ASP Data Dump
Which system has as its primary functions to identify hazardous conditions, assess their risk, and establish effective risk control measures? Risk Control Risk Management Loss Control Loss Management
*Loss Control
Which of the following defines a system safety technique that selects an undesired event whose possibility or probability is to be determined and then reviews system requirements, functions, and designs to determine how the top or initial event could occur? Fault Tree Analysis Boolean algebra Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
*Fault Tree Analysis = top down analysis This is a description of Fault Tree Analysis, which uses deductive analysis involving reasoning from the general to the specific. Most other safety analysis use inductive reasoning and progress from a specific item to the general overall failure.
FMECA:
Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis
What is ISO?
International Organization for Standardization
NTSB:
National Transportation Safety Board
OHSMS:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems A set of interrelated elements that establish and support occupational safety and health objectives
OBM:
Organization Behavior Model
SHMS:
Safety and health management system
What is ISO 9000 series?
Standard that lays out the fundamentals and vocabulary for quality management systems (QMS)
MIL-STD is
US Military Standard
Acceptable Risk is
a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to the synonymous
Risk Acceptance is
an informed decision to take a particular risk
Hazard is
any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. A potentially unsafe condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or a combination thereof. A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness or death.
Safety is
freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. The ability of a system to exclude certain undesired events (ex. mishaps) during stated operation under stated conditions for a stated time. The ability of a system or product to operate with a known and accepted level of mishap risk. A built-in system characteristic.
What is ISO 14000 series?
is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the ISO for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts
As low as reasonably practical (ALARP) is
level or mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable. It is based on a set of predefined ALARP conditions and is considered acceptable.
MBO:
management by objectives
PHA:
preliminary hazard analysis process hazard analysis
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is
process of identifying the basic lowest level causal factors for an event. Usually the event is an undesired event, such as a hazard or mishap.
What does SMART stand for? (Z10)
specific measurable actionable realistic time-oriented
Risk is
the effect of uncertainty on objectives
Risk Management is
the process by which assessed risks are mitigated, minimized, or controlled through engineering, management, or operational means. This involves the optimal allocation of available resources in support of safety, performance, cost, and schedule.
Risk analysis is
the process of identifying safety risk. This involves identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk.
Unnacceptable Risk is
the risk that cannot be tolerated
TQM:
total quality management
SMART "R" - Realistic - means
Operationally define objectives and actions you can achieve. The objective should be transferable into actionable tasks people can accomplish. Set challenging and purposeful objectives that are realistic.
Residual Risk is
Overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented. It is, according to MIL-STD-992D, "the remaining mishap risk that exists after all mitigation techniques have been implemented or exhausted, in accordance with the system safety design order of precedence." Residual risk is the sum of all risk after mishap risk management has been applied. This is the total risk passed on to the user.
The management term "span of control" refers to:
The breadth of a manager's expertise *The number of subordinates a manager can supervise The number of projects a manager can supervise The number of organizations a manager can supervise The well-known principle of "span of control" is defined as recognizing that a manager cannot effectively supervise more than a half dozen subordinate managers.
Six Levels of Action
The following are prioritized from most effective to least effective (adapted from ANSI-Z10,2012): 1. Elimination - Design to eliminate hazards: falls, HAZMAT, confined spaces, materials handling, tools and machinery, etc. 2. Substitution - Substitute for less hazardous materials and equipment, reduce energy, etc. 3. Engineering Controls - Incorporate safety through design such as: Ventilation systems, enclosures, guarding, interlocks, lift tables, conveyors, etc. 4. Warnings - Strategically place signs, alarms, enunciators, labels, etc. 5. Administrative Controls - Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) such as: Conduct JSAs, job rotation, inspections, training, mentoring, etc. 6. PPE - PPE assessments may result in the use of: safety glasses, goggles, face shields, fall protection, protective footwear, gloves, respirators, chemical suits, etc. Decision makers should understand that with respect to the six levels of action shown in the following hierarchy of controls the methods described in the first, second and third action levels are more effective because they: - are preventative actions that eliminate/reduce risk by design, substitution and engineering measures; - rely the least on the performance of personnel; - are less defeatable by supervisors or workers Actions described in the 4th, 5th, and 6th levels are contingent actions and rely greatly on the performance of personnel for their effectiveness.
Probability is
The likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of time, events, population, items or activities being considered.
Risk assessment is
The process of determining risks to health attributable to environmental or other hazards. This involves evaluating the identified hazard causal factors and then characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability. Processes used to evaluate the level of risk associated with hazards and system issues. - Assure Management commitment, involvement and direction (an absolute) - Select a risk assessment team, including employees with knowledge of jobs and tasks - Establish the analysis parameters - Select a risk assessment technique - Identify the hazards - Consider failure modes - Assess the severity of consequences determine the occurrence probability, prominently taking into consideration the exposures - Define the initial risk - Make risk acceptance or non-acceptant decisions with employee involvement - If needed, select and implement hazard avoidance, elimination, reduction and control measures - Address the residual risk - Document the results - Follow-up on the actions taken
Accepted Risk is
accepted risk has 2 parts: 1. risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user and 2. risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default.
Mitigation is
an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity. Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, warning devices, training, or procedures. It is also referred to as hazard mitigation and risk mitigation.
Risk Tolerance is
an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives
Mishap is
an unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.
Acceptable Risk is
that part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk, based on knowledge and decision making. The system user is consciously exposed to this risk. A risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. For the purpose of this standard, the terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to be synonymous.
Risk is defined as
the combination of the severity of a defined exposure with its frequency of occurrence. The technique that effectively decreases a project's schedule risk without increasing the overall risk is to incorporate slack time into the project's critical path schedule early in project planning.
Severity is
the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard related incident or exposures
Risk Communcation is
the interactive process of exchanging risk information and opinions among stakeholders.
Loss Control is
the proactive measures taken to prevent or reduce loss evolving from accident, injury, illness and property damage. The aim of the loss control is to reduce the frequency and severity of losses. Loss control is directly related to human resource management, engineering and risk management practices.
Residual Risk is
the risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility of operation continues to exist.
The ISO standard that covers environmental management is? 9000 10000 12000 14000
*14000 ISO 9000 "quality management" and ISO14000 "environmental management" families are among ISO's most widely known standards ever. ISO 9000 has become an international reference for quality requirements in business to business dealings, and ISO 14000 looks set to achieve at least as much, if not more, in helping organizations to meet their environmental challenges, There are similarities between environmental, health and safety programs and quality assurance programs. They serve common underlying objectives, share common success and failure measures and use common approaches to achieve objectives. The ISO 9000 family addresses "quality management". This means what the organization does to fulfill: - Customer's quality requirements - Applicability regulatory requirements, while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction Continual improvement of its performance in pursuit of these objectives The ISO 14000 family addresses "environmental management" meaning what the organization does to: minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.
A successful management system, according to OHSAS 18001, should be based on all the following except: A generic occupational health and safety policy Identification of occupational health and safety risks, along with legal requirements Objectives, targets, and programs that ensure continual improvements Management activities that control occupational health and safety risks
*A generic occupational health and safety policy OHSAS 18001 is an Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series for health and safety management systems. It is intended to help an organization to control occupational health and safety risks. It was developed in response to widespread demand for a recognized standard against which to be certified and assessed. OHSAS 18001 will measure managements systems with regards to several dimensions. The extent of application will depend on such factors as the organization's occupational health and safety policy, the nature of its activities, and conditions under which it operates. A successful management system should be based on these factors: - An occupational health and safety policy is appropriate for the company - Identification of occupational health and safety risks is documented, along with legal requirements - Objectives, targets, and programs ensure continual improvements - Management activities control occupational health and safety risks - Monitoring of occupational health and safety system performance is constant - Continual reviews, evaluation, and system improvement are conducted
Which of the following defines the attributes of employee coaching? Achievement-oriented, reactive, fault-finding process Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process Achievement-oriented, reactive, fact-finding process Achievement-oriented, proactive, fault-finding process
*Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process Always proactive, not reactive A behavior based approach treats safety as an achievement oriented process not outcome based. It also uses fact-finding versus fault-finding and is proactive not reactive.
An accident including a company vehicle that impacted an overpass support structure involved a company's driver. All company vehicle records are requested by the NTSB. According to 49CFR, what must be provided? Only the records deem necessary by safety supervisor Records not required All information requested by NTSB Only records insurance company deems necessary
*All information requested by NTSB According to 49CFR831, "The Safety Board may issue a subpoena, enforceable in Federal district court, to obtain testimony or other evidence. Authorized representatives of the Board may question any person having knowledge relevant to an accident/incident, study, or special investigation. Authorized representatives of the Board also have exclusive authority, on behalf of the Board, to decide the way in which any testing will be conducted, including decisions on the person that will conduct the test, the type of test that will be conducted, and any individual who will witness the test."
A manufacturer must keep records relating to product safety for what period of time? As long as possible Life of product guarantee Well beyond life of the product Term of employment plus 30 years
*As long as possible Due to product liability claims, a manufacturer should keep product safety records as long as possible. Some states may have limits on time period, while other states do not and that is where lawsuits often originate. Term of employment + 30 years applies to medical & exposure records and SDSs
Once a chemical has been classified, the hazard(s) must be communicated to target audiences. The exploding chest pictogram represents which hazard class? Carcinogen Irritant Acute Toxicity Environmental Toxicity
*Carcinogen The GHS symbols have been incorporated into pictograms for use on the GHS label. Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, such as borders, background patterns or colors which are intended to convey specific information. For transport, pictograms will have the background, symbol and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. For other sectors, pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame. A black frame may be used for shipments within one country. The GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not be located where a transport pictogram appears.
What is the most effective method to fix accountability for environmental, safety and health losses? Charge associated cost to work center Compare incident rates with like companies Require supervisor to make weekly presentations on their status Compare each work center and make an example out of the bottom 10%
*Charge associated cost to work center According to Dr. Roger Brauer in Safety and Health for Engineers, "Making safety part of a supervisor's appraisal is one means of achieving in an organization. Companies that use cost accounting to encourage safety have the lower accident rates."
Based on the OHSAS 18001 guidelines that all management systems should be suitable, adequate and effective, which of the following situations indicate that a management evaluation should be performed? Profits are down from preceding year ES&H director has been held by three individuals during previous 18 months Company's environmental performance has been questioned by local "green" group Company's safety performance is 40% lower than previous year
*Company's safety performance is 40% lower than previous year The purpose of adopting OHSAS 18001 Health and Safety Management System is to maintain continuous improvement. IF the management system finds a significant reduction in company safety performance, it should indicate that a comprehensive management review of the items is warranted.
Should an inspector wish to acquire some structural details for the comprehensive survey, including floor loading at a building site, he/she should Ask the plant superintendent to relay information from posted floor loading signs in the facility Have OHST evaluate conditions during upcoming plant visit Consult published building plans or have a structural engineer conduct a structural analysis Obtain a floor load handbook and evaluate any suspicious conditions during plant visit
*Consult published building plans or have a structural engineer conduct a structural analysis Accurate data is a must when evaluating floor loading in an industrial environment. If data is not readily available from reliable sources, the best choice is to have a competent engineer perform a structural analysis. OSHA at 1910.22 states "In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercantile, business, industrial, or storage purposes, the loads approved by the building official shall be marked on the plates of approved design which shall be supplied and securely affixed by the owner of the building, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous place in each space to which they relate." "It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building or other structure a load greater than that for which such floor or roof is approved by the building official."
Which of the following are GHS signal words that indicate the relative degree of severity of a hazard? Warning, Caution Danger, Warning Caution, Danger Hazardous, Dangerous
*Danger, Warning The signal word indicates the relative degree of severity a hazard. The signal words used in GHS are: "Danger" for the more severe hazards, and "Warning" for the less severe hazards. Signal words are standardized and assigned to the hazard categories within endpoints. Some lower level hazard categories do not use signal words. Only one signal word corresponding to the class of the most severe hazard should be used on each label. The GHS hazard pictograms, signal word and hazard statements should be located together on the label. The actual label format or layout is not specified in GHS. National authorities may choose to specify where information should appear on the label or allow supplier discretion.
Using the Management Grid by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, illustrating management styles by drawing a grid with a Y axis Concern for People and an X axis Concern for Production, a 9,1 supervisor could be called a Country Club Manager Dictator Workaholic Company Man
*Dictator The 1,1 supervisor is indifferent. The 9,1 supervisor is the one who is interested more in production than the interests of their employees and thus would be labeled a Dictator or Authority-Obedience manager. A 9,9 would be considered a Team Manager, a 1,9 would be a country club manager and a 5,5 would be considered a middle-of-road manager.
Which of the following would be considered the primary talent of a Safety Professional? Out-sources as many responsibilities as possible Recognized as the boss' "right hand man" Displays continuous and flexible learning Strictly adheres to company policy guidelines
*Displays continuous and flexible learning Managers that deliver under high performance expectations of current dynamic times must be well educated and continue that education during their career. They must be unrelenting in their efforts to develop, refine and maintain their skills and competencies, which may not agree with their previous training.
The first action to be considered in the hierarchy of control is: Training Elimination of the hazard Personal Protective Equipment Substitution with something less hazardous
*Elimination of the hazard Risks are reduced to an acceptable level through the application of the hierarchy of controls. A hierarchy of controls provides a systematic way of thinking, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and their associated risks. Acknowledging that premise that risk reduction measures should be considered and taken in a prescribed order represents an important step in the evolution of the practice of safety. These methods are to be applied when new facilities, equipment and processes are acquired; when existing facilities, equipment and processes are altered; and when incidents are investigated. In applying a hierarchy of controls, the desired outcome of actions taken is to achieve an acceptable risk level. Acceptable risk is that risk for which the probability of a hazards-related incident or exposure occurring and the severity of harm or damage that could result are as low as reasonably practical and tolerable in the situation being considered. That definition requires several factors be taken into consideration: - avoiding, eliminating or reducing the probability of a hazards-related incident or exposure occurring - reducing the severity of harm or damage that may result of an incident or exposure occurs - the feasibility and effectiveness of risk-reduction measures to be taken, and their costs in relation to the amount of risk reduction to be achieved.
What is a warning sign's primary purpose? Information for supervisor Information for employees Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension Company protection from OSHA citations and lawsuits
*Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension 1910.145 (extracted) The word "sign" refers to a surface on prepared for the warning of, or safety instructions of, industrial workers or members of the public who may be exposed to hazards. Excluded from this definition, however, are new releases, displays commonly known as safety posters, and bulletins used for employee education. The wording of any sign should be easily read and concise. The sign should contain sufficient information to be easily understood. The wording should make a positive, rather than negative suggestion and should be accurate in fact. "Major message" means that portion of a tag's inscription that is more specific than the signal word and that indicates the specific hazardous condition or the instruction to be communicated to the employee. Examples include: "High Voltage" "Close Clearance" "Do Not Start" "Do Not Use" or a corresponding pictograph used with a written text or alone. "Signal Word" means that portion of a tag's inscription that contains the word or words that are intended to capture employee's immediate attention.
Which principle involves the "Fellow Servant Rule"? Employer must establish a "two-man" rule Employees will not be responsible for each other Rules will be established for more than one worker Employer will not be responsible for injuries caused by another worker
*Employer will not be responsible for injuries caused by another worker The Fellow Servant Rule was a defense which, prior to the enactment of workers' compensation laws, could be used by an employer to protect him/herself when sued by an employee for damages from injury caused by one or more fellow employees Assumption of Risk worker knew he/she was involved in a risky or hazardous occupation Contributory Negligence worker contributed to his/her injury. These were two other pre-workers' compensation defenses for employers The principle of foresee ability deals with liability for actions that result in injury or damage when hazards were foreseeable. Foresee ability is a fundamental legal principle used in product liability cases. Note: Current disgruntled employees cause the most workplace violence
When attempting to change safety-related workplace behaviors, the following are all basic steps in the process except: Identify critical behaviors Establish a behavior-based safety program Conduct measurement through observation Give performance feedback
*Establish a behavior-based safety program According to the NSC, the 3 basic steps of the behavior based safety process are: 1. Identify Critical Behaviors Employers write, in observable terms, what employees should do to properly perform their jobs. The safety and health professional can list a few critical behaviors or a complete inventory, depending on the scope and results desired. 2. Conduct Measurement Through Observation Trained observers watch the workplace to determine if listed behaviors are performed safely or unsafely. The total number of observed behaviors is divided into the number of safe behaviors to obtain a percentage figure for safe behaviors. 3. Give Performance Feedback The percentage figure for safe behaviors is shown on a graph displayed in the workplace. At regular intervals, behaviors are again observed and new safe behavior figures are added to the graph. Studies show this critical feedback will improve safety behaviors. Praise and recognition from managers or peer pressure can be effective ways to encourage and reinforce safe behaviors. Once data is collected the data analysis includes: - closing the improvement loop - identifying and correcting equipment and design barriers - establishing procedures and solutions instead of temporary corrections
To adjust Worker's Compensation Insurance Rates, a company must use: Experience Modification Rate Incident Rate Worker's Compensation Mod Rate Accident Rate
*Experience Modification Rate The insurance industry uses EMR for workers' compensation insurance as a means of determining equitable premiums. These rating systems consider the average incident losses for a given firm's type of work and amount of payroll and predict the dollar amount of expected losses due to work-related injuries and illnesses. Modification rates charged by private carriers are usually affected by risks beyond the insured's control, products produced or services provided and potential for catastrophic accidents.
Two ways to modify insurance rates based on modifying the manual rate to reflect the insured's safety record are the prospective experience rating and the restrospective rating. Which of the following identifies the restrospective rating? Past experience Experience during policy period Projected losses manual premiums are not modified
*Experience during policy period Because past experience modifies future rates, this plan is known as prospective experience rating to distinguish it from restrospective experience rating, which further modifies the manual rate to reflect experience during the policy year.
In a parallel component arrangement, the failure of one, two, or three components would not result in output failure (all four components must fail to produce output failure). Assuming the failure rate is the same for all components, which of the following formulas should be used for computing the probability of failure for this system? (C^2)-(F^4) C1+C2+C3+C4 F(e^(-t/m)) F1xF2xF3xF4
*F1xF2xF3xF4 All must fail for system to fail, means x not + Since the components are in parallel, the configuration indicates an "AND" gate situation, that is C1 and C2 and C3 and C4 must fail before the output fails. The symbol for an "AND" gate is "*" which indicates multiplication, this leads to the correct answer. Multiply the failure rates of each component. F1xF2xF3xF4, or since the failure rates are all the same, F^4 Note: When dealing in probability of failure the general rules are: - Parallel construction indicates "AND" = multiply - Series construction indicates "OR" = addition
The most correct statement concerning the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is FMECA is an extension of FMEA FMECA is a tool of the nuclear industry FMECA is a quality tool, not a system safety tool FMECA is reliability, not hazard based
*FMECA is an extension of FMEA The FMECA is generally considered to be a reliability-based analysis. The process provides an exhaustive search for component failure that will affect system operations. The search may uncover failures that will cause hazards or damage, but its main objective is to determine the system reliability. The method enlargement to include the "Criticality" or critical ranking of components results in the FMECA. The FMECA searches for parts or components that will contribute to the system failure and ranks them by their probability to cause a hazard or ability to affect the system safety. The nuclear industry discourages use of the term FMECA in favor of FMEA because of the nuclear specific use of the term "Criticality", which refers to the amount of radioactive material necessary to sustain a chain reaction (Critical Mass). Quality generally means the same thing as Safety
A company's CEO and general manager ask the safety director where in the organizational structure is the best place for the safety function. The preferred placement of the safety function is Personnel Support Operations General Manager staff
*General Manager staff Several different answers could be acceptable. According to the NSC, the safety professional advises and guides management, supervisors, foreman employees and such departments as purchasing, engineering and personnel on all matters pertaining to safety. Formulating, administering, monitoring, evaluating and improving the incident prevention program are additional responsibilities. The general safety and health professional belief is that the safety and health effort should report to a function with power and ability control and correct problems, specifically, the General Manager. Root causes of mishaps can exist in any of the elements in a company, as can the interrelated causes of accidents. The best place for safety expertise, however, is in a staff function reporting to the senior executive.
Employee motivation or change, a primary behavior model, does not include which of the following? Specifying objectives and goals Having the ES&H department write procedures Giving reinforcement and feedback Gaining commitment from employees and management
*Having the ES&H department write procedures The Organization Behavior Model (OBM) approach to employee motivation or change includes specifying objectives and goals, giving reinforcement and feedback and gaining commitment from employees and management. Goals are frequently incorrectly developed, which makes them likely to fail. They must be attainable and employees must believe they are relevant and worthwhile.
What is a neutral or irrelevant event effect in an experiment that is intended to produce the same reaction in a participant as if the event were of importance called? Simple effect Placebo effect Hawthorne effect Theory of negative reward
*Hawthorne effect An unplanned change in persons taking part in an experiment who know this is called the Hawthorne Effect. It was first recognized in a study of worker productivity in the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company. A physical change was made to the work area, however the factor that caused the change, was the perception that management was trying to improve the work area. Example: Experiment - Adjusted lighting and production increased. Later, they adjusted lighting the other way and production also increased. Lighting adjustments didn't increase production, the thought that someone was attempting to increase production increased production
Which of the following key label elements are standardized under the GHS? Product identifier, supplier identifier, chemical identity Hazard pictograms, signal words, hazard statements Precautionary information, product identifier, hazard statements Signal words, chemical identity, hazard pictogram
*Hazard pictograms, signal words, hazard statements The GHS Working Group identified about 35 different types of information currently required on labels by different systems. To harmonize, key information elements needed to be identified. Additional harmonization may occur on other elements in time, in particular for precautionary statements. The elements are identified below (*STANDARDIZED): Product Identifier Supplier Identifier Chemical Identity *Hazard Pictograms *Signal Words *Hazard Statements Precautionary Information
What is primary function of a loss control system? Assess risk, establish effective risk control measures, and elimination of risk Establish effective risk control measures for hazardous conditions, establish effective control measures, elimination of risk. Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures. Assure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and eliminate residual risk
*Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures. Cannot ever eliminate risk! As described in Assurance Technologies, a loss control system must be able to identify the hazardous conditions as well as understand the real risks associated with those hazardous conditions. A loss control system is incomplete if it solely identifies hazardous conditions and does not take action to understand the risks. Therefore, the actions taken are relative to the risks associated with the hazardous conditions.
Only a small percentage of car accidents are the result of mechanical failure. How can a company best control the major cause of driver error? Conducting monthly safety meetings Requiring substance abuse testing of all drivers Hiring only drivers under 40 years of age Implementing a program of driver selection, training, and supervision
*Implementing a program of driver selection, training, and supervision According to the NSC, "Companies can control driver error by introducing a program of driver selection, training and supervision, while vehicle failure can be reduced by implementing a PM program."
Under which category do the following activities belong? A major construction project management team implemented a series of toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping initiatives; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walk-through audits to demonstrate leadership and commitment. Union organizing inhibitors Leading indicators Lagging indicators Cost indicators
*Leading indicators According to authors Marlowe and Skrabak (2007), the selection of leading indicators is largely judgmental and only time will tell whether the indicators selected are the right ones. It seems logical to suggest that the leading indicators selected should relate directly to opportunities to reduce risk by improving those safety management processes that analysis indicates need improvement, on a prioritized basis. In safety-related literature, the most commonly identified lagging indicators are accidents and cost trends, and sometimes near misses. Toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walking around to show leadership and commitment are generally considered examples of leading indicators.
A company's health and safety management program's audit reveals that the program has failed to accomplish the stated objective of accident prevention. Accident rates are very poor, as are morale and discipline. Varying standards exist through the company and supervisors openly defy management authority. What is the best explanation for the safety program management failure? Safety director neglects to establish an effective program Top management fails to support the accident prevention effort Management at all levels fails to manage, lead and direct the workforce Procedures to identify correct and safe methods for job accomplishment are ignored
*Management at all levels fails to manage, lead and direct the workforce Safety and the responsibility for achieving it rest with management, primarily with the organization's CEO, but in a shared manner with all other managers. There has always been disagreement in management circles about just how to accomplish safety, but there has always been agreement that management of safety, like all other functions, has to start at the top, and be supported by subordinate executives and managers. Supervisors, foreman and workers develop their attitudes about the importance of safety and health from both formal and informal clues. Management of the safety and health effort is both an art and a science; the director of Health & Safety is merely the functional steward. When safety is effective, the entire management team deserves credit. Likewise, when it fails the entire team shares the blame. Good leadership characteristics include building responsibility, educating, setting expectations and encouraging choices.
Potential disadvantage of matrix management include all the following except: Power struggles Increased costs Groupitis Meeting attendance
*Meeting attendance Matrix management has the potential to include power struggles, which may result from the two-boss system. Team members may become too focused on themselves and develop "groupitis", losing sight of important program goals. The matrix often creates increased cost as overhead rises.
According to Federick Herzberg's work, which of the following factors is a hygiene factor, as opposed to a motivational factor? Money Recognition Responsibility Achievement
*Money Frederick Herzberg in his book "Work and the Nature of Man" develops a motivation-hygiene theory. The theory attempts to explain how persons are satisfied by certain intrinsic job factors while being motivated by other extrinsic factors that are quite peripheral to the job being performed. Satisfaction is influenced by: - Money - Status - Relationships with Boss - Company policies - Work rules - Working Conditions Motivation is influenced by: - Achievement - Recognition - Enjoyment of work - Possibility of promotion - Responsibility - Chance for growth Hygiene = satisfaction factor (physical) Motivation factor (non-physical)
Which of the following factors does not affect how individuals behave pertaining to workplace safety? Attitudes toward safety Views regarding team effort Recognition for personal efforts Moral standards
*Moral standards The safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other. Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrichment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives.
Convincing someone to perform desired behaviors or actions is a part of psychology known as Attitude Motivation Judgement Discipline
*Motivation According to Dr. Roger Brauer in Safety and Health for Engineers, this is the definition of motivation. This includes such areas as overcoming personal deficiencies, increasing safety awareness.
The closed loop system known as The Behavioral Based Safety Process includes identifying critical behaviors, problem solving to develop an Action Plan, measuring performance and evaluating for acceptable progress. Identify the final step required to finish the loop. Nothing more is required; the loop is complete Management must become involved in the process Employee committees are formed to define penalties for non-improvement Accident and injury data is collected for inclusion into performance reports
*Nothing more is required; the loop is complete According to "The Behavior-Based Safety Process" by Krause, Hidley and Hodson, the process is as shown below. If improvement progresses at an acceptable rate, then the process is working. If the improvement rate is unacceptable, the existing Action Plan must be modified. The behavioral approach uses operational definitions, measurements and feedback on safety-related issues, along with goal setting as key components to improve safety.
To identify the "vital few", whether customers, customer needs, product features, or inputs, this principle helps assure that resources and attention are concentrated where they will do the most good. Hystograph Principle Juran Principle Pareto Principle KISS Principle
*Pareto Principle The Pareto Principle, sometimes referred to as the 80-20 rule, indicates that 80% of the problems come from 20% of the operations. It is also true that 20% of corrective actions and risk reduction actions can mitigate 80% of the risk, when the risk is understood.
Which of the following is the highest safety priority for the typical employee? Dictated safety standards Generic safety statement - "BE SAFE" Perceived control over the risk Individual examples that violate safety standards
*Perceived control over the risk Motivation in safety is highly situation-specific, which means that situational or behavior-specific campaigns (ex. "don't drive and drive") are more likely to have an impact than general campaigns (ex. "BE SAFE"). However, behavior change is likely to be short lived if it is unsupported or sustained by intrinsic beliefs. People are motivated to take risks, as well as to avoid risks, provided they perceive they have personal control over the risk.
The Z10 is a management system standard compatible and harmonized with quality (ISO 9000 series) and environmental management systems (ISO 14000 series). Which of the following best describes these standards? Specification Standards Compliance Standards Performance Standards Regulatory Standards
*Performance Standards The drafters of these standards set out to ensure that it could be easily integrated into any management systems an organization has in place. This flexibility is characteristic of a Performance Oriented Standard. Z10 adopts from and is in harmony with the International Labor Organization's Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, ILO-OSH 2001
The basic approach, according to many management systems, includes 4 sequential steps Plan, organize, develop, evaluate Plan, organize, implement, control Analyze, design, develop, implement Analyze, design, implement, evaluate
*Plan, organize, implement, control Many management experts use such terms as "planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources" or "Planning, organizing, activating, and controlling".
Management and Safety Systems built on the principles and process developed by quality pioneer Edward Deming are known as Act-Do-Plan-Check Plan-Do-Check-Act Plan-Act-Do-Check Check-Plan-Do-Act
*Plan-Do-Check-Act Both Quality and EHS management systems are built on the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act process. Briefly stated, the purpose of standards is to provide organizations with an effective tool for continuous improvement in their occupational health and safety management systems to reduce risk of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities.
Risk is a combination of: Frequency of episodes of an adverse event and probability of occurrence of the adverse event. Probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. Probability that a hazardous condition exists and consequences of the hazard. Exposure and consequences to a hazard.
*Probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. Risk is defined as the probability that a substance or situation will produce harm under specified conditions. Risk is a combination of 2 factors: 1. the probability that an adverse vent will occur and 2. the consequences of the adverse event. Risk encompasses impacts on public health and the environment, and arises from exposure and hazard. Risk does not exist if exposure to a harmful substance or situation does not or will not occur. Hazard is determined by whether a particular substance or situation hast he potential to cause harmful effects. Risk is the probability of a specific outcome, generally adverse, given a particular set of conditions. (ANSI Z10-2012)
The factors which makes the greatest impact on whether an employee will or will not work safely are Strength and endurance Recognition, attitude and team spirit Emotional, moral and physical factors Experience and workplace design
*Recognition, attitude and team spirit Many behavior-based safety experts agree that the most critical factors are team spirit, recognition and attitude. The major factors in work discontent are company policy, interpersonal relationships and supervision. The best way to reduce injuries and property damage in the future is to systematically reinforce positive employee actions and behavior. The safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other. Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrichment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives.
Which of the following is not one of the major provisions of the consensus standard incorporating best practices in OHSMS? Application of a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable risk levels Design reviews Regulatory compliance Management of change systems
*Regulatory compliance The ASSE/ANSI Z10-2012, OHSMS consensus standard applicable to organizations of all sizes. The standard provides safety professionals and senior management with a well-conceived, state of the art concept and action outline to improve safety & health management systems. In crafting Z10, the intent was not only to achieve significant safety and health benefits through its application, but also to impact favorably on productivity, financial performance, quality and other business goals. There is no provision specifically dedicated to regulatory compliance. The key provisions pertain to risk assessment and prioritization, applying a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable levels of risk by designing reviews, managing change systems; having safety specifications in procurement systems; and conducting safety audits.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of integrated performance assurance, safety and health, and quality assurance programs? Require common intangible asset control Serve common underlying objectives Share common success and failure measures Use common approach to achieve objectives
*Require common intangible asset control Although industry generally separates, the compliance, SH&E and quality programs, these functions have many similarities, including: - Serving common underlying objectives, such as performance assurance or risk management - Using a common approach to achieve objectives, such as activity-specific evaluation or planning and oversight - Sharing common success and failure measures, such as cost, schedule, violations or liabilities - The first step in establishing a good corporate quality plan is to determine customer requirements.
The risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken is called: Acceptable risk Tolerable risk Unacceptable risk Residual risk
*Residual risk In ANSI Z10, risk is defined as an estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure(s), and the severity of injury or illness that may be caused by the event or exposures. According to ANSI/ASSE/ISO Guide 73 (Z690.1-2011) Vocabulary for Risk Management, risk is simply the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Risk tolerance is an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives. Risk acceptance is an informed decision to take a particular risk. Acceptable risk is a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to the synonymous. Residual risk is defined as the risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility of operation continues to exist.
Which of these terms refers to someone identified with a group or category with oversimplified attributes associated with that person/group? Selective perception Stereotype Halo Effect Projection
*Stereotype According to "Management" by John R. Schermerhorn, Jr., this is the definition of stereotype.
In order to select a system from among three potential safety design candidates, a Safety & Health consultant must recognize system failure will result in a loss, regardless of choice. An elementary design for each system showing probability of failure is shown below using standard "fault tree" symbols. Which system has the lowest overall failure probability? System "A" Failure: 2x10^-3 AND 5x10^-4 System "B" Failure: 7x10^-7 OR 3x10^-7 System "C" Failure: 1x10^-6 System A has a lower probability, and offers redundancy System B has a lower probability, but has 2 potential single point failures System C is the simplest and has lowest probability The probability is the same for all 3 systems
*The probability is the same for all 3 systems round/arched top = multiply = AND = all systems must fail for system to fail = parallel system pointed top = add = OR = if one system fails, the whole system fails = series system Since the severity and probability for each system is the same, the loss risk is also the same. Given this situation, the selection process would consider overall system cost, deliverability, quality, longevity, human factors, etc.
What type of manager utilizes an external reward and punishment system to affect performance? Theory X Theory Y MBO TQM
*Theory X The Theory X manager (according to Douglas McGregor's Theory) holds that people must be motivated to work by external reward and punishment because they are unmotivated toward work. A Theory Y manager assumes all workers are basically interested and motivated to work and therefore have a reduced need for an external reward system. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and subordinate. It is also known as Management by Results. The managers meet the following performance objectives: - Target a key result to be accomplished - Identify a date for achieving results - Offer a realistic (measurable) and attainable challenge - Are as specific and quantitative as possible A Total Quality Management (TQM) manager functions and directs operations with an organization-wide commitment to continuous work improvement, product quality and totally meeting customer needs, by applying them to all operation aspect. Under TQM an employee's initiative to work safely is achieved by instilling a commitment to quality teamwork and continual improvement. These managers include the line manager who is responsible for activities making direct contributions to the production of the organizations product, the staff manager who has special technical expertise to advise and support the line manager and function managers that are responsible for a support area such as finance, marketing, personnel, etc. Safety Professionals can have line authority if they work under the plant manager in an operational extension (extended) capacity.
If a potential toxic hazard release is identified during a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) of a new process, what is the best procedure to determine how to protect against the hazard in case of a release or to determine if the hazard is present in work area? Conduct a site analysis and take air samples Determine effects of local meteorological conditions Review design with engineering department Use a computerized Process Flow Sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases
*Use a computerized Process Flow Sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases According to the NSC "Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene", a simple Process Flow Sheet should be drawn to show how and where each toxic material is introduced and how it can be introduced into the work area. This could include evaluating the meteorological conditions and reviewing the process with the engineering staff. After the process is online, safety managers should sample the area to identify any actual releases.
(Under OSHA's VVP) The major elements of an effective management system include:
1. Management Leadership - Establish clear safety and health goals for the program and define the actions needed to achieve those goals. - Designate one or more individuals with overall responsibility for implementing and maintaining the program. - Provide sufficient resources to ensure effective program implementation. 2. Worker Participation - Consult with workers in developing and implementing the program and involve them in updating and evaluating the program. - Include workers in workplace inspections and incident investigations. - Encourage workers to report concerns such as hazards, injuries, illnesses and near misses. - Protect the rights of workers who participate in the program. 3. Hazard Identification and Assessment - Identify, assess and document workplace hazards by soliciting input from workers, inspecting the workplace and reviewing available information on hazards. - Investigate injuries and illnesses to identify hazards that may have caused them. - Inform workers of hazards in their workplace.
ANSI/ASSE Z10-2012
American National Standard for Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems This voluntary consensus standard was published by the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requirements. It provides management systems requirements and guidelines for improving occupational health and safety. Experts from labor, government, professional organizations, and industry formulated the standard after extensive examination of current national and international standards, guidelines, and practices. For more info: asse.org
SMART "S" - Specific - means
Clearly and operationally define desired outcome or results by concretely and specifically answering: - Who is involved? - What do I want to accomplish? - Where are you now and where do you want to be? - When will it happen? - How? Identify requirements and constraints - Why? Specific reasons, purpose, and benefits
CMV:
Commercial Motor Vehicle >10,000 lbs vehicle + weight load rating
Exposure is
Contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity
SMART "A" - Actionable - means
Create related objectives and actions you can achieve. The objective should be transferable into actionable tasks people can accomplish. Set challenging and purposeful objectives that are realistic.
SMART "M" - Measurable - means
Establish concrete criteria to measure progress on attaining each objective to help you stay the course, reason target dates, and experience achievement that spurs continued effort required to reach objectives. To determine if an object is measurable, ask questions such as: how much? How many? How will I know it is accomplished?
SMART "T" - Time-oriented - means
Establish realistic timeframes, including start and end dates, deliverables, audit points and milestones to mobilize stakeholders to achieve objectives.
FMEA:
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
ILO-OSH 2001:
International Labor Organization Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems The ILO, a UN agency that brings together governments, employers, and workers of its member states, has developed voluntary guidelines on safety and health management systems. The guidelines are designed as an "instrument for the development of a sustainable safety culture within the enterprise and beyond." The key elements of the guidelines are built on the concept of continuous improvement. For more info: ilo.org
OSHA's VVP:
OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VVP) The OSHA VVP recognizes and partners with businesses and worksites that demonstrate excellence in occupatonal safety and health. To qualify for one of the VVPs, applicants must have in place an effective SHMS that meets rigorous performance-based criteria. OSHA verifies qualifications through a comprehensive onsite review process. Using one set of flexible, performance-based criteria, the VVP process emphasizes: Management accountability for worker safety and health; continual identification and elimination of hazards, and active involvement of employees in their own protection. For more info: osha.gov
OHSAS 18001:2007:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Specification - British Standard This standard specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system, to enable an organization to control its risks and improve its performance. The Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) Project Group, an international association of government agencies, private industries, and consulting organizations first published the standard in 1999. Since then, there have been 16,000 certifications to the standard in over 80 countries. The 2007 edition reflects lessons learned from users and increases its compatibility with other international SHMS standards and guidelines. A companion document, OHSAS 18002:2000, serves as a guide to implmeneting OHSAS 18001. For more info: bsi-global.com