Art History Final Exam

The crusades were a series of wars between western European Christians and Jews in the Middle East. non-Christians throughout Europe. Islamic-controlled regions. the Byzantine Empire.

Islamic-controlled regions.

Why was rib vaulting an important innovation in the construction of medieval cathedrals? It could enclose larger spaces than traditional barrel and groin vaults. It could redirect the vault's force to eliminate the need for buttressing. Its linear forms could be interpreted as a symbol of spiritual uplifting. It could provide a strong skeletal support for a lightweight masonry skin.

It could provide a strong skeletal support for a lightweight masonry skin.

During the Romanesque period, sculpted imagery was placed on the ________________ focusing attention on the portal complexes. towers altar arcades entrances

entrances

One of the benefits for pilgrims who made the journey to Santiago was the opportunity to ________________. sell their wares visit relics along the route feel safe and secure practice a trade

visit relics along the route

What allows the dome of Hagia Sophia to appear to float mysteriously? The use of gold mosaic to cover the surface of the dome and pendentives The obscured support piers A ring of windows at the dome's base All of the above

All of the above

In 1194, a fire destroyed most of the Church of __________, but spared the Royal Portal, its windows and the crypt. Salisbury Chartres Notre Dame Reims

Chartres

In the Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac (Fig. 16-21), the image of __________ dominates the tympanum. the Virgin Mary Christ as a Pilgrim the crucifixion Christ in Majesty

Christ in Majesty

In keeping with the order's emphasis on disciplined spiritual practice, _______________architecture is characterized by simplicity, austerity, and purity. Benedictine Cluniac Cistercian Islamic

Cistercian

Upon its completion in 1130, the Church of __________ was the largest church in Europe. Santo Domingo San Miniato Cluny III Saint Peter's

Cluny III

The Virgin of Vladimir (Fig. 8-28) is an example of a "Virgin of _________," where Mary and the Christ Child press their cheeks together and look at one another affectionately. Wisdom Sorrow Compassion Joy

Compassion

The church of Hagia Sophia was built in the city of Constantinople. Rome. Jerusalem. Ravenna.

Constantinople.

What historical event marks the beginning of the Middle Byzantine period? Empress Theodora's reinstatement of the veneration of icons the defeat of the Ostrogoths in Ravenna the Ottoman Turks' conquest of Constantinople the beginning of the Iconoclasm

Empress Theodora's reinstatement of the veneration of icons

___________help support nave vaults by transferring their outward thrust over the aisles to massive, free-standing upright external buttresses. compound piers Flying buttresses rose windows plate tracery

Flying buttresses

In its day, art of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was called the _______________, but Giorgio Vasari, an artist and art historian of the sixteenth century, coined the term "Gothic" as a pejorative reference to its rejection of the classical principles that regained popularity in the Renaissance. Denisian style Church style International style French style

French style

he giant mosaic depicting the Virgin and Child at ______________ announced the significance of images after iconoclasm ended. St. Mark's Hagia Sophia Hasios Loukas Santa Sophia

Hagia Sophia

What was the primary purpose of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris? It housed the king's relics. It was the king's private chapel. It was the site of royal coronations. It was the burial place for the kings of France.

It housed the king's relics.

The extensive use of marble, colored glass, and gold mosaics to decorate the interior of the Church of San Vitale (Fig. 8-6) had what effect on the structure? It called attention to the architectural complexity seen throughout the building. It made the structure appear to dissolve into shimmering light and color. It disguised structural irregularities that were originally visible inside the church. It served to reinforce the underlying supports.

It made the structure appear to dissolve into shimmering light and color.

What was an advantage of stone masonry in the construction of cathedrals? Cut stone was readily available. It was reminiscent of pagan architecture. Vaults were more cost efficient It was less susceptible to fire.

It was less susceptible to fire.

Why is the Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, seen here, particularly important in the history of Byzantine icons? It was not destroyed during the period of iconoclasm. The Virgin is here represented as "Theotokos." It provided the model for subsequent icons of the era. The Virgin is flanked by Christian warrior-saints.

It was not destroyed during the period of iconoclasm.

_________________ was a Roman official who commissioned an elaborate sarcophagus. Dionysos Junius Bassus Augustine Galerius

Junius Bassus

What emperor is associated with the Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire? Basil I Constantine Justinian Theophilus

Justinian

9) ______________ originated in the third century when devout Christians retired to the desert. Orthodoxy Pilgrimage Iconoclasm Monasticism

Monasticism

A common image decorating the central dome of Russian Orthodox churches is Christ ___________, ruler of the universe. as Good Shepherd emperor Pantokrator Apollo

Pantokrator

In the central scene of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Christ appears as _____________. Roman emperor distributing legal authority an Old Testament prophet the sun god Helios a miracle worker

Roman emperor distributing legal authority

The word __________ means "in the Roman manner." spoilia Romanesque all' antica Byzantine

Romanesque

Abbot Suger began the rebuilding of the Cathedral of __________ in the 1130s. Saint-Denis Salisbury Reims Sainte-Chapelle

Saint-Denis

ustinian sponsored the reconstruction of the monastery of _____________, which was a popular pilgrimage destination. St. Catherine at Mount Sinai Hagios Georgios St. Mark's in Venice Santa Sophia in Kiev

St. Catherine at Mount Sinai

Click here to view: Architectural Panorama: Cathedral of Saint-Lazare at Autun Click on the link to the "portal." What scene is depicted in the tympanum of the western portal? The Last Supper The Last Judgment The Crucifixion A pilgrimage to Jerusalem

The Last Judgment

Why is the entry on the west façade of Chartres Cathedral called the Royal Portal? The column statues depict kings, queens, and prophets from the Hebrew Bible. The entrance was reserved for use only by French royalty. Portrait statues of the French king and queen appear on the jambs. The public felt the carvings were so beautiful they could only be fit for royalty.

The column statues depict kings, queens, and prophets from the Hebrew Bible.

How did Cistercians challenge practices of the Benedictine monastic order? They emphasized the importance of devotion and meditation. They emphasized the role of art in showing religious devotion. They emphasized aiding the poor and sick. They emphasized a simple and austere lifestyle.

They emphasized a simple and austere lifestyle.

Which is true of the archivolts in a Romanesque portal? They provide additional support to the the trumeau. Along with the jambs, they frame the trumeau. They frame the tympanum. They are found directly below the tympanum.

They frame the tympanum.

What is a historiated capital? a column capital that depicts a narrative subject a column capital that is elaborately carved and decorated a column capital that was taken from an older building a column capital that does not employ Classical motifs

a column capital that depicts a narrative subject

What is encased in the Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy? a crown a fragment of the true cross an arm a skull

a skull

This Gothic cathedral façade, shown here, includes all of the following decorative elements EXCEPT a portal, arches, and lancet windows. a large rose window and jamb sculpture. voussoirs, a tympanum, and a bell tower. a transept and an apse.

a transept and an apse.

During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many monasteries built large new churches, filled them with reliquaries, and decorated the exteriors with elaborate stone sculptures because they wanted to accommodate pilgrims and proclaim Church doctrine. lure Muslims away from Islam and toward Christianity. acknowledge the newfound wealth of the Church. compete with secular castles being built in nearby towns.

accommodate pilgrims and proclaim Church doctrine.

Click on the link to the "ambulatory, south side." If you look down the ambulatory and across the transept, the area you are looking at is the ________, which runs alongside the nave. labyrinth aisle triforium clerestory

aisle

Which architectural feature was used in Romanesque churches? solid masonry walls and vaults transverse arches pointed barrel vaults all of the above

all of the above

mages of putti figures harvesting grapes in the Church of Santa Costanza (Fig. 7-12) refer to __________________. the pagan cult of Bacchus the ritual of the Eucharist the death and resurrection of Christ all of the above

all of the above

Click here to view: Architectural Panorama: Cathedral of Saint-Lazare at Autun Click on the link to the "portal." The outermost arch of the portal that features medallions depicting calendar scenes is a jamb. a trumeau. an archivolt. a lintel.

an archivolt.

All of the following details help us to identify Justinian in this mosaic EXCEPT an inscription in the background. his costume and imperial robe. his offering to the Church. his central position in the composition.

an inscription in the background.

What is the design of San Vitale based upon? an octagon a circle a square a cross

an octagon

Click on the link to the "chevet, interior." The double ambulatory you see is formed by joined transepts. colonnettes. choirs. apsidal chapels.

apsidal chapels.

All of the following may have been reasons for iconoclasm EXCEPT there was anxiety about the threat of advancing Arab armies. iconoclasts argued that Christ was represented through the Eucharist. artists' skill in representing humans was seen as a legal act against God. icons were believed to distract worshipers from their practice.

artists' skill in representing humans was seen as a legal act against God.

How is the presence of God indicated in this icon? as haloes surrounding the holy figures through the stylized renderings and flattened perspective in the Virgin's guise as Theotokos as a hand reaching down from the heavens

as a hand reaching down from the

All of the following EXCEPT the ______ are part of the physical strucutre of the rib vault. bay arches ribs webbing

bay

The Eucharist is an elaborate ceremony in Christian worship involving the ritual consumption of bread and wine, identified as the _______________of Christ. heart and soul body and blood mind and spirit food and drink

body and blood

"Iconoclasm" means image- theft. breaking. worship. making.

breaking.

Jews and Christians used ___________for burials and funerary ceremonies, not as places of worship. catacombs basilicas synagogues martyria

catacombs

As evidenced in the church of Hagia Sophia, shown here, Byzantine builders favored diagonal lintels called squinches, differing from Islamic builders, who favored pendentives. diagonal lintels called pendentives, differing from Islamic builders, who favored squinches. concave, spherical triangles called squinches, differing from Islamic builders, who favored pendentives. concave, spherical triangles called pendentives, differing from Islamic builders, who favored squinches.

concave, spherical triangles called pendentives, differing from Islamic builders, who favored squinches.

Cistercians did NOT rely on the __________ found on many Romanesque churches. superbly refined stonework elaborately carved and painted figural decoration harmonious proportions experimental use of masonry vaulting

elaborately carved and painted figural decoration

To support its vault, the Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Chartres adopted the recently developed _________________. lancet ribbed vault flying buttresses triforium

flying buttresses

What architectural element in Gothic cathedrals functioned to transfer the outward thrust of the nave vaults to massive, free-standing, upright buttresses on the exterior? springing flying buttresses transverse arches ribbed groin vaults

flying buttresses

Click on the link to the "nave." Look directly overhead. What kind of vaulting is used to support the ceiling? groin vaulting rib vaulting a dome barrel vaulting

groin vaulting

All of the following were reasons for Abbot Suger's innovative design for the choir at St. Denis EXCEPT his concerns about overcrowding in the building. his desire to improve acoustics in the church. his wish that the church be more grand. his belief that light was a physical manifestation of God.

his desire to improve acoustics in the church.

The Romanesque technique of portraying narrative scenes in the geometric confines of column capitals is called a(n) __________. narrative crest historiated capital canundradic field arrogant frieze

historiated capital

The Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels (Fig. 8-14) in the Monastery of St. Catherine in Egypt is a rare example of a sixth century ________. platter icon ivory manuscript

icon

During the Byzantine era, the celebration of the Mass took place behind a screen called a/n _________, which separated the congregation from the sanctuary. ambulatory aisle iconostasis ciborium

iconostasis

The Virgin of Vladimir suggests the growing interest in a more immediate and personal religion because the figures are humanized. traditional and conventional religion because the figures are paganized. powerful and dominating religion because the figures are monumentalized. mythical and impersonal religion because the figures are iconic.

immediate and personal religion because the figures are humanized

Prior to the iconoclasm of the eighth century, icons were accepted as __________________. didactic images that reinforced Christian moral values and beliefs intermediaries between worshippers and the holy figures they depicted illustrations of key Biblical events images to be worshipped in churches and private settings

intermediaries between worshippers and the holy figures they depicted

Click on the link to the "nave." The windows along the sides of the aisles are called lancets. trefoils. rose windows. grisailles

lancets.

The most important imagery on a Romanesque portal can typically be found on the trumeau and archivolts. lintel and tympanum. lintel and jambs. trumeau and tympanum.

lintel and tympanum.

he Roman basilica provided the basic design for Christian ________-plan churches. longitudinal central domed mausoleum

longitudinal

15) The Romanesque church portal shown here contains all of the following elements EXCEPT a/an _____________ voussoir. trumeau. tympanum. mihrab.

mihrab.

The followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all __________, which means that the followers believe that only one god created and rules the universe. monotheistic polytheistic unitheistic post theistic

monotheistic

All of the following are typical of Gothic churches EXCEPT exterior flying buttresses. stained glass. pointed arches. mosaics.

mosaics.

As evidenced in this comparison of sculpture on Chartres Cathedral and the priory church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, the decoration of Gothic churches departs from that of Romanesque churches by prioritizing the secular over the sacred, including frequent images of royalty. moving away from naturalism toward a new stylization of the human form. including sculpture on all jambs, whereas Romanesque churches had sculpture only on the tympanum. favoring higher relief that at times approaches sculpture-in-the-round.

prioritizing the secular over the sacred, including frequent images of royalty.

Communities during the Romanesque sought to own ________________ because it enhanced their wealth and prestige. relics monasteries farms parish churches

relics

The jewel-like effect of the colors and materials used in the Sainte-Chapelle suggests a giant stone and glass ____________for Louis X's collection of relics. mauoleum reliquary altar jewelry box

reliquary

lick on the link to the "ambulatory." What type of vaulting is used in this construction? barrel vaulting corbelled vaulting dome vaulting rib vaulting

rib vaulting

Click on the link to the "upper chapel." The large circular window behind you is an example of a lancet window. trefoil window. rose window. lunette.

rose window.

For pilgrims who made the journey to Santiago de Compostela, the ___________ was a badge that attested to their piety and accomplishments. ankh crucifix emblemata shell

shell

Gothic cathedrals differ from those built in the Romanesque period in their _______________. use of massive support walls association with royal patrons shift toward more open, light-filled spaces role as centers of community life

shift toward more open, light-filled spaces

What was the primary form of monumental painting during the Gothic period? mosaics frescoes manuscript illumination stained glass

stained glass

What was the preferred building material of Romanesque builders? timber brick metal stone

stone

All of the following were reasons for the use of stone masonry in Romanesque cathedrals EXCEPT it was less susceptible to fire and weather. it provided better acoustics for liturgical music. masonry vaults were stronger and allowed for larger spaces. stone was the most accessible material.

stone was the most accessible material.

What non-biblical subject matter, seen in the frescos at the monastery church of St. Panteleimon in your text, reflects a shift towards greater emotional expression in Middle Byzantine art? the Lamentation the Life of the Virgin the Crucifixion the Baptism of Christ

the Lamentation

The Lamentation at Nerezi focuses on _____________ the activities of the onlookers the background landscape the moment of the Crucifixion the Virgin's anguish

the Virgin's anguish

Which of these churches is typically regarded as the first Gothic building? Reims Cathedral the Sainte-Chapelle (in Paris) the abbey church of Saint-Denis Salisbury Cathedral

the abbey church of Saint-Denis

What element of the abbey church of Notre-Dame, Fontenay, reflects the ideals of the Cistercian monastic order? the long nave with side aisles the windows placed in the apse the austere lack of decoration the pointed barrel vaults

the austere lack of decoration

What religious theme unites the mosaics at the Church of San Vitale (Fig. 8-5, Fig. 8-6, Fig. 8-7, Fig. 8-8, Fig. 8-9)? Christ's role as King of Heaven the martyrdom of St. Vitalis the marriage sacrament of Justinian and Theodora the celebration of the Eucharist

the celebration of the Eucharist

The Royal Portal at the Church of Notre Dame at Chartres gets its name from ___________. the column statues depicting Biblical kings, queens, and prophets the column statues depicting members of the French royal family its function as the ceremonial entrance for church officials its function as the king's private entrance

the column statues depicting Biblical kings, queens, and prophets

hat did Abbot Suger adopt from his reading of religious texts by the Pseudo-Dionysius, for the redesign of the Abbey Church at Saint-Denis? to accommodate more pilgrims the concept of luminosity to create a structure that "could reach the gates of heaven" all of the above

the concept of luminosity

Although a military failure, _________ helped to stimulate trade during the Romanesque period? Dover castle Norman battles pilgrimages the crusades

the crusades

Where would the congregation have focused their attention during religious services at Hagia Sophia? the dome the altar the apse the emperor

the dome

All of these structures were a part of the massive building programs of Emperor Justinian EXCEPT the monastery of St. Catherine on Mt. Sinai. the monastery of Christ in Chora. Hagia Sophia. San Vitale.

the monastery of Christ in Chora.

What was the motivation for many churches to alter the traditional basic basilica plan by adding transepts with eastern chapels that led to an ambulatory with radiating chapels around the apse? the specific needs of the Benedictine Order changes in liturgical practice the need to accommodate pilgrims the monastic reform of the Cistercians

the need to accommodate pilgrims

What explains the multiplication of relics during the Romanesque period? the number of relics brought back from the crusades the rising power of monastic orders throughout Europe the requirement for church altars to have a relic pilgrims wanting to purchase relics while traveling

the requirement for church altars to have a relic

What caused the dome of Hagia Sophia to collapse in 558? an earthquake the shallowness of the dome the windows, which weakened the drum the squinches being misaligned

the shallowness of the dome

Which architectural element, sometimes seen in Early Christian longitudinal churches, did NOT derive from the Roman basilica? the atrium the transept the nave the apse

the transept

Click on the link "nave, west side." The stained glass window immediately above the doors makes up what part of the portal? the voussoir the lancet the gable the tympanum

the tympanum

What provided the central focus for worshipers at Hagia Sophia when it was first built? the vastness of the domed space the enthroned imperial couple the priest performing the Eucharist a screen in front of the altar

the vastness of the domed space

he Transfiguration in the apse at St. Catherine emphasizes the notion of ___________ or the appearance of God. symbolism theophany parakklesion anastasis

theophany

Click here to view: Architectural Panorama: Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France; Begun 1194) Click on the link to the "nave." The vertical supports lining the nave are called composite piers because they have engaged columns. they are supported by flying buttresses. they support both the nave and the aisle roofs. they feature both Romanesque and Gothic style elements.

they have engaged columns.

Like the Romans, early Christians first used central-plan buildings as _________. baths tombs gathering places libraries

tombs

In contrast to Romanesque sculptures, the prophets and ancestors on Chartres' Royal Portal emanate ______________. Byzantine qualities tranquility and order faceted folds of drapery erratic, puppet-like movements

tranquility and order

The ____________, which provided space for the clergy and pilgrims, was an innovative feature of St. Peter's. transept nave apse aisles

transept

The _______________ is an arcaded passage between the clerestory and nave arcade. triforium tracery pinnacle quatrefoil

triforium

Click on the link to the "nave, east side." You may have to pan up towards the vault. The nave arcade below is separated from the clerestory windows by the triforium. aisle. ambulatory. mullions.

triforium.

All of the following elements of the Romanesque portal can be found above the lintel EXCEPT the trumeau. archivolts. voussoirs. tympanum.

trumeau.

The central pier in a Romanesque church portal is called the trumeau. tympanum. jamb. archivolt.

trumeau.

The Archangel Michael diptych (Fig. 8-12) is a portion of a __________-panel object. two five four three

two

What architectural element of Romanesque portals was used to depict the most important imagery? jambs tympanum lintel archivolts

tympanum