ART200: Test 3 Review

Encaustic paintings are...

1. Created by mixing pigment with wax and resin 2. Are named after the Greek word for "burning in"

How many frames per second are required to create the illusion of smooth motion in an animated picture?

12-24

When did the Lumiere brothers invent the first workable film projector?

1895

An invention developed in 1837 that used a copper plate coated with silver iodide is known as what?

A daguerrerotype

A painting where pigments are mixed with water and then applied to a plaster surface (either wet or dry) is called what?

A fresco

What are the 3 basic requirements for the photographic process?

A lens to focus and refract light, an opening to admit light, and a surface to receive the light image

What parts need to be present for a camera to be functional?

A light-sensitive surface, a lens, and an opening

With fresco, pigments are mixed with water and applied to what?

A plaster support

A standardized text logo is called what?

A wordmark or logotype

Starting in the 1950s, what began to challenge oils as the principal medium for Western painting?

Acrylic

Which roles in the making of a film are considered the artists'?

Actors, editors, and directors

The process of digital photography manipulation first developed to be used for what?

Advertising

What editing techniques does the Soviet Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein use in his film "The Battleship Potemkin"?

Alternating shots of different subjects, breaking single action into several shots, and changing the rhythm from one shot to another

A director whose films have a consistent, individual style in a similar manner to a painter or a sculptor is called what?

An auteur

Many artists welcome the computer into their practice, as they see it as what?

An extension of photography

Which artist acknowledged that graphic design is a part of our personal lives?

Andy Warhol

Which artists, best known for work in other media, also had a prolific film career?

Andy Warhol, and Bruce Nauman

Traditional artists in India and China make ink from what?

Animal glue and oil soot

Which two photographers were adherents of pure photography?

Ansel Adams and Alfred Stieglitz

What qualities best describe oil paint?

Areas can be easily scraped away for revisions, and it can be applied in a range of consistencies

Specific guidelines for color, typography, and layout, developed to project a consistent image is called what?

Brand identity

In the painting "Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold", which was painted about 1435, how is the effectiveness of the painting related to the medium of tempura?

Brilliance and clarity of color, building up forms with fine, small strokes of paint, and painted on a wood panel prepared with a ground of gesso

What device was developed during the Renaissance to harness the principles of light as observed by the mathematician Alhazen?

Camera obscura

What term describes a preliminary drawing done to scale in preparation for fresco painting?

Cartoon

What is the main goal of graphic design?

Communicate a specific message

By the 1980s, with the advent of the digital age, the camera arts, including photography, film, and video, and the _______ became intertwined.

Computer

Today, most graphic artists use what to create their designs?

Computers

What is one aspect photogravure share with aquatint and mezzotint?

Continuous tones and use of powdered resin

What art movement, which often took on photography as subject matter and is characterized by a refusal to make sense, was founded in reaction to the horrors of World War I?

Dada

In the Renaissance, painters were often commissioned to what?

Design tapestries

During the 1990s, what became available, allowing for the easy manipulation and projection of video?

Digital

What characteristics best describe new media art?

Digital technologies are turned to expressive ends, and collaborations between several artists working in different media

Andreas Gursky uses what to combine multiple negatives into a single image which he then further manipulates into a final photographic composition?

Digital technology

What attributes does Winsor McCay's "Gertie the Trained Dinosaur" have that makes it the ancestor to future famous animal characters such as Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny?

Distinct personality

The painting technique called alla prima...

Does not use a preliminary drawing or plan and is done directly on the ground

The print process in which an artist uses a sharp point to incise a soft thin line into a copper plate is called what?

Drypoint

What is true about the production of multi-block-colored print compositions?

Each color used was printed from a separate block or blocks

The layout of a design must make information what?

Easier to grasp

Asphalt, acid, and needles are all supplies used in what printmaking process?

Etching

True or False: all paintings use paint as a medium

False

True or false: monotype produces multiple impressions of an image from each plate

False

True or false: the goal of photojournalism is to get a photograph to illustrate an article.

False: from the start, photojournalism was concerned with telling a story on its own.

By what century had oil paint overtaken tempera as the preferred painting medium of European painters?

Fifteenth

Following the birth of photography, what media first recorded the projected image in motion over time?

Film and video

What is a characteristic of the aquatint process?

Frequent pairing with other techniques

"The School of Athens", a painting by the Renaissance artist Raphael that is featured in the Vatican Palace, exemplifies which painting method?

Fresco

Giotto used what large-scale wall technique for his "Lamentation" to depict the life-like emotions of the figures?

Fresco

During the Renaissance, why was mosaic largely abandoned in favor of fresco?

Fresco was better suited to naturalistic compositions, and mosaic was considerable more expensive

The swastika, which is presently associated with the Nazis, has a longer history in India and Central Asia, representing what?

Good luck

How does one best differentiate watercolor from gouache?

Gouache is watercolor with inert white pigment added that enables the gouache to become opaque

Goya's satirical print "Asta su Abuelo" displays typical characteristics of aquatint prints, including what?

Grainy, distinct tonal areas

A development of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Industrial Revolution greatly ____ the use of graphic design for commercial purposes

Increased

Because of the proliferation of _____ versions of many printmaking technologies, printed images are quite common in modern everyday life

Industrial

Rockwell Kent's engraving "Workers of the World, Unite!" is a response to what?

Industrial workers coming together to have a collective voice for their own future

What is the characteristic that differentiates watercolor from gouache?

Inert white pigment

Contemporary advertising designs, such as Apple's iPod Silhouette campaign, have what?

Inspired considerable amateur creativity

What is an attribute of net art?

Interactive

The yin-yang symbol is the model of successful graphic design. Through the use of black and white, it clearly expresses what?

Interdependence and balance

The development of what helped the computer become a gateway to a public space that was global and accessible to everyone?

Internet

How did George Eastman's invention of celluloid film enable the development of commercial motion pictures?

It allowed multiple images to be strung together

What was innovative about George Eastman's Kodak camera?

It came preloaded with ready-to-shoot film, and was lightweight and handheld

Generally, in what ways is "art cinema" differentiated from other types of film?

It does not aim to please a mass audience, and it does not conform to popular storytelling techniques

What effects did photography have on painting and sculpture?

It freed painters and sculptors from recording appearances, and it allowed painters and sculptors to explore abstraction and nonrepresentation

What are some of the advantages of the linocut printing process?

It has no grain, so it is possible to make cuts in any direction with ease, and relative softness makes linoleum easier to cut

Aquatint is a process characterized by what?

Its frequent pairing with other techniques

After the revolutionary government came to power in Mexico in 1921, artists were commissioned to create murals that depicted what?

Its hopes for the future, its people, glories of its ancient civilizations, and its political struggles

What artist is known for their innovative painting technique, placing the canvas on the ground so as to drip and splatter paint on it from above?

Jackson Pollock

What invention is created with the rapid expansion of photography's audience beyond just the rich and privileged?

Kodak

How is the media of fresco best characterized?

Large-scale wall painting

What did Man Ray use to create his rayograph technique?

Light-sensitive paper and a darkroom

In contrast to other art forms where the interpretation is open, graphic design has to be what to be successful?

Limited in interpretation and controlled in meaning

Historically, what are the basic methods of making an art print?

Lithography, relief, intaglio, and screenprinting

In the 1680s, at the request of his patron, King Louis XIV of France, Charles Le Brun designed a series of tapestries depicting "The Battle of Granicus". Why were eight full sets of the series created?

Louis XIV intended to gift sets of the tapestries to visiting royals, diplomats, and dignitaries

What does the term machinima mean?

Machine cinema

What is the surface onto which a design is placed in preparation for the process of printing?

Matrix

What does the split fountain screenprinting technique do?

Meticulously blend two colors on a single screen

In the 20th century, the most widely known frescoes were produced in which geographic area?

Mexico

What was invented during the 17th century to allow artists and printmakers more variation in producing areas of light and shade?

Mezzotint

What does stippling do when used in an engraving?

Model areas of shading

What is an especially durable medium, once described as "painting for eternity", that is composed of many small closely spaced tiles and can be used to decorate ceilings, floors, and walls in both indoor and outdoor spaces?

Mosaic

Who first developed the technology to capture images of an object in motion?

Muybridge

In the 1950s, which group of filmmakers stood out for their self-conscious films about film?

New Wave

The use of digital technologies to expressive ends is called what?

New media art

Raphael''s fresco "The School of Athens" is said to perfect which ideals?

Noble principles, beauty, and naturalistic representation

Because Albrecht Durer was so well traveled, he developed the ability to unite the best tendencies in what?

Northern and southern Europe

What was the most popular painting medium in Europe from 1500 to 1950?

Oil painting

During the 12th century, what painting medium became available to European artists for the first time?

Oil paints

Which types of oil are used in oil painting?

Oil pressed from poppy seeds, oil pressed from walnuts, and linseed oil made from the flax plant

What do logos and trademarks generally represent?

Organizations and products

As in life or on stage, how can stories be told in film?

Over time and in motion

Lines are symbols that represent what?

Perception

What is the name for the natural phenomenon of the brain and eyes in which the brain retains a visual image for a fraction of a second longer than the eye records it?

Persistence of vision

Which development brought about the concept of photojournalism around 1900?

Photomechanical reproduction

Oil paints are a compound of what?

Pigment and oil

What are the 3 components that make up paint?

Pigment, medium, and binder

High-quality printers used for inkjet prints use what?

Pigment-based ink

Unlike paintings executed on walls, such as frescoes or murals, easel paintings are what?

Portable

In the printing process, the term registration refers to what?

Precisely arranging all the blocks in a multi-clock printing process

Albrecht Durer was skilled in painting and drawing, but he was especially known for his production of what?

Prints

What describes the unique qualities of printmaking as an art form?

Prints can be quickly and inexpensively reproduced to reach a broad public

By buffing some incised areas and leaving others rough, artists producing mezzotints can what?

Produce a full range of gradations and shades

In the drypoint process, a burr incised into the surface does what?

Produces a line appearing similar to a pencil or graphite, and holds the ink for printing

In what type of photography is the composition visualized in advance, framed in the viewfinder, photographed, and printed?

Pure photography

A woodcut falls under which type of print process?

Relief

What culture is most closely associated with the production of large-scale pictorial tapestries?

Renaissance Europe

Which photographer's work was at the center of a court battle in the 1990s, after a museum's curator and director were charged with obscenity for displaying it?

Robert Mapplethorpe

The film "A Trip to the Moon" by George Melies is considered to be one of the first movies in what genre?

Science fiction

Generally, if there are six colors in the design of a screen print, how many screens will be used in the production of the final image?

Six screens, one for each color used

What characteristics are seen in Julia Margaret Cameron's 1867 portrait of her niece titled "Julia Jackson"

Softened focus, moody light

Letters are symbols that represent what?

Sound

When creating an aquatint, areas that are painted with an acid-resistant varnish, where the paper will show untouched, are described as being what?

Stopped out

How can we tell that this impression of Rembrandt's "Christ Preaching" is an early impression?

Subtle gradations of light and dark, and intricate areas of cross hatching in areas of shadow

Canvas, paper, and wood panels are examples of what, meaning the surface on which artists paint?

Support

What conveys information or embodies ideas?

Symbol

Motion pictures do what best?

Tell stories

A paint that combines pigments with a stable mixture of an aqueous liquid and either oil, fat, wax, or resin is called what?

Tempera

The modern artist Jacob Lawrence used what in his series of paintings portraying the Great Migration because he preferred the "raw, sharp, rough" effect of the colors?

Tempera

Why can't the colors in tempera be blended easily?

Tempera dries quickly

What are the advantages of monotype?

The ability to use an unlimited range of colors, shades, and hues, and the freedom to use any drawing or painting techniques in the design of the plate

How is fresco secco characterized?

The application of a pigment and water mixture to a dry plaster surface

What steps occur during the relief printing process?

The areas of negative space are carved away, and the areas of line appear to be raised

In Europe, the process for producing decorative designs on suits of armor led to the development of what?

The engraving print process

Light reflected from objects passes through a narrow opening, projecting an image of the outside world onto a surface in a dark interior is the basic principle for photography and the what?

The eye

How did Lynda Bengalis' "fallen paintings" challenge the traditional boundaries of easel painting?

The free form shape of the compositions was determined by unrestrained flow of paint, they had a three-dimensional sculptural presence, and they were detached from the constraints of walls

Spread over a plate and then incised with a sharp tool, what part of an etching remains unmarred when the plate is dipped into a batch of acid?

The ground

Why was the daguerreotype considered to be a technological dead end?

The image could not be reproduced, and the image was unique

What are some things that are measured in a layout?

The margins, the page, and the text

What are steps of the lithographic process?

The matrix is treated with an acid solution, the matrix is damped with a wet cloth, and the artist draws on a stone with a greasy crayon

During the 1600s, what did the Dutch artist Ludwig von Siegen develop?

The mezzotint

When composing an aquatint, how do you create a darker area of color or heavier line?

The plate is left in the acid bath longer so the plate will hold additional ink

For many people, why were photographs not art?

The process precluded personal expression

What does a print edition number refer to?

The total number of individual impressions made of a particular print

The primary advantage of aquatint is what?

The wide diversity of tones that can be accomplished

What is true about symbols?

Their associated meanings can change radically over time, societies and cultures give symbols meaning or value, and they serve as repositories for ideas and associations

What factors are used to differentiate fine-art print editions from commercial reproductions?

There is an official limit placed on the number of impressions and editions that may be produced, and the production of the print image is overseen and approved by the artist

In what way did the advent of digital cameras most significantly impact the work of photojournalists?

They allow images to be transmitted to a newspaper almost instantaneously via the internet

Why did the Renaissance artist Domenico Ghirlandaio call mosaic "painting for eternity"?

They are extremely durable.

What are some attributes that best characterize acrylic paints?

They can be applied in thin translucent washes, can be used on a variety of surfaces, can be applied in heavy layers, and can mimic the effects of other painting mediums

In whose laboratory was the first genuine motion picture created in 1894?

Thomas Edison

What are some of the uses of a computer?

To create images, to store images, to view images

How was graphic design used in film and television?

To design advertisements and titles

The purpose of setting AOL's new text logo in mostly lowercase was what?

To distance the logo from its origins as an initialism

What is one reason for the invention of lithography?

To find a more affordable printing process

In a traditional wood panel tempera painting, how is gesso used?

To prepare a smooth, ivory-like, surface on to which pigments can be applied

Which of the following were early purposes of photography?

To record history as it unfolded, and to preserve a visual record

What is the leading characteristic of watercolor paints?

Transparancy

Myriad Pro, New Aster, and Helvetica are all examples of what?

Typefaces

What qualities define the tempera medium?

Uses egg yolk or milk products as a binder, retains brilliance and clarity of colors for centuries, and is an aqueous medium (uses water as a vehicle)

What are the reasons for why artists took quickly to video when it first became available?

Video monitors fit well in gallery spaces, and videos could be recorded and played back instantly

What is a major challenge for interaction designers?

Visual clarity

Who designed TextArc, a program that allows users to explore relationships between words?

W. Bradford Paley

Artists in countries such as China and India grind pigments in water and bind them with either animal glue or gum arabic to achieve paints that are similar to what?

Watercolor

What is the key difference between inkjet and other print processes?

While mediums such as wood engravings and lithographs require matrices, inkjet printers do not

The earliest surviving prints, dating from the 9th century C.E., are examples of what?

Woodcuts

Barbara Kruger combined which two aspects of graphic design to influence how viewers interpreted her work?

Word and image

In the 19th century, modern photographic technology was developed that could use what to create multiple positive images?

a single negative image