ARTH3728

Ancient cultures made wide use of caricature and satirical imagery.

False

Which of the following best describes the relationship between text and image in the following print? Diderot and D'Alembert, "Processing Hemp or Linen", from Encyclopédie, 1751-1772

Diderot and D'Alembert use text to connect discrete tools to their use in an efficient production process WHY: "The illustration presents the factory as a modern marvel, a point underscored by the boat passengers who gesture toward the large edifice with admiration and enthusiasm."

Natural science and medical illustrations from the sixteenth and seventeenth exemplify early modern European interests in gaining knowledge through:

Empirical Observation

Artist Leonardo da Vinci published many important treatises of natural science and anatomical drawings and was influential in the development of the field.

False

Which of the following examples reflect the intersection of fine art and mass advertising in the late nineteenth century?

Giovanni Focardi's sculpture "You Dirty Boy!' for Pears' Soap Frederick Walker's image for the play "The Woman in White" John Millais' painting "A Child's world" for Pears' Soap

What accounted for Hogarth's success as a satirist?

His narrative series were based in the contradictions of contemporary urban experiences of his patrons WHY: " This is roughly equivalent to a contemporary political satirist contrasting themself with the people drawing caricatures of tourists at a theme park or shopping mall. but by creating a distinctively English comedic and visual expression grounded in contemporary life. "

Which philosopher introduced the idea that Art should be 'disinterested' and detached from everyday life. ( "it must be contemplated disinterestedly, outside of any other practical consideration.")

Immanuel Kant

Berger states that today we no longer travel to images but rather they travel to us, transforming works of art into:

Information

Where could a person of a lower social class view political caricatures and satirical prints in nineteenth century London?

On the walls of bars in coffee houses and barbershops on the windows of print shops WHY:"Nevertheless, people of all classes, genders, and races had access to single-leaf prints through the windows of print shops and on the walls of coffee houses, barbershops, and bars -- important venues where prints and political newspapers were regularly available to attract customers."

What is the oldest known printed book?

The Diamond Sutra

What early modern best-seller included biblical and worldly genealogies, maps, natural and supernatural phenomena, and biographies?

The Nuremberg Chronicle WHY: "Schedel's history of the world followed St. Augustine's Six Ages of the World (ca. 400 CE) and included a variety of other topics ranging from the plague, omens, natural and supernatural phenomena, biographies and genealogies. - The rise of print technologies"

Berger suggests that one of the positive side effects of reproducible imagery is that we can make images meaningful to us in new ways and in terms of our own Lives.

True

Based on Charles Philipon's caricature of French King Louis-Philippe, what became a widely-used icon for the ruler?

a pear WHY:"During his defense, Philipon demonstrated how the shape of a pear bore resemblance to the king and could be transformed into a caricature portrait. "

Russian artists working after the 1917 Revolution were concerned to use mass media in order to:

bring experimental art to the masses

Already from the late fifteenth century, the inherently reproducible nature of prints required what kind of legal protection for artists and publishers?

copyright WHY: "Printed texts were copyrighted as early as 1486, and it was not long before printmakers and publishers sought protections against pirating of printing images. - The rise of print technologies. While appropriation from artist to artist had always been possible, the inherently reproductive nature of printmaking made copyright print designs easier. The notion of "original" was further complicated by the fact that prints were themselves issued in multiples."

The __________ image below instructs the viewer about the Protestant view of death and salvation.

didactic WHY: " Protestant artist Lucas Cranach's didactic (meant to teach a lesson) woodcut Allegory of Law and Grace (c. 1530) (below) presents the viewer with a comparative exercise: the Old Testament God of judgment and punishment on the left side of the image vs. the New Testament God of grace and forgiveness."

Dada artists responded to the horrors of nationalism and modern warfare by:

embracing absurdity and nonsense as structuring elements in their work

What term relates to the influential Soviet idea that an artist should examine and exploit the particular characteristics of a given medium in their work?

faktura WHY:" He promoted the notion that new concepts could not be expressed in old media, and was a leading proponent of faktura, the idea prominent in Soviet art theory that as artist should discover a medium's distinctive capabilities by experimenting with its inherent qualities. "

For what reasons did this print lead to its creators arrest and the destruction of the lithographic stone from which it was printed?

for its grotesque and scathing depiction of the King Louis-Philippe and his corrupt government? WHY:"the pear became the ubiquitous symbol of the monarch and his government -- scrawled on the walls of the city and picked up by other publications. "

The images below, from Gessner's Historiae animalium (Histories of the Animals) (1551-58), exemplify what about early zoological illustration?

images were composites based on information compiled from many sources WHY: "It was the work of physician and scholar Conrad Gessner (Swiss, 1516-1565), whoo set out to create an encyclopedic, illustrated book to bring together all known information about the animal kingdom from Biblical, classical, medieval, and contemporary sources. "

Medieval illustrated herbals were books intended to:

instruct the reader in the medicinal use of plants WHY: "illustrated herbals, in manuscript form and later in printed form, were meant to serve as guides to the identification of plants known for their healing properties. "

The image below is an example of which of the following Dada strategies?

photomontage

Visual Literacy is best defined as:

the ability of a people to construct and derive meaning from visual information

What is a frontispiece?

the illustrated title page of a book WHY: "In the print above, the frontispiece (title page)"- The rise of print technologies

What about these pages identifies it as characteristic of The Kelmscott Press?

the severe border design, typography, and illustration are unified formally

According to your reading on Punch magazine, what kind of printing made it possible for editors to incorporate a variety of images into the organization of the magazine's page payouts?

wood engraving

As he unpacks the implications of reproducible imagery, Berger explains that now you can see works of art in the context of:

your own life

The German peintre-graveur (painter-engraver), _____________, became enormously successful due to his virtuosic skill, innovative compositions, and self-branding.

Albrecht Dürer WHY: "Mantegna, like Dürer, is referred to as a peintre-graveur, - The rise of print technologies "The Apocalypse brought Dürer international fame, which he bolstered with the inclusion of his monogram. This kind of 'branding' on the part of an individual printmaker was an important step in legitimating the field as an art form in its own right, complete with its own highly-valued individual creators."Dürer was exceptionally virtuosic in his level of skill, able to produce highly detailed images with subtle gradations that is uncommon for early woodcut."

Which ancient cartographer, re-discovered in the 14th century, invented the conventions of longitude and latitude lines?

Claudius Ptolemy WHY: "This convention of representation was re-discovered in the medieval period with the maps of Claudius Ptolemy, who published his book Geographia around 150 CE. "

Benjamin believed that mechanical reproduction made art worthless and politically neutral.

False

Illustrations in the ancient world were primarily reproducible prints.

False

In the late nineteenth century, the city of Paris passed a municipal law banning the hanging of posters in public areas.

False

Most ancient cultures made sharp distinctions between illustrators and artists.

False

Similar to maps, ethnographic representations reflect their subjects objectively.

False

Used widely in the production of illustrated magazines and newspapers, wood engravings required a highly-skilled master printer who oversaw the entirety of the print process from beginning to end.

False

William Blake considered illustration secondary to his poetry

False

According to your reading "Looking at Science, Scientific Looking", the following practice(s) was an attempt to classify various populations in accordance to empirically visible evidence:

craniology anthropometry physiognomy

A flap-anatomy allows a medical student to:

'dissect' the anatomical illustration by lifting layers of images WHY: "This work contains two pages of illustrations designed to be cut out and pasted together to form a flap-anatomy -- a layered paper figure that could be interactively "dissected". These so-called fugitive sheets, often representing a make and female pair (after Adam and Eve)"

Whose influential writings served as the basis for widely-reproduced illustrations of Spanish cruelty towards indigenous Americans?

Bartolome de las Casas WHY: The young Spanish priest, Bartolome de las Casas, was one of the primary chroniclers of Spanish activities in the Americas. His influential multi-volume book The Destruction of the Indies from 1542 described the cultural organization and practices of the native inhabitants of Cuba and Hispanola (today's Haiti and Dominican Republic) and also testified to the brutality with which the Spanish treated them. His initial motivation to provide first-hand accounts of Spanish brutality was that he feared Spain would be punished by God for their abuse of the Indians. "

The posters of artists such as Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec were considered debased and lacking in artistic value until the twenty-first century.

False WHY:"Mucha's poster style was so successful that he also produced numerous panneaux décoratifs (decorative panels) of women: poster-style images without text or product advertisement for home decoration. (Sounds like he was doing ok) "

The Moxon Tennyson presented a unified visual interpretation of the author's work that was inspiring to later artists of the Arts and Crafts movement.

False WHY:"Printing was a natural target of design reform. Despite the high quality of much Sixties illustration and the fashion for gift books, design theorists and critics generally thought that printing had fallen to a low level of quality, with little attention paid to unified design of page layout, typography, and binding. The Moxon Tennyson with its mix of different styles of illustration in an example. Some advocated the return to traditional methods of printing and book production. In the 1890s numerous small private presses sprang up, typically independently owned, employing proprietary typefaces and a variety of decorative styles, layouts, and bindings, printing by hand small editions of five hundred copies or fewer."

Illustrator Howard Pyle taught that illustrators should depict the specific events of a story in as literal and precise detail as possible.

False WHY:"Pyle taught that a visual story is often best told not at the most dramatic apex of the action, but by an image that allows the viewer to fill in the longer narrative, imagining moments before and after the episode. "

Eighteenth and nineteenth French government officials recognized that caricature and satirical imagery could unite the population and so encouraged its use in print media.

False WHY:"These new laws were in response to the work of French caricaturists who, inspired by British political prints, criticized the monarch and his administration with inventive and devastating images."

American illustrated magazine _____________ defined an 'eye-witness' style of illustration that seemed to place the viewer in the midst of the action depicted.

Frank Leslie's Illustrated WHY:"The only major competitor to Harper & Brothers' magazines was Frank Leslie's Illustrated. Founded in 1855, the publication set the standard for American graphic journalism and in fact introduced the oversized, sixteen-page format that was later adopted by Harper's Weekly. Although decidedly less refined, Frank Leslie's Illustrated provided illustrations and reports on topics ranging from war and politics to fine art and travel. By 1860, Leslie had become one of the most prominent of the new magazine publishers in America due to the popularity of his publication's pictorial "eye-witness" accounts. "

Which of the following best describes the relationship between text and image in the following print Goya, "No grites, tonta" ("Don't Scream, Stupid" ), plate 74 from series Los Caprichos, 1799

Goya uses startling and incongruous text and image pairings that leave open the interpretation of the print WHY:"subject of extensive speculation, primarily because of the incongruous relationship between image and caption."

While the moveable type was used in a limited capacity in China, why did become more widely used in Europe following Gutenberg's introduction of the letterpress in the fifteenth century?

Gutenberg's method suited the small number of characters in the Roman alphabet WHY: "Gutenberg's method suited the small number of characters in the Roman alphabet. His method proliferated rapidly throughout Europe and was used industrially with only minor modifications until the twentieth century. The rise of print technologies "

Influenced by successful examples in Britain and France, which U.S. illustrated publication capitalized on technological improvements in the printing process to produce complex illustrations for literary works and current events on a tight production schedule?

Harper's Weekly WHY:"Motivated by the success of Harper's Monthly, Fletcher Harper published the first issue of Harper's Weekly in 1857. It was a complement to its more literary predecessor with larger 11 x 16" size and sixteen-page format. As in Europe, both Harper & Brothers' periodicals took advantages of new technologies emerging in the woodblock printing process that allowed them to produce large, complex images on tight publication deadlines.'"

Caricature has its origins:

In the caricatura of the Renaissance WHY:"He may also have been motivated by the imagery and technical inventiveness of caricatures and satirical prints coming out of England in the late 1700s (see next content page of this module). The term caricature distinguished humorous or satirical prints (political or nonpolitical) from non comedic prints and has its origins in the Renaissance caricatura, exaggerated or charged images, typically comedic human portrait. "

Which of the following print series is considered the first artistic rendering of the horrors of war?

Jacques Callot's 'Les Misères et les malheurs de la guerre' WHY: "Although representations of battle scenes are common in art from earlier periods, Callot's work is credited as being one of the first illustrated accounts of the realities of war as it is experienced by the civilians it impacts. "

Stylistically, Art Nouveau drew from which of the following sources?

Japanese prints Rococo painting and design Arts and Crafts integration of typography and image WHY:"The name derives from the Maison de l'Art Nouveau is generally used to refer to work produced between 1890 and 1910 that rejects academicism and responds to the modern age. Sinuous, tendrilly, plant-like forms and an aesthetic mixture of Rococo (sensuous painting of the eighteenth century associated with aristocratic decadence), Japanese prints, Celtic ornament, and Arts and crafts are typical across the media in which Art Nouveau works were produced, from architecture to book illustration. "

What illustrator produced the influential covers for Good Housekeeping magazine from 1918 to 1933?

Jessie Wilcox Smith WHY:"Jessie Wilcox Smith became the most prominent female magazine illustrator of the early twentieth century, painting every cover of the immensely popular Good Housekeeping magazine from 1918 through 1933. "

Bauhaus professor _______________ believed that modern media of film and photography were the artistic media best suited to the modern world.

Lászlo Maholy-Nagy WHY:"In 1927, Bauhaus professor Lászlo Maholy-Nagy (Hungarian 1895-1946) wrote a very influential book, Painting, Photography, Film, in which he argued that photography and cinema were the media of the future and held more creative promise than painting."

This widely-reproduced portrait from Andreas Vesalius's De Humani corporis fabrica (1493) communicates which of the following messages about the anatomist?

That his knowledge and insight comes from direct visual observation WHY:"This image is a work of self-promotion and presents a new image of the anatomist as a uniquely skilled individual whose knowledge comes from first-hand observation. "

What is the central concept of Walter Benjamin's "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" essay?

The aura WHY:"Benjamin's concept of the "aura," is central to his analysis...Benjamin defines the aura as "the here and now of the artwork—its unique existence in a particular place." "

Nineteenth century representations of African Americans frequently capitalized on and further entrenched racist stereotypes and ideologies.

True

When we view an image, we interpret its meaning based on a range of visual codes and conventions with which we are familiar.

True

English artists in the eighteenth century enjoyed a freedom to criticize and mock those in power through reproducible print media.

True "The absence of absolutism in Britain carried with it a relative freedom of the press."

Which of the following artists was responsible for establishing some copyright restrictions for original engravings.

William Hogarth WHY:"Dismayed at the pirating of his work, Hogarth, with the assistance of influential friends, pushed for an Act of Parliament that protected the copyright of engravers"

The image below is an example of humor in popular visual culture, illustrating:

a respected man humiliated by a young woman WHY: "To play a trick on Virgil, she told him to visit her at night in her bedroom at the top of a high tower. They arranged that he would be pulled to the top in a basket for an amorous encounter but, half-way up the tower, she left him suspended until morning at which point he was exposed to the ridicule of the town."

Borrowed from military terminology, avant-garde connotes what kind of relationship between art, artists and society?

art and artists should challenge the status quo and lead society forward WHY:"Generally referred to as the avant-garde, a military term for soldiers sent out to prepare the way in advance of a main attack on an enemy force, the goal of such artists and designers was to aggressively modify culture on the assumption that, having changed the system, regular society would soon follow their lead "

At the end of Section II and Section III, Benjamin introduces his key concept of this essay. According to his argument, which of the following characterizes the masses relationship to artworks.

artworks are now transitory, detached from their unique presence in the viewer can bring the artwork closer art is no longer dependent on tradition and ritual

Why is the media format and image technology of an illustration important to understanding its meaning?

because these factors account for how the image was produced, circulated and consumed by its audience

In social theories of Otherness, it is argued that a dominant cultural group defines itself in opposition to that which it is not through a series of _______ .

binary categories WHY: "In this print, also from the Nova Reperta, we see an illustrated account of the encounter between Europe and America. Note the ways in which the composition is split into two oppositional binaries that each work to communicate specific ideas about the differences between New and Old world...Binary oppositions are crucial for all classification, because one must establish a clear difference between things in order to classify them. "

What indicates that the image below is a xylograph?

bold line quality WHY: "Early block prints were cut with bold lines capable of withstanding repeated pressure in printing."

An incunabula is an early type of

book WHY "Books printed before 1501 are referred to as incunabula from the Latin word meaning "to cradle." Incunabula are subdivided into two categories: typographic books, books printed with moveable type; and blockbooks, those made by carving both images and text from a single block of wood.- The rise of print technologies"

While some illustrated publications such as the Penny Magazine aspired to elevate working class readers through educational articles, sensational _______________ proved more popular among this demographic.

broadsides WHY:"The content of broadsides, however, was largely limited to the sensational -- monstrous births, robberies, trials, executions and so on."

Classical anatomical drawings in the tradition of Claudius Galen were concerned to:

communicate conceptual and schematic principles of bodily functions and disorders WHY: "Claudius Galen (Greek, ca. 129-216), who had described the human body based on dissection of nonhuman animals such as dogs, pigs, and apes. Vesalius took the radical step of performing his own dissections of human bodies, and in doing so exposed errors in Galen that had been perpetuated for more than a millennium. These dissections were depicted in equally revolutionary woodcut illustrations. The influence of Vesalius's teaching and images in the history of human anatomical illustration cannot be overstated. For more on Vesalius and anatomical illustration, see next Module page. Claudis Galen (Greek, ca. 129-216 CE). Structure (anatomy) was not thought to be as important as function in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, and therefore anatomical images in manuscript form were probably not intended to present a "realistic" picture of the body, but rather to act as schemata of anatomical principles, or as mnemonic devices. "

Precursors to modern museums, ________________ featured the extensive collections of wealthy merchants and were meant to inspired awe and wonder at the diversity of the natural world.

cabinets of curiosity WHY: "This painting depicts a display of man-made and natural "curiosities" in a larger cabinet of curiosity. One practice indicative of the wider "encyclopedic impulse" of the 16th century, Cabinets of Curiosity were intended to inspire awe and wonder at the diversity of all of the artifacts of the world (and, by extension, one was awed by the cultivation and worldliness of the collector)."

What alleged practice of indigenous Americans horrified and fascinated Europeans?

cannibalism WHY: "The New World cannibal is one of the key representational tropes of Europe's depiction of the Americas. References to the figure of the cannibal are made in representations of Latin America from the first written and illustrated reports and throughout the Early Modern period. So, what's going on here? Why were Europeans obsessed with New World cannibalism"

The so-called Golden Age of illustration in the U.S. was made possible by which of the following:

competition among numerous publications for the best artists and widest readership widespread adoption of photomechanical printing investment of advertisers WHY:"Intensified competition engendered what many consider to be the Golden Age of illustration in American print media -- an overall improvement in the quality and creativity of illustrations, aided by the widespread adoption of photomechanical printing and underwriting by advertisers. "

In Rembrandt's painting of the anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp from 1632, the artist connects the surgeon Nicolas Tulp to Vesalius by:

depicting the doctor demonstrating the flexor muscle WHY:"Tulp is depicted in much more 'fashion-forward' clothes than the other doctors, who are dressed more conservatively; he is demonstrating the same flexor muscle as in Vesalius's famous portrait. Thus, Rembrandt connects Tulp to the influential Renaissance anatomist. Like the Vesalius portrait, Tulp lifts the tendons with his scalpel, and also makes the gesture with his other hand of the dexterity those tendons make possible. The anatomical book is still subtly present in this image in the lower right corner. "

According to your reading, despite the complexities of gleaning conclusive information from brain scans, they are frequently used as visual evidence in which of the following circumstances:

determining mental illness determining 'brain-types' determining the impacts of illicit drugs WHY:"However, precisely because of the positivist legacy of machine imaging, brain scans carry enormous power to suggest the "facts" of brain disorders. They have thus been introduced in legal contexts to affirm, for instance, the mental disorder of a defendant, and judges have taken a variety of tactics to mediate their powerful effect as evidence of brain function...The effect of these images can be seen as a contemporary outgrowth of the 19th century imaging technologies that were deployed specifically to visually demarcate abnormalities. Thus this anti drug ad from the National Institute on Drug Abuse uses PET scans to visually demonstrate the difference between a "normal" brain and a brain of the drug Ecstasy. ("Scientific Looking, Looking at Science")"

Late nineteenth and early twentieth century women's magazines featured illustrated spreads on which of the following topics:

fashion and sewing patterns literary fiction Piano music WHY:"In an era when women's educational opportunities were limited and housework was punishing, Sarah Hale steered Godey's Lady's Book away from political issues and provided her readers with information to make their homes and themselves more beautiful and interesting. her magazines included articles on housekeeping and cooking, fashion drawings, sewing patterns, piano music, and fiction by authors."

According to your reading, sonograms are at the center of debates surrounding what

fetal personhood

Early modern anatomical theaters were:

for medical education and public spectacle WHY:" These theaters were primarily intended for students but were also open to the public, who could purchase cheap tickets for the rows of seats furthest away from the cadaver. Per law, only foreign-born criminals could be dissected so public dissections would typically follow an execution. "

Which of the following tenets were embraced by artists of the Bauhaus

form follows function less is more pure form

When Berger state in his intro. that "we see these paintings as no one else has seen them before", he is referring to what phenomena?

mechanical reproduction

The _________ process invented by Vierge and Gillot was a photo-transfer method that preserved the fine lines and gestures of an original drawing

gillotage "Vierge was attempting to photo-mechanically reproduce his pen-and-ink illustrations when he met Charles Gillot (French 1853-1903), who was trying to establish a business in the print trade. Gillot and Vierge perfected a photoengraving process called gillotage that created a metal printing plate in a fraction of the time and at a lower cost than wood engraving. "

Which of the following are true of illustrator John James Audubon?

he produced one of the most significant illustrated bird books he produced one of the largest books ever published he traveled by boat throughout large segments of the Eastern U.S. to compile his drawings WHY: "produced one of the most significant illustrated bird books of the nineteenth century. His engraved, hand-colored publications of The Birds of America (1827-1838) holds the record as one of the largest books ever produced; at 39.5 inches by 26.5 inches, the page format is known as the double elephant."

Prior to the adoption of the printing press in the fifteenth century, the lowers social classes of Europe could access visual imagery:

in churches and cathedrals

In what context was a Victorian gift book typically viewed?

in the homes of the middle-class WHY:"illustrated gift book, offered as an object of display for middle-class Victorian parlors"

Pre-Raphaelite artists embraced all of the following EXCEPT:

industrialized print processes WHY:"The challenges of that relationship encouraged a new attention to books as potential objects of art, leading to the founding of several small-scale private presses in the last years of the century who were profoundly influenced by the ideas of art critic and theorist John Ruskin The Pre-Raphaelites believed the medieval world was purer in form than the post-Renaissance world because it was more closely tied to nature. Rejecting what they saw as tired academic tradition based on classically influenced sixteenth-century models, they embraced a simpler and, in their view, more sincere style, inspired by close observation of nature, and by late medieval paintings and illuminated manuscripts. They eschewed the lightly printed, decorative, or atmospheric "vignette" style typical of the previous generation of illustrators in favor of a style reminiscent of woodcuts from the first century of printing, but also informed by the syntax of early photography. "

As viewers, when we negotiate the meaning of an image, we:

interpret and form opinions about the dominant message being presented WHY: (Rather, the meaning of images is acquired when they are 'consumed', viewed, and interpreted. The meanings of each image are multiple, they are created each time it is viewed.We use many tools to interpret images and create meanings with them, and we often use these tools of looking automatically, without giving them much thought. )

.In which of the following ways was Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie exemplary of the concerns of the Enlightenment?

it emphasized the rational and orderly presentation of information WHY:"Diderot and D'Alembert announce that the encyclopedia is a work of order and logic, authored "by a society of men of letters"

In what ways in the image below characteristic of vinegar valentines of the nineteenth century?

it is a cheap hand-colored wood engraving WHY:"Such valentines are examples of the cheapest colored work from this era, almost certainly produced by a team of five girls working in sweatshop conditions. The jibes were cheap to buy and effectively free to send; in the days before stamps, when letters were paid for on delivery, the recipient of such a valentine could have insult added to injury by having to fork out for the privilege of being abused. "

The work of illustrators Maria Sibylla Merian, Mark Catesby, and William Bartram share which of the following in common?

it represented dynamic images of the flora and fauna of colonies to a European readership WHY: "European audiences were fascinated with images of exotic species reported and collected in the course of European exploration and colonial expansion into other continents. An early significant illustrator of entomological and botanical subjects, both European and South American, was Maria Sibylla Merian. Other illustrators in the New world followed Merian in representing animals and plants together in ecological scenes, such as Mark Catesby, and William Bartram."

Which of the following best characterizes William Hogarth's opinion of caricature?

it was a simplistic and artificial distortion of reality for comic effect WHY:"the artist was highly critical of this art form. To him, caricatures, while amusing, did not attain the higher comic truth that was the aim of great art and literature. "

American art critic Clement Greenberg characterizes kitsch as "debased and academicized simulacra of genuine culture." What does he mean by this?

kitsch culture is strips authentic cultural forms of their content and sells only an empty imitation kitsch culture is a formulaic and second-rate copy of authentic cultural forms kitsch culture mimics the effects of authentic culture

In addition to smaller comic vignettes, silhouettes, elaborately illustrated capital letters to articles, and other visual embellishments, each edition of Punch contained a double or single- paged ________ , the primary political image of the week.

large cut WHY:"The 12 page double column issues, each costing 3d. in the first instance, comprised text, full page wood engraved cartoons, a variety of wood engraved vignette comic illustrations dropped into the text, and a range of visual embellishments, including elaborate capital letters and tiny silhouettes, which ran over from the weekly parts into the index of the reprinted volumes and the yearly supplementary Almanack. "

Italian artist and poet F.T. Marinetti was concerned to do what with his words-in-freedom texts?

liberate the conventions of language transpose the experiences of speed and industrial machinery challenge the viewer/reader out of their complacency by demanding that they participate in the construction of meaning WHY:"He prefaces the book with his manifesto of Futurist poetry, titled, "Destruction of Syntax—Imagination without Strings—Words-in-freedom" and he uses expressive typography and unstructured spatial organization in order to "free" language from all rules of syntax, meaning, and grammar in favor of purely phonic, textual, and graphic. Deforming and "refleshing" words and incorporating onomatopoeia, mathematical signs, symbols, and the typography made possible by mechanization, Marinetti invented a playful and provocative written language that gave birth to new graphic imagery and sounds. "

Surrealist artists used the book and magazine format to accomplish what?

liberate the reader from social convention juxtapose found imagery into new and surprising combinations publish manifestos and automatic drawings

What Modern visual convention does Berger state is central to the construction of the individual viewer, to whom the entire picture is addressed?

linear perspective

Your module for week 1 suggests that looking is a practice. What does this mean?

looking is intentional, active, & central to the exchange of meaning

Which of the following technological advancements helped give rise to mass print media in the nineteenth century?

mass production of paper automated presses mass produced plates such as stereotypes and chromolithographs

Which of the following best describes the conditions of art making in the Romantic period?

national art academies institutionalized arctic training the market for prints increased insignificantly art patronage shifted away from the church and monarchy

What facilitated European colonization of the Americas?

navigation technologies print technologies weaponry

The collaboration between Fuchs and Meyer introduced what new element(s) to Classical knowledge of plants?

observed particularities of individual plants visual details about the plant's life cycle and structure full-page images dedicated to each plant WHY: "there are full-page, in contrast to the illustrations in Brunfels' book, which were integrated with the text; this arrangement accords the images greater weight and authority, on par with the verbal description. The illustrations more consistently include details of plant structure and life cycle -- for example, in including images of roots, flowers, and fruit. "

According to your reading, Direct To Consumer pharmaceutical ads address viewers as:

potentially abnormal and diseased subjects potentially life-long consumers potentially in need of chemical modification

Exoticism stems from:

processes of othering and over-investment in real or imagined differences WHY: "Exoticism is not, of course, an attribute of the exotic place, object or person. Rather it is the result of a discursive practice that consists of superimposing symbolic distance between "Us" and "Them", and then over-investing in the alluring differences that both threaten and maintain the social order."

Early Modern ethnographic imagery was produced in order to

produce systematic documentation of colonial lands and peoples document newly discovered peoples and cultures supply visible evidence for travel reports and memoirs WHY: The practices of ethnography have their origins in the 15th cen. when Europeans sought a more systematic way to describe, document, and organize the different cultures of the world. Ethnography refers both to the actual process of fieldwork (i.e. the observation and recording of the activities of groups of people) and to the final product (e.g. the written account, the visual documentation or illustration)."

According to Maidment, how did Punch build its brand?

publishing a variety of spin-off magazines and print collections constant re-issuing of back issues its use of a consistent brand person, Mr. Punch WHY:"key way in which Punch maintained and expanded its public presence throughout the nineteenth century was through the sustained exploitation of its brand image. Central to this process was a constant re-issuing of back numbers, which were already available as part of weekly, monthly and half-yearly issues."

Cartography means:

the writing of space WHY: "Cartography, literally "the writing of space", - Early Modern Cartography & Ethnographic Prints"

How did British government and court officials seek to manage the circulation of caricatures and satirical imagery?

purchase the copyright of an image bribe the artist lawsuits and arrests for blasphemy WHY:"The absence of absolutism in Britain carried with it a relative freedom of the press. Victims of satire were more likely to buy up editions or bribe publishers with a pension than resort to the courts (or worse) to keep unflattering depictions away from the public eye. "

What best characterizes print ephemera?

quotidian, disposable, and ubiquitous WHY: Only lasting for a day, used for advertisement "Ephemera are any transitory written or printed matter not meant to be retained or preserved. The word derives from the Greek ephemeros, meaning "lasting only one day, short-lived". Further encouragement came from the department stores with their tempting displays of goods both practical and artistic. "

Why do execution broadsides often contained large blank squares at the center of the image?

so that these generic plates could be quickly populated with as many executed people as the story required WHY:"Execution broadsides typically had blank spaces on either side of the hanging person in order to accommodate multiple executions should the occasion arise. "

Much of the illustration work of Walter Crane was oriented to his:

socialist politics WHY:"During the 1890s, he used his talent for illustration to produce political cartoons promoting workers' rights and social justice" "Walter Crane (English 1845-1915), best known for his color "toy books", became a socialist, like Morris, and an activist and theorist in the Arts and Crafts Movement. During the 1890s, he used his talent for illustration to produce political cartoons promoting workers' rights and social justice. These were published as a group in Cartoons for the Cause, 1886-1896. "A Garland for May Day" was originally published in a special 1895 May Day issue of a socialist weekly, and was also sold as a separate image for framing. Subtitled "Dedicated to the Workers by Walter Crane," it features an allegorical female figure wearing a winged Phrygian cap (a traditional emblem of freedom) and holding up a large garland. Politically progressive slogans wind around the garland and unfurl onto the grassy ground below her bare feet. Her gift of nature's beauty to downtrodden workers reflects the vision shared by Ruskin, Morris, and Crane of a Utopian society in harmony with nature."

The adoption of the printing press in Europe meant that medical illustrations became more:

standardized and consistent WHY:"By the fourteenth century, public dissections were becoming a part of medical curricula in European universities, while fifteenth-century printing practices made it possible to reproduce and disseminate images that would remain identical across multiple copies, in contrast to the manuscript tradition. "

. Ballad sheets, broadsides, and playbills were forms of _______________ consumed by large masses of people in industrializing cities in Europe and North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

street literature WHY:" What he was referring to was a street literature of penny ballad sheets and sensational broadsides reporting on crimes and other notorious events. With similar social conditions prevailing across the Atlantic, the same quality of literature was circulating in America also."

What point does Berger seek to make with his conversation with children about Baroque painter Caravaggio?

that children are less inhibited to see details in an image and make them meaningful to their experiences

A program for social reform as much as an art movement, what did participants of the Arts and Crafts movement believe?

that handmade and formally unified design could uplift society WHY: "Although Britain in the Victorian age was at the forefront of the industrial manufacture of consumer goods, many tastemakers argued that the design of most products was woefully inferior. "

Despite many productive overlaps between the worlds of fine art and mass media, what were some of the critiques leveled against illustration during the nineteenth century?

that illustration cheapened the public's appreciation for artistic skill by reducing image-making to an assembly-line process that illustration "feminized" literature by feeding middle class tastes for superficial and frivolous picture books and magazines that illustrations corrupted the status of original works of art by putting them in service of commerce WHY:"As forms of popular illustrated media grew throughout the nineteenth century, so too did certain anxieties and critiques of the impacts of this new media environment, both on 'the masses' and on the status of art. English critic Charles Lamb wrote an editorial vehemently opposing the inclusion of illustrations because he believed they made the book decadent, ostentatious, and abhorrent to the "true reader." Lamb acknowledged that he had a prejudice against illustration, feeling that the "sister arts," of the "feminine arts," should never be intertwined with the "manly art" of writing. Furthermore, he thought that literary works, such as Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet should never be acted out or illustrated because the visuals corrupts the imagination and tied Juliet's appearance to just one conception. "

Which of the following best characterizes John Ruskin's philosophy about art in the modern world?

that industrialization deadens our experiences and hand-made works of art can re-connect us with creativity, spirituality, and community Why:"he made a direct connection between art, nature, and morality-good moral art was nature expressed through man. Continuing this connection, Ruskin believed the decorative arts affected the men who produced them. The machine dehumanized the worker and led to a loss of dignity because it removed him from the artistic process and thus, nature itself. As Ruskin stated, "all cast from the machine is bad, as work it is dishonest."

What large-scale illustration functioned as a subtle form of political propaganda? " Probably created between 1077 and 1082, and perhaps inspired by the continuous epic frieze of Trajan's Colomn (Rome, 107-113 CE) as a visual statement of military might, the Tapestry is unparalleled in its accomplishments as a masterpiece of large-scale textile design and rambling pictorial narrative"

the Bayeux Tapestry

In what ways does this print relate to the wider aesthetic interests of Expressionists of the early twentieth century? Frans Masereel, from Landschaften und Stimmungen: 60 Holzschnitte, (Landscapes and Moods: 60 Woodcuts), published by Munich: K. Wolff, 1929, woodcut

the artist omits text and thereby activates a more subjective and open-ended reading experience WHY:"Masereel, a graphic artist, is considered by some to be the creator of the woodcut novel, where images are the sole conveyer of the story. The aesthetic achieved by the woodcut process synched up well with Expressionist interest in dramatic compositions that sought to communicate deeper (and typically darker) subjective experiences of the modern world. Omitting text leaves the construction of meaning up to the viewer/reader, thereby activating their experiences of the work. "

This image by artist Albrecht Dürer reflects: (week3)

the artist's interpretation of written descriptions

Which of the following informs Goya's Disasters of War series ?

the artist's personal response to the French invasion and occupation of Spain WHY: "which was etched in the years following the 1808-1813 French invasion and occupation of Spain and the subsequent famine in Madrid (1811-1812), represents Goya's response to the atrocities of war and starvation, although it cannot be taken as a journalistic effort. "

According to Berger, when paintings become transmittable, their meaning canbe changed by which of the following?

the audio played over it the other images placed before, beside, or after it the movement of the camera that reproduces them

What models for bookmaking did Morris's Kelmscott Press popularize in the late nineteenth century?

the collaboration of illustrator and engraver the integration of image and text into a unified and ornamental page design the hand printing of small-run editions

As a wider part of visual culture, what can the history of illustration teach us?

the conventions and practices through which a culture constructs its world the stories, values, and belief systems of a culture the everyday practices of representation pursued by a culture

The emergence of illustrated books dedicated to obstetrical medicine corresponded with:

the cultural turn towards more medicalized childbirth presided over by "men-midwives" "By the second half of the eighteenth century, childbirth, which had always been a domestic event presided over by female midwives, was becoming medicalized as learned "man-midwives" took over the domain of childbirth from traditional midwives and invested it with scientific prestige. "

According to your reading, what entity has been cited by theorist Donna Haraway as exemplary of contemporary body-technology relationships?

the cyborg WHY "A Cyborg Manifesto" is an essay written by Donna Haraway and published in 1985. In it, the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries, notably those separating "human" from "animal" and "human" from "machine." She writes: "The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family, this time without the oedipal project. The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden; it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust.""

Which of the following "image technologies" are involved in the production of this mug?

the digital photograph used to reproduce the original the digital decal used to adhere the image onto the mug the oil paint & brushes used in the original painting

American illustrator Winslow Homer depicted what in his series of picture cards Camp Life (1864)?

the everyday life of soldiers WHY:"With the collective title "Camp Life", these cards recorded not the conflict of the battlefield, but the soldiers' everyday life -- saying goodbye to girlfriends, having haircuts, etc. "

In what ways are the images below from Basil Besler's "Flos Cheyri maximus", (c.1613) characteristic of florilegia?

the flowers are depicted so as to highlight their formal beauty WHY: Florilegia were visual catalogues of flowering plants illustrated with great accuracy and a strong aesthetic sense -- often showcasing plants from a single collector's garden.

What was one motivation for the turn towards the codex format for illustrated biblical texts?

the individual pages made it easier to do comparative study of different texts (" The codex format was more convenient than scrolls for cross-referencing texts.As for illustrations (or illuminations, as scholars call them), very little evidence survives for scrolls. But what does survive of illustrated texts from this period suggests that the development of the illustrated book went hand in hand with the proliferation of biblical texts in the codex format."-the pre history)

Robert Hooke is a prominent figure in the history of the Scientific Revolution for his use of what technology of vision?

the microscope WHY:"Hooke is credited with first using the word cell to describe the walled-in spaces he observed in a thin slice of cork, Hooke is remembered for this dramatic enlargements of relatively common subject, but Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch, 1632-1723) pursued microscopy as a vehicle for his study of subjects too small for the naked eye to see"

On page 28 of Brian Maidment's chapter on Punchmagazine, the author writes: "Such boisterous disrespect for the dominant culture and its use of print culture to maintain social order and respectability was central to Punch's popularity. Worst of all in Punch's view was the widespread attempt to regulate and repress 'fun', whether such fun was to be derived from mocking the ignorance and tastes of the labouring classes or from satirising the pretensions and anxieties of the middling classes in their quest for respectability." To this end, what other popular types of print media does the author suggest that Punch editors frequently appropriate and satirize in both content and design?

the official journals and documents of academics, politicians, and other important persons self-books and advice columns almanacs

Which of the following best describes the message of this image?

the political body is constituted in the form of the sovereign power WHY: "Bosse's image depicts a sovereign as a composite of his subjects with temporal authority balanced with that of the Christian Church. The image illustrates the idea of an otherwise disorganized and unruly multitude of people having been given coherent social form in the figure of the King. "

What new profession emerged to control the supply of different kinds of prints and finance the printing of editions?

the print publisher WHY: "In the sixteenth century, a market developed for engraved copies of extant art and architecture, and by the second half of the century, print publishers became professionalized in workshops that funded the reproduction of works of art as well as editions of original prints"

What four fundamental components of illustrated media must we take into account as historians?

the range of viewers who decode the image and what they took from it the context in which the image was produced the media and form through which the image was encoded by the illustrator WHY : Context: historical moment and place in which an image was produced) Encoders: Client or employer who commissioned/paid for the image; the writer who produces corresponding textual information; the illustrator/artist Code: The iconography or symbolism used; the form and composition of the image; the format and media of the image Decoders: Intended/anticipated audience; other audience/viewer/consumer

The image below depicts: (Week 2)

the specialization of labor characteristic of early modern book and print workshops WHY: Illustration of men working at the book mill. In the background a man prepares paper for printing in the press depicted on the right. In the center of the foreground a young boy lays out the newly printed paper for proof-reading. On the left workers set type to be printed. The image possibly represents the printing shop of the inventor of movable type himself, the German Johan Gutenberg, who would be the figure at far right. Latin text below reads: "Just as one voice can be heard by a multitude of ears, so single writings cover a thousand sheets."

A banderole is a precursor to what convention in contemporary visual culture?

the speech bubble used in comics and cartoons WHY: "Prophets depicted in the smaller inset illustrations above and below describe what takes place and issue prophecies in banderoles (scroll-like shapes), which are in effect an early form of the speech bubble later seen in cartoons. - The rise of print technologies"

What characterizes the work of artist Aubrey Beardsley?

the use of photomechanical print processes a loose relationship between text and image sexually suggestive imagery WHY:"modern and sexually transgressive, photomechanically reproduced drawings."

In his discussion of the Leonardo Da Vinci works, which of the following concerns inform the practices of museum professionals with regard to these works?

the works' authenticity

These illustrations, by Govard Bidloo for Gérard de Lairesse's Anatomia Humani Corporis (1685) dffer from earlier anatomical drawings in that:

their stark realism reveals both anatomical information and the realities of the actual dissection WHY:"In keeping with the values of Enlightenment empiricism, Bidloo and de Lairesse re-imagined anatomical representation with a stark realism not seen in previous works."

Despite their tremendous diversity, modernist artist's books and magazines tend to share which of the following traits in common?

they are self-reflexive, foregrounding the materiality and media through which they are made WHY:"Artist's books seek to alter & transform the conventional associations and functions of the book or magazine form An artist's book or magazine is conceived as itself a work of art (either an original, an edition or mass produced; either single-authored, multiple authors, or anonymous) In an artist' book or magazine, "the medium is the message"; that is, formal and material considerations of the book are not incidental or secondary, but rather foregrounded and considered integral to the books' content Rather than a neutral container for information, the artists' book/magazine announces itself and calls attention to the physical process of looking, reading, and manipulating information; in this regard, it can be said to be self-reflexive Artist's books and magazines bring together multiple traditions including printmaking, independent publishing, craft traditions of book art, conceptual art, painting, photography and sculpture, political art and activism, performance art, poetry, experimental music, electronic and digital arts, illustrated books and magazines. Some (but not all, see livres d'artistes below) artist's books and magazines have affiliation with various experimental, 'underground', counter-cultural, or activist traditions; the form is radically open and tends to embrace a DIY or amateur aesthetic, or is understood as an alternative venue for an artist's work outside traditional commercial galleries. "

Following the development of photography in the mid. nineteenth century, what benefits could graphic artists still claim for their illustrated works?

they could synthesize multiple elements in a story in a single image they could capture the essence of a story beyond literal appearance they could communicate dynamic action where photography was not technologically capable of doing so

Illustrated billheads served what purpose?

they decorated receipts and order sheets they promoted the goods and services of the business they communicated the location of the business or the nature of their products

In what ways did printed books transform the reading habits of early modern Europeans?

they disseminated new knowledge and information on a range of topics to a wide public they were often printed in vernacular languages spoken by the lower classes they aided literacy by combining images with written text WHY: ""Popular secular texts also transitioned from manuscript to early printed books, as in the case of Sir John Mandeville's Travels (ca. 1481) (above), a tale about a fictional knight traveling to the Holy Land. Translated into many languages within about a fifty year time span, this text evidences the development of vernacular languages (as well as the diffusion of narrative iconography (conventions of symbolic or figural representation, literally "the writing of images") among various communities. Illustrations in these early books encouraged literacy because poor readers could follow along by looking at the pictures. Even for the truly literate, images stimulated the imagination in ways that the text alone did not, thereby enhancing the overall experience."

In what ways did the livres d'artiste of the early twentieth century differ from other types of books?

they were costly and time-consuming to produce they were illustrated by influential modern artists whose work asserted itself as equal to the text they were more expensive and meant for a collector audience

What characterized the images of respected illustrated newspapers such as the Illustrated London News, L'Illustration, and Le Monde Illustré?

they were synthesized interpretations of verbal and textual reports, original drawings of news correspondents, pre-existing imagery, and the illustrator's imagination they were produced through a facsimile approach they brought images of distant peoples and events into the hands of everyday readers WHY"Placed in a historical context, illustrated newspapers and magazines demonstrated society and its spectacle in vivid detail, conveyed in low-cost, mass-produced, widely distributed, disposable print commodities that interpreted the world through the eyes of graphic artists rather than camera lenses.The cultural and aesthetic impact of the illustrated press cannot be overemphasized. Though unintentional, illustrated newspapers and magazines were the first art primers for underprivileged art students, and a major source for the proliferation of artists' images in the latter half of the nineteenth century. "

The image below is an example of a devotional image, the function of which was:

to aid in the private devotional practice of a single worshipper WHY: "Devotional prints provided visual aids for the faithful, who memorized prayers and recited them in private, while looking at prints.This kind of individualized religious experience, practiced in the home instead of collectively at church, began to transform people's relationship to their faith."

The illustrations for Henry Gray's Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical (1859) were produced with what fundamental purpose in mind?

to aid medical students in learning the names of discrete areas of the human body? WHY:"This volume (entitled in later editions Gray's Anatomy) was a text-heavy work containing detailed black-and-white wood engravings of discrete areas of anatomy, integrated directly within the descriptions. A move toward plain, practical, almost diagrammatic visual description, it represents a departure from approaches to depicting human anatomy in preceding centuries, such as the full-body, art-inspired aesthetic of Albinnus's Tabulae and the brutal realism found in the work of William Hunter. While forgoing the advance in etching and lithography in favor of simple wood engraving, Gray also abandoned the massive folios of many previous anatomical treatises to create a design compact enough for medical students to carry to the dissection theater."

to question some of the assumptions usually made about the traditions of European art What is the first objective that John Berger sets out for his 4-part series?

to question some of the assumptions usually made about the traditions of European painting

Which of the following social practice among the middle and upper classes prompted the emergence of picture postcards in the late nineteenth century?

tourism WHY:"The result was the growth of tourism and the various economies and practices that accompany it. The new tourists had plenty to write home about, and then they did, it was largely on sheets of illustrated writing paper headed with views of castles, exhibition buildings, local landscapes, and other subjects."

Still used to this day, the terms "________" and "_________" stem from the storing trays used to organize the cast letters in the print workshops.

upper case/lower case WHY: "Hundreds of letters are needed to print a single sheet, so printers amassed huge numbers of cast letters and stored them in shallow compartmentalized tray called 'cases', with capitals in the upper case and miniscules in the lower case, hence the modern terminology 'upper case' and 'lower case.' - The rise of print technologies"

The print below exemplifies the concerns and formal approaches of Romanticism in that the artist:

uses a highly personal symbolism to communicate universal ideas about justice and freedom uses loose and expressive marks made possible by relief etching depicts his central figure in an ecstatic pose with dramatic lighting

According to your reading from Module 1, what best defines an illustration "Simply put, illustration is visual communication through pictorial means." -What is the history of illustration

visual communication through pictorial means an image that "illuminates" of "shrines light upon" its subject a central component of visual culture

According to your reading from Module 1, what best defines an illustration

visual communication through pictorial means an image that "illuminates" of "shrines light upon" its subject a central component of visual culture WHY: "Simply put, illustration is visual communication through pictorial means." -What is the history of illustration

Which of the following best characterizes the 'social constructionist' approach to understanding representation?

we rely on language & other systems of representation to organize & mediate our experiences of the world WHY : Throughout history, debates about representation have considered whether these systems of representation reflect the world as it is, such that they mirror it back to us as a form or mimesis, or imitation, or whether in fact we construct the world and its meaning through the systems of representation that we deploy in this social constructivist approach, we only make meaning of the material world through specific cultural contexts. This takes place in part through the language systems (be they writing, speech or images) that we use. Hence, the material world only has meaning, and only can be 'seen' by us, through these systems of representation.

Ancient illustrations on the walls of caves and temples:

were not typically produced for display depicted narratives relating to a society's belief systems structured complex ritualistic activities and experiences

What differentiates intaglio from woodcut printmaking?

woodcut prints are a relief method and intaglio images are recessed into a metal plate WHY:"printmaking called intaglio, in which the images exist in inked recesses (linear grooves, roughened texture, or dots) in a smooth plate."

The following images are examples of _________ figures, a common convention in early anatomical illustration

écorché WHY: "The illustrations present dramatic écorché figures -- that is, flayed human figures demonstrating their own musculature as if they were alive. "