex. polythemus (giant cyclops), gorgons (snakes for hair, turn to stone when looked at, meant to be seductive)

Explain how the Dying/Fallen Warrior from the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina utilizes the pedimental composition.

-part of the sculptural decoration of the pediment corner, triangularly shaped to fit perfectly into the corner -not just standing, actually doing something and moving naturalistically

Where was the Nike of Samothrace placed originally? How did that affect the design of the statue? How does the manner in which the drapery is rendered reflect this original purpose?

-placed on top of a cliff so ships coming in could see her -figure has just been flying, touched down on the base of a ship -one of her legs is forward, wings flap behind her, sense of the wind blowing her drapery, water spray creates the wet drapery look

Explain the style and iconography of the Zeus or Poseidon.

-powerful stance, idealized figure -beard=indicator of older male -preparing to throw something (Zeus throws lightning bolts, Poseidon throws trident) -proud nudity is a very greek element -shifting weight but not in classical contrapposto -open composition: arms and leg out, feet come up -stylized hair, beard, muscular idealized body associated with divinity

How does the relief sculpture on the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon contrast with the frieze sculpture on the Parthenon? Consider depth of relief, subject matter, emotions displayed, and composition

-relief shows battle of gods and giants (with Athena about to conquer the giants) -emotion-filled faces, broader musculature, twisting figures, very high relief creates more light and shadow and drama -stresses the ideas of suffering, distortion, figures contorted not just moving -classical emphasis on rationality (control over emotions, pure idealism, low relief, parallel to picture plane) vs. hellenistic emphasis on emotionalism (some idealism, more realistic, deeply carved and undercut, breaks the picture plane)

How were the Vaphio Cups made?

-repoussé and chasing techniques for shaping sheet metal -found in tholos tomb, very tiny and more ceremonial than functional -outside is relief, inside is smooth

What does the egg symbolize in Etruscan art?

-right hands of both the male and female in the sarcophagus from cerveteri were holding eggs, which were symbols of rebirth in the Etruscan culture

How does a corbel work? How is a corbel arch constructed?

-roofing technique where each course of stone projects slightly beyond the previous layer (a corbel) until the uppermost corbels meet in a high, almost pointed arch or dome

The Sarcophagus from Cerveteri is considered particularly characteristic of Etruscan art. Which features make it so? Consider the medium, subject matter, and what function the object served?

-sarcophagus=coffin, cerveteri=one of the cemeteries -large sculpture, built for a couple, made of terra cotta (a type of clay) that was molded, sculpted, and then fired -the figures are hollow so that air can circulate, not explode in the kiln -archaic smile, hair like kore figures, body proportions resemble the early kore period- smooth skin, rudimentary musculature -differs from archaic in movement of the hands, figures laying down, scene of tenderness between a man and a woman -small volute scroll like the ionic column is part of the bed -relaxed and comfortable position rather than stiff like kore figures

What were some common Greek ornamental motifs used on Greek vases?

-scenes of funerals -lots of geometric patterns and forms occupying much of the vase

How is movement depicted in Severe style sculpture?

-severe style= early classical style -figures are depicted as stuck in the middle of movement; in paused action -figures turned parallel to the picture plane

How is the Dying Gallic Trumpeter (Dying Gaul) idealized? How is it naturalistic? Why was this sculpture made?

-shows a defeated foe who is still heroic and worthy, victory over him is thus worth more -has a trumpet he would've used in battle -gaul=caused trouble to Greeks/Romans; a barbarian from present day France, often wore ceremonial jewelry -his outsider status is indicated by his long, shaggy hair, mustache, and the torc he wears around his neck -he is dying, blood streaming from his side, life ebbing out of him -hellenistic features: Shows suffering and emotion, about to slump in front of you -beautifully carved all the way around -broader-->indicator of age -other gaul sculpture shows a man who defeated and kills wife and self rather than living as a slave

What is the iconography of the Laocoön? How do the facial expressions and motion of the figures effectively depict this story?

-shows a story from the Trojan war: Laocoön is a priest, warns the Trojans to not accepts gifts from Greece (which they do, the Trojan Horse) then Poseidon has Laocoön and his sons dragged by sea serpents -depicts a dramatic moment -diagonlas show movement, emotion in face -idealized, muscular male figures -sons deliberately made smaller to add to drama, shown as youthful, sadder, and more vulnerable -open composition -face & mouth open, wrinkles, hair, misery of death and death of sons

Describe the iconography, style, significance, and sculpting method of the Chimera.

-shows part of Greek mythology: a chimera=terrible, terrifying, fire-breathing monster -looks like lion + goat + snake -artist not comfortable truly making maxed figures- just added extra heads to lion body -defeated creature shown by blood on goat's neck -lion is starved for food- ribs, muscles -once inlayed eyes and teeth -right foreleg has inscription "for tinia" (tinia=goddess of day) -carved using lost wax casting method- allows for details that couldn't be carved from stone

How was the style of figures on the sarcophagus influenced by Greece?

-small volute scroll like the ionic column is part of the bed -archaic greek sculpture elements: smile, hair like kore figures, body proportions, smooth skin, rudimentary musculature

The Musicians and Dancers painting was influenced by what country? Which portions show this influence? Which portions illustrate indigenous Etruscan culture?

-sometimes tufa would be covered with frescos, often images of pleasure, musicians, eating, having a good time -figures are placed on a ground line, have active energetic poses -spindly trees and birds show outside environment -believed to be influenced by archaic Greece- idealized faces, rudimentary musculature (kouros figures were stationary but these are active) -women are as large and as active as men- different from Greek (where upper class were kept inside) -women are light skinned, men dark skinned -women are part of the image/scene/action

How does the Doric order recall its wooden prototype?

-the columns resemble tree trunks with their entasis -stylized ends of wooden beams were used to create ceilings -turning to stone of existing wooden forms

Why is the Kritios Boy important in art history? How is the Kritios Boy more naturalistic than the Kouros from Anavysos? Consider pose, facial expression, and texture in your discussion.

-turning point in Greek sculpture, where shift to truly naturalistic figure occurs (almost to the classical period) -more skin falls naturalistically over figure & muscles, body responds to leg positioning -contrapposto: "counter poise," stop looking at the body from four sides but as shifting on a central axis -Greeks have observed how humans actually move enough to depict it in art -one leg is engaged upright, one relaxed, same with arms -single, natural, organic form with muscular rhythms, not just a conglomeration of body parts -idealized: perfectly smooth skin, high cheekbones, straight nose, square jaw, patterned hair -no archaic smile -not a figure in action but has a convincing potential for action and movement (earlier kotos figures look permanently straight)

What were figures such as the Man and Centaur made for? How can you tell they were made in the Orientalizing Period?

-votive sculptures (gifts to gods) cast out of bronze, most often horses (expensive, associated with nobility) -tied to trees in groves with shrines -mixed creature (near east influence) -rounded geometric shapes make up the figures -horses follow ideal of the human with the torso and legs

Compare the Element of movement in the Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo) to the Aphrodite of Knidos.

Aphrodite of Knidos: -naked female goddess by major sculpture--> never seen before -women were supposed to be pure, although nude depiction was not that big of a step away from wet drapery -head was too small for elongated body, widened hips -sense of grace and sexuality, texture on flesh -not shown as a powerful or heroic goddess; about to take a bath (interest in the accidental and changeable) Aphrodite of Melos: -nude, contrapposto, smaller head (4th cen elements) -stomach and hips are broader, open composition, element of drama of seduction- as she moves and shifts, drapery seems to fall from her (hellenistic) -arms were in motion not stationary -meant to be erotic, elegant, motion seen all the way around -goddess of love not doing anything important

How was black figure ware made? how was red figure ware made? What were the differences between the two? How is the depiction of figures on black figure ware different from that of pots from the orientalizing period?

Black figureware-archaic period -beautifully painted and potted, becomes more naturalistic than geometric/orientalizing -painted with slip (engobe)-figures painted silhouette with details ethced in -red/orange background, black figures Red figureware-classical period -black background with red/orange figures, details painted on the figures -much more difficult, details flow easier, more naturalistic -foreshortening: gives a sense of space with an obscured leg or arm that goes back into space -skills much more sophisticated allows for more naturalistic, details, techniques

What country influenced the figure sculpture of Greece? How so?

Egyptian- idealized, symmetrical, youthful, slender figure, long curled wavy hairstyle -used as grave markers, set at burial sites -Greek sculpture changed quickly whereas Egyptian stayed the same for 100s of years -Egyptians wanted sculptures to last to house ka forever, but Greek was more focused on naturalistic form

Compare and contrast Etruscan tomb painting with that of Egypt

Etruscan: -focused on singing, dancing, aspects of pleasure -carved of tufa, square fluted columns influenced by greek ionic order -everyday objects that someone might want/need in afterlife- pots, pans, axe, machete, etc. -beds meant for deceased including carved pillows -meant to be entered, place for family to pay respects Egyptian: -serious images, images of duty (think Ti and Hippopotamus Hunt) -used lots of gold - not really meant to be entered -tons of depictions of the individual's face & body everywhere Both: -painted with bright colors -belief that needs of the dead echoed those of the living

Describe the application of the Doric order to the Temples of Hera I and II at Paestum. What kind of aesthetic impact do they make?

Hera I: -cushion capitals, fluted columns that rest on stylobate/stereobate, 8 columns instead of 6 on front, entasis pronounced, much of freeze/pediment is gone/destroyed Hera II: -capitals less cushiony, less pronounced entasis -built at same site several hundred years later -same plan, same components, more refined and more is surviving

Explain the visual changes from the New York Kouros to the Kouros from Anavysos. What features of the Kouros from Anavysos are more naturalistic?

New York Kouros (greek for "young man"): -similar to Egyptian: stance, upright body, squared shoulders, defined muscles, geometric, long curled wavy hair, large eyes, carved 4 separate sides -different: space between legs instead of stone webbing between arms/legs, nudity (Egyptians considered nudity a symbol of vulnerability/weakness, Greeks considered it beauty of the human figure, desirable, divine), distinct anatomy details like knee caps -move from formalized scheme of human being to natural form of human being, beginning of greek canon of proportions Anavysos Kouros: ~100 years after NY Kouros -similar: position (one foot forward), youthful, nude, curled hair, archaic smile, wide eyes changed: more detail in muscles (abs, biceps, thighs, toes), more naturalistic, less rigid stance, hands hang loosely, specific shoulder blades, waist, buttox from behind, indentations denote muscles not just lines, face has defined cheekbones, jaw line, skin is fleshier

Explain the visual changes from the Kore to the Kore from Chios. How is the latter more naturalistic? In both figures, what role does pattern play in the relationship of drapery to the figure underneath?

kore (greek for "girl"): -6ft tall, carved marble, once painted -facial features: wide open eyes, closed lip smile ("archaic smile") -more naturalistic than Egyptian: hair wrapping around shoulders instead of wig-like, hint of human figure under drapery/clothing, space between arms and torso, arm hangs down fingers curl like in real life -still idealized and symmetrical kore from chios: ~100 years after first kore figure -similar: face (wide eyes, closed lip smile), long curls in hair, arm positioning, idealized face and skin -changed: more ornamental dress, clothing drapes separately from body

What is the iconography of the pedimental sculptures of the Parthenon? Of the Parthenon frieze? How are the stories depicted here rendered through the movement of the figures? How are the stories linked to the patronage of Athens by the goddess Athena?

pedimental sculpture: -Phidias=head of workshop with many sculptors under him -Athena=god of wisdom and defensive military action -east sculpture shows birth of Athena- out of Zeus's head as a full-fledged goddess in armor -other figures show response to birth; news and excitement ripples outward -perfectly proportioned and idealized youthful figures -totally relaxed, reclining figure, slack muscles -back side still carved even though never would have been seen -beautifully done drapery on female figures frieze: -not same rhythm all the way through- meant to make you walk around the buildings -all riders are youthful idealized figures, some wear cloaks, some nude, all heads on same level -beautifully done idealized horses, no extra legs, in action -overlapping figures, carved in shallow relief -originally painted with bronze -as you move closer to the end- more relaxed figures, chariots, carriers of olive oil, introduction of gods/goddesses (seated not walking), bigger, hieratic school, young instead of older with beards, idealized unfolding the peplos: -peplos=specially worn garment made for statue of Athena, whole city would gather in a festival to celebrate and change out peplos -important enough to be near the gods on the frieze, but for some reason the gods are not looking; their heads are turned the other way