Art History Exam 2 Terms

ukiyo-e

"pictures of the floating world"), is a genre of woodblock prints and paintings that flourished in Japan from the 17th through 19th centuries.

Count d'Angiviller

(1730-1810) was the director of the Bâtiments du Roi, a forerunner of a minister of fine arts in charge of the royal building works, under Louis XVI of France, from 1775. Through Flahaut, virtually all official artistic patronage flowed. His portrait by Joseph-Siffred Duplessis, 1779, is conserved at the Musée du Louvre.

louis leroy

(1812 - 1885) was a French 19th century engraver, painter, and successful playwright. However, he is remembered as the journalist and art critic for the French satirical newspaper Le Charivari, who coined the term "impressionists" to satirise the artists now known by the word.

impressionism

a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and its associated wars. he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. dominated European affairs for nearly two decades while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

primitivism

a belief in the value of what is simple and unsophisticated, expressed as a philosophy of life or through art or literature.

giverny

a commune in the Eure in northern France. It is best known as the location of Claude Monet's garden and home.

post impressionism

a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905; from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Impressionists' concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and colour.

Neo-Classicism

a revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directly from the classical period, which coincided and reflected the developments in philosophy and other areas of the Age of Enlightenment, and was initially a reaction against the excesses of the preceding Rococo style. While the movement is often described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism, this is a great over-simplification that tends not to be sustainable when specific artists or works are considered.

Academic painting

a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art. Specifically, academic art is the art and artists influenced by the standards of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts, which practiced under the movements of Neoclassicism and Romanticism, and the art that followed these two movements in the attempt to synthesize both of their styles, and which is best reflected by the paintings of William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Thomas Couture, and Hans Makart. In this context it is often called "academism", "academicism", "L'art pompier", and "eclecticism", and sometimes linked with "historicism" and "syncretism".

Skyscraper

a tall, continuously habitable building of over 40-50 floors, mostly designed for office, commercial and residential use.

pointilism

a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism.

camelia

a very expensive prostitute (french)

The Enlightenment

also referred to as The Age of Reason, a time period that stems from the awakening of European interest in science in the seventeenth century and ends with the unreason of the French Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century.

Luminism

an American landscape painting style of the 1850s - 1870s, characterized by effects of light in landscapes, through using aerial perspective, and concealing visible brushstrokes

Adler and Sullivan

an architectural firm founded by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. It is known for designing the Auditorium Building in Chicago and theWainwright Building in St Louis.

L'Opera

an extended dramatic composition, in which all parts are sung to instrumental accompaniment, that usually includes arias, choruses,and recitatives, and that sometimes includes ballet.

Grand Manner

an idealized aesthetic style derived from classical art, and the modern "classic art" of the High Renaissance. In the eighteenth century, British artists and connoisseurs used the term to described paintings that incorporated visual metaphors in order to suggest noble qualities. "Grand Style" in reference to history paintings: Painters has represented the apostles, he has drawn them with great nobleness; he has given them a much dignity as the human figure is capable of receiving yet we are expressly told in Scripture they had no such respectable appearance.

le charvari

an illustrated magazine published in Paris, France, from 1832 to 1937. It published caricatures, political cartoons and reviews. After 1835, when the government banned political caricature,Le Charivari began publishing satires of everyday life. department

Chicago Style

famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. The style is also known as Commercial style. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic that later emerged in the 1940s and 1970s which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems such as the tube-frame structure.

French Revolution

flanked by two artistic styles, Rococo and Neo-classicism. Rococo is a decorative style of the early to mid-18th century derived from the French word rocaille meaning shell. Rococo primarily influenced the ornamental arts in Europe, especially in France, southern Germany and Austria, and is marked by asymmetry, naturalism, pastel colors, light-heartedness and delicate shell-like and watery forms. Leading up to and following the French Revolution, Neo-classicism was the predominant artistic style in France (and in Europe and the USA from about 1750 to 1830). This classical revival of the later 18th century was distinctive for its emphasis on archaeological exactitude, the result of the period's unprecedented level of knowledge of the art and architecture of the ancient world. Factors such as the scientific study of surviving artefacts begun by scholars, the Grand Tour, the systematic excavation of the Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii and the exploration and recording of the monuments of the Greek islands and mainland which were all accompanied by the publication of large-format illustrated books, considerably expanded the repertoire of artistic models available to artists.

World Columbian Exposition of 1893

held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary ofChristopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.[2] The iconic centerpiece of the Fair, the large water pool, represented the long voyage Columbus took to the New World. Chicago bested New York City; Washington, D.C.; and St. Louis for the honor of hosting the fair. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism.

Exposition Universelle (1889 World's Fair

held in Paris, France from 6 May to 31 October 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event considered symbolic of the beginning of the French Revolution. The fair included a reconstruction of the Bastille and its surrounding neighborhood, but with the interior courtyard covered with a blue ceiling decorated with fleur-de-lys and used as a ball room and gathering place.

salon

in 1725 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Between 1748 and 1890 it was the greatest annual or biannual art event in the Western world.

Painterly

in order to help focus, enrich and standardize the terms being used by art historians of his time to characterize works of art. It is the opposite of linear, plastic or formal linear design. An oil painting is painterly when there are visible brushstrokes, the result of applying paint in a less than completely controlled manner, generally without closely following carefully drawn lines. Works characterized as either painterly or linear can be produced with any painting media, oils, acrylics, watercolors, gouache, etc.

Orientalism

literary and cultural studies scholars for the imitation or depiction of aspects in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian cultures (Eastern cultures). These depictions are usually done by writers, designers and artists from the West. In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically "the Middle East",was one of the many specialisms of 19th-century Academic art, and the literature of Western countries took a similar interest in Oriental themes.

avant garde

new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

Ionic

normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform; The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart

Baron Haussmann

the Prefect of the Seine Department in France, who was chosen by the Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris. Critics forced his resignation for extravagance, but his vision of the city still dominates Central Paris.

realism

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.

japonisme

the influence of Japanese art, fashion and aesthetics on Western culture. The term is used particularly to refer to Japanese influence on European art, especially in impressionism.

American Revolution

think of George Washington on the boat

Industrial Revolution

transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840

Romanticism

was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, and while for much of the Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was perhaps more significant.

The Great Exhibition (1851)

was the first international exhibitionof manufactured products. It was organised by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, and held in a purpose-built Crystal Palace in Hyde Park.

daguerreotype

was the first publicly announced photographic process and for nearly twenty years was the one most commonly used. It was invented by Louis Daguerre and introduced in 1839. By 1860, new processes which were less expensive and produced more easily viewed images had almost completely replaced it.

Academic Architecture

A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures. The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.

grenouille

French for frog

Linear

arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight

Beaux Arts (bo zar)

expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style. The style is above all the cumulative product of two-and-a-half centuries of instruction under the authority, first, of the Académie royale d'architecture (1671-1793), then, following the French Revolution of the late 18th century, of the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts (1795— ).

lithography

is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. Printing is from a stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface.

Corinthian columns

is stated to be the most ornate of the orders, characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.

history painting

sed to describe paintings that focus on a serious narrative or include exemplary actions. In this sense the word history relates to the Italian istoria (narrative or story). History painting is not necessarily an accurate or documentary description of actual events.

Doric columns

stood directly on the flat pavement (the stylobate) of a temple without a base; their vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves; and they were topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam (architrave) that they carried. The Parthenon has these design columns.

Odalisque

was a female slave in Turkish harem, particularly the concubine in the household of the Ottoman sultan.

July Monarchy

was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I started with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with Revolution of 1848.

Niccolo Paganini

was an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique.

Greek Orders of Architecture

Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian